Lower Limb: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}; [[User:Irfan Dotani|Irfan Dotani]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{I.D.}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"


Line 23: Line 22:
| Hip
| Hip


| Ilium, Ischium, Pubic Bone, Acetabulum, Foramen obturatum
|  
*[[Ilium]]
*[[Ischium]]
*[[Pubic Bone]]
*[[Acetabulum]]
*[[Foramen obturatum]]


| [[Piriformis muscle|Piriformis]], Superior gemellus, Inferior gemellus, Tensor fasciae latae, Sartorius, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus
|  
*[[Piriformis muscle|Piriformis]]  
*[[Superior gemellus]]
*[[Inferior gemellus]]
*[[Tensor fasciae latae]]
*[[Sartorius]]
*[[Gluteus medius]]
*[[Gluteus minimus]]


| Iliofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament, [[Hip|Ischiofemoral ligament]], Hip joint capsule
|  
*[[Iliofemoral ligament]]
*[[Pubofemoral ligament]]
*[[Hip|Ischiofemoral ligament]]  
*[[Hip joint capsule]]


| Gluteal artery, Pudendal artery, Perforating arteries, Femoral artery, Obturator artery
|  
*[[Gluteal artery]]
*[[Pudendal artery]]
*[[Perforating arteries]]
*[[Femoral artery]]
*[[Obturator artery]]


| Great saphenous vein, Femoral vein
|  
*[[Great saphenous vein]]
*[[Femoral vein]]


| Saphenous nerve, Obturator nerve, Femoral nerve, Clunial nerve, Sciatic nerve, Cutaneous nerve, Gluteal nerve, Pudendal nerve
|  
*[[Saphenous nerve]]
*[[Obturator nerve]]
*[[Femoral nerve]]
*[[Clunial nerve]]
*[[Sciatic nerve]]
*[[Cutaneous nerve]]
*[[Gluteal nerve]]
*[[Pudendal nerve]]


|-
|-
Line 39: Line 69:
| Knee
| Knee


| Femur, Tibia, Patella
|  
*[[Femur]]
*[[Tibia]]
*[[Patella]]


| Quadriceps femoris muscle, Hamstring, Gastrocnemius muscle, Vastus mediali, Vastus lateralis muscle, Popliteus muscle, Soleus muscle, Articularis genus muscle
|  
*[[Quadriceps femoris muscle]]
*[[Hamstring]]
*[[Gastrocnemius muscle]]
*[[Vastus mediali]]
*[[Vastus lateralis muscle]]
*[[Popliteus muscle]]
*[[Soleus muscle]]
*[[Articularis genus muscle]]


| Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), Medial collateral ligament (MCL), Lateral collateral ligament (LCL), patellofemoral joint, tibiofemoral joint
|  
*[[Anterior cruciate ligament]](ACL)  
*[[Posterior cruciate ligament]](PCL)  
*[[Medial collateral ligament]](MCL)  
*[[Lateral collateral ligament]](LCL)  
*[[patellofemoral joint]]
*[[tibiofemoral joint]]


| Genicular artery, Popliteal artery, Tibial artery
|  
*[[Genicular artery]]
*[[Popliteal artery]]
*[[Tibial artery]]


| Varicose veins, Femoral veins
|  
*[[Varicose veins]]
*[[Femoral veins]]


| Sciatic nerve, Tibial nerve, Peroneal nerve,
|  
*[[Sciatic nerve]]
*[[Tibial nerve]]
*[[Peroneal nerve]]


|-
|-
Line 55: Line 110:
| Ankle
| Ankle


| Fibula, Tibula, Talus, Medial malleolus, Lateral malleolus
|  
*[[Fibula]]
*[[Tibula]]
*[[Talus]]
*[[Medial malleolus]]
*[[Lateral malleolus]]


| Anterior tibial, Posterior tibial, Peroneal tibial, Extensors, Flexors
|  
*[[Anterior tibial]]
*[[Posterior tibial]]
*[[Peroneal tibial]
*[[Extensors]]
*[[Flexors]]


| Tibiofibular ligament, Deltoid ligament, Tibiofibular Syndesmosis joint, Motrise Joint, Plantar fascia
|  
*[[Tibiofibular ligament]]
*[[Deltoid ligament]]
*[[Tibiofibular Syndesmosis joint]]
*[[Motrise Joint]]
*[[Plantar fascia]]


| Anterior tibial artery, Peroneal (fibular) artery, Anterior medial malieolar artery, plantar artery, communicating branch
|  
*[[Anterior tibial artery]]
*[[Peroneal (fibular) artery]]
*[[Anterior medial malieolar artery]]
*[[Plantar artery]]
*[[Communicating branch]]


| Popliteal vein, saphenous vein, femoral vein, Tributaries of LSV
|  
*[[Popliteal vein]]
*[[saphenous vein]]
*[[Femoral vein]]
*[[Tributaries of LSV]]


| Peroneal vein, Sural nerve, Tibial nerve, Fibular nerve
|  
*[[Peroneal vein]]
*[[Sural nerve]]
*[[Tibial nerve]]
*[[Fibular nerve]]


|-
|-
Line 71: Line 154:
| Thigh
| Thigh


| Femur, Tibia, Fibula
|  
*[[Femur]]
*[[Tibia]]
*[[Fibula]]


| Quadriceps femoris muscle, Hamstring, Biceps femoris muscle, Vastus medialis, Adductor longus muscle, Vastus lateralis muscle, Sartorius muscle, Semitendinosus muscle, Semimembranosus muscle, Gracilis muscle, Adductor magnus muscle, Pectineus muscle, Adductor brevis muscle, Illiopsoas, Illiacus muscle, Tensor fasciae latae muscle, External obturator muscle, Quadratus femoris muscle, Articularis genus muscle
|  
*[[Quadriceps femoris muscle]]
*[[Hamstring]]
*[[Biceps femoris muscle]]
*[[Vastus medialis]]
*[[Adductor longus muscle]]
*[[Vastus lateralis muscle]]
*[[Sartorius muscle]]
*[[Semitendinosus muscle]]
*[[Semimembranosus muscle]]
*[[Gracilis muscle]]
*[[Adductor magnus muscle]]
*[[Pectineus muscle]]
*[[Adductor brevis muscle]]
*[[Illiopsoas]]
*[[Illiacus muscle]]
*[[Tensor fasciae latae muscle]]
*[[External obturator muscle]]
*[[Quadratus femoris muscle]]
*[[Articularis genus muscle]]


| Hip joint capsule, Iliofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligament
|  
*[[Hip joint capsule]]
*[[Iliofemoral ligament]]
*[[Pubofemoral ligament]]
*[[Ischiofemoral ligament]]


| Gluteal artery, Pudendal artery, Perforating arteries, Femoral artery, Obturator artery\
|  
*[[ Gluteal artery]]
*[[Pudendal artery]]
*[[Perforating arteries]]
*[[Femoral artery]]
*[[Obturator artery]]


| Great saphenous vein, Femoral vein
|  
*[[Great saphenous vein]]
*[[Femoral vein]]


| Saphenous nerve, Obturator nerve, Femoral nerve, Clunial nerve, Sciatic nerve, Cutaneous nerve, Gluteal nerve, Pudendal nerve
|  
*[[Saphenous nerve]]
*[[Obturator nerve]]
*[[Femoral nerve]]
*[[Clunial nerve]]
*[[Sciatic nerve]]
*[[Cutaneous nerve]]
*[[Gluteal nerve]]
*[[Pudendal nerve]]


|-
|-
Line 87: Line 211:
| Foot
| Foot


| Phalanges, Metatarsals, Cuneiform bones, Cuboid bone, Navicular bone
|  
*[[Phalanges]]
*[[Metatarsals]]
*[[Cuneiform bones]]
*[[Cuboid bone]]
*[[Navicular bone]]


| Abductor hallucis muscle, Extensor digitorum brevis muscle, Flexor digitorum brevis muscle, Tibialis anterior muscle, Extensor hallucis longus muscle, Flexor hallucis brevis muscle, Plantar interossei muscles, Quadratus plantae muscle, Abductor digiti minimi muscle of foot, Lumbricals of the hand, Dorsal interossei of the foot, Extensor hallucis brevis muscle
|  
*[[Abductor hallucis muscle]]
*[[Extensor digitorum brevis muscle]]
*[[Flexor digitorum brevis muscle]]
*[[Tibialis anterior muscle]]
*[[Extensor hallucis longus muscle]]
*[[Flexor hallucis Brevis muscle]]
*[[Plantar interossei muscles]]
*[[Quadratus plantar muscle]]
*[[Abductor digiti minimi muscle of foot]]
*[[Lumbricals of the hand]]
*[[Dorsal interossei of the foot]]
*[[Extensor hallucis brevis muscle]]


| Inferior (Distal) Tibiofibular Joint, Talocalcaneal Joint, Talocalcaneonavicular Joint, Calcaneocuboid Joint, Naviculocuneiform Joint, Cuboideonavicular Joint, Intercuneiform And Cuneocuboid Joints, Tarsometatarsal Joints, Intermetatarsal Joints, Metatarsophalangeal Joints, Interphalangeal Joints, Cuboideonavicular ligament, Intercuneiform ligament, Metatarsal ligament
|  
*[[Inferior (Distal) Tibiofibular Joint]]
*[[Talocalcaneal Joint]]
*[[Talocalcaneonavicular Joint]]
*[[Calcaneocuboid Joint]]
*[[Naviculocuneiform Joint]]
*[[Cuboideonavicular Joint]]
*[[Intercuneiform And Cuneocuboid Joints]]
*[[Tarsometatarsal Joints]]
*[[Intermetatarsal Joints]]
*[[Metatarsophalangeal Joints]]
*[[Interphalangeal Joints]]
*[[Cuboideonavicular ligament]]
*[[Intercuneiform ligament]]
*[[Metatarsal ligament]]


| Dorsalis pedis artery, Posterior tibial artery, Anterior tibial artery, Arcuate artery of the foot, Medial plantar artery, Plantar arc, Deep plantar artery, Plantar metatarsal arteries, Medial tarsal arteries, Proper plantar digital arteries
|  
*[[Dorsalis pedis artery]]
*[[Posterior tibial artery]]
*[[Anterior tibial artery]]
*[[Arcuate artery of the foot]]
*[[Medial plantar artery]]
*[[Plantar arc]]
*[[Deep plantar artery]]
*[[Plantar metatarsal arteries]]
*[[Medial tarsal arteries]]
*[[Proper plantar digital arteries]]


| Superficial dorsal vein, Lateral plantar vein, Saphenous vein, Posterior tibial vein
|  
*[[Superficial dorsal vein]]
*[[Lateral plantar vein]]
*[[Saphenous vein]]
*[[Posterior tibial vein]]


| Lateral plantar nerve, Tibial nerve, Medial plantar nerve, Plantar digital nerves
|  
*[[Lateral plantar nerve]]
*[[Tibial nerve]]
*[[Medial plantar nerve]]
*[[Plantar digital nerves]]


|}
|}
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|Ilium
|Ilium
|The ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum along its medial side and forms the superior end of the hip joint at the acetabulum. The sacroiliac joint is a planar joint that allows a slight degree of gliding between the pelvis and the spinal column. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that permits the thigh to have a free range of motion.
|The ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum along its medial side and forms the superior end of the hip joint at the acetabulum. The sacroiliac joint is a planar joint that allows a slight degree of gliding between the pelvis and the spinal column. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that permits the thigh to have a free range of motion.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:Download.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Pelvis_diagram.png|300px|thumb|By Je at uwo at English Wikipedia (Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|Ischium
|Ischium
|Forms the lower and back part of the hip bone.
|Forms the lower and back part of the hip bone.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:Pelvic_girdle_Ischium.gif|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:500px-Gray341.png|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|-
|-
|Pubic Bone
|Pubic Bone
|The ventral and anterior of the three parts that come together to create the pelvic bone.
|The ventral and anterior of the three parts that come together to create the pelvic bone.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:Anatomy-of-pubic-bone-picture-human-lesson.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Bassin osseux.jpg|300px|thumb|By Auteur: d.renardOriginal uploader was D.renard at fr.wikipedia - Dessin personnel avec légendesOriginally from fr.wikipedia; description page is/was here., Copyrighted free use, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1370283]]
|-
|-
|Acetabulum
|Acetabulum
|A cup-shaped opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the head of the femur inserts.
|A cup-shaped opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the head of the femur inserts.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:Pictures-of-acetabulum-12.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Pelvic_girdle_illustration.svg.png|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|Foramen obturatum
|Foramen obturatum
|The large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass.
|The large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:Imagesofthehipbone.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Pelvis_diagram.png|300px|thumb|By Je at uwo at English Wikipedia (Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|}
|}


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|Femur
|Femur
|Supports the weight of the body and allowing motion of the leg. The femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the pelvis forming the hip joint, and distally with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
|Supports the weight of the body and allowing motion of the leg. The femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the pelvis forming the hip joint, and distally with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:Knee.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Femur_head.png|300px|thumb|See page for author [Public domain or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|Tibia
|Tibia
|It forms the knee joint with the femur and the ankle joint with the fibula and tarsus.
|It forms the knee joint with the femur and the ankle joint with the fibula and tarsus.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:tibiaimages.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:250px-Tibia - frontal view.png|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|Patella
|Patella
|The patella increases the leverage that the quadriceps tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. Also acts as protection for the muscles underneath the patella.
|The patella increases the leverage that the quadriceps tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. Also acts as protection for the muscles underneath the patella.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:OsteoArth-01.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Illu_lower_extremity.jpg|240px|thumb|Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=789643]]
|}
|}


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|Fibula
|Fibula
|Long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg. It runs parallel to the tibia, or shin bone, and plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg.
|Long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg. It runs parallel to the tibia, or shin bone, and plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:493x335_ankle.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:500px-Fibula - anterior view.png|300px|thumb|By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24719980]]
|-
|-
|Tibula
|Tibula
|Known as the shinbone and is the second largest bone in the body. Helps with weight-bearing and stabilization.
|Known as the shinbone and is the second largest bone in the body. Helps with weight-bearing and stabilization.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:tibulaimageshere.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Braus_1921_293.png|300px|thumb|By Braus, Hermann [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|Talus
|Talus
|The talus bone forms the primary connection between the lower leg and foot and is vital for mobility. In fact, the structure of the talus bone is so unique it can form the connection between numerous other bones such as the tibia, fibula, calcaneus (heel) and navicular or tarsal bones found in the foot.
|The talus bone forms the primary connection between the lower leg and foot and is vital for mobility. In fact, the structure of the talus bone is so unique it can form the connection between numerous other bones such as the tibia, fibula, calcaneus (heel) and navicular or tarsal bones found in the foot.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:talusimages.jpg]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Gray273.png|240px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|Medial malleolus
|Medial malleolus
|The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.
|The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:malleolusimage.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Gray357.png|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 357, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=566495]]
|-
|-
|Lateral malleolus
|Lateral malleolus
|The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.
|The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:malleolusimage.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Gray1239.png|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|}
|}


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|Femur
|Femur
|Supports the weight of the body and allowing motion of the leg. The femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the pelvis forming the hip joint, and distally with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
|Supports the weight of the body and allowing motion of the leg. The femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the pelvis forming the hip joint, and distally with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:1200px-Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg.png|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:fibulaimage.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 244, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30613]]
|-
|-
|Tibia
|Tibia
|It forms the knee joint with the femur and the ankle joint with the fibula and tarsus.
|It forms the knee joint with the femur and the ankle joint with the fibula and tarsus.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:fibuladownload.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:tibiapresent.jpg|300px|thumb|By Braus, Hermann - Anatomie des Menschen: ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29934112]]
|-
|-
|Fibula
|Fibula
|Long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg. It runs parallel to the tibia, or shin bone, and plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg.
|Long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg. It runs parallel to the tibia, or shin bone, and plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:download-1.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:download-1.jpg|300px|thumb|By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24719980]]
|}
|}


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|Phalanges
|Phalanges
|The phalanges of the foot help us balance, walk, and run.
|The phalanges of the foot help us balance, walk, and run.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:Images.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:Images.jpg|300px|thumb|By Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (LadyofHats); retouches by Nyks - Own work. Image renamed from Image:Human hand bones simple-edit1-2.svg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3949051]]
|-
|-
|Metatarsals
|Metatarsals
|Metatarsals are convex in shape (arch upward), are long bones, and give the foot its arch. They work with connective tissues, ligaments, and tendons to provide movement in the foot
|Metatarsals are convex in shape (arch upward), are long bones, and give the foot its arch. They work with connective tissues, ligaments, and tendons to provide movement in the foot
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:metatarsalsimages.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:metatarsalsimages.jpg|300px|thumb|By BodyParts3D is made by DBCLS. - Polygon data is from BodyParts3D, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28131678]]
|-
|-
|Cuneiform bones
|Cuneiform bones
|This bone is cube-shaped and connects the foot and the ankle. It also provides stability to the foot.
|This bone is cube-shaped and connects the foot and the ankle. It also provides stability to the foot.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:cuniformbonedownload.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:500px-Gray268.png|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 268, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=792353]]
|-
|-
|Cuboid bone
|Cuboid bone
|The cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones located on the lateral (outer) side of the foot. This bone is cube-shaped and connects the foot and the ankle. It also provides stability to the foot.
|The cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones located on the lateral (outer) side of the foot. This bone is cube-shaped and connects the foot and the ankle. It also provides stability to the foot.
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:cuboidbonedownload.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:cuboidbonedownload.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 274, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=792356]]
|-
|-
|Navicular bone
|Navicular bone
|The navicular is a boat-shaped bone located in the top inner side of the foot, just above the transverse. It helps connect the talus, or anklebone, to the cuneiform bones of the foot
|The navicular is a boat-shaped bone located in the top inner side of the foot, just above the transverse. It helps connect the talus, or anklebone, to the cuneiform bones of the foot
|<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[File:navicularboneimage.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
|[[File:navicularboneimage.jpg|300px|thumb|By Anatomist90 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17431658]]
|}
|}


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|[[Piriformis muscle|Piriformis]]
|[[Piriformis muscle|Piriformis]]
|
|
* Part of the lateral rotators of the hip, along with the quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior, gemellus superior, obturator externus, and obturator internus
* Part of the lateral rotators of the hip, along with the quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior, gemellus superior, obturator externus, and obturator internus
* The piriformis laterally rotates the femur with hip extension and abducts the femur with hip flexion
* The piriformis laterally rotates the femur with hip extension and abducts the femur with hip flexion
|Arise:
|Arise:
Line 255: Line 428:
* Superior gluteal
* Superior gluteal
* Internal pudendal arteries
* Internal pudendal arteries
|<figure-inline>[[File:Sobo 1909 298.png|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:Sobo 1909 298.png|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|-
|-
|
|
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Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Inferior gluteal artery
*Inferior gluteal artery
|<figure-inline>[[File:superiorgemellus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:superiorgemellus.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 290: Line 463:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Inferior gluteal artery
*Inferior gluteal artery
|<figure-inline>[[File:inferiorgemellus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:inferiorgemellus.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 308: Line 481:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Superior gluteal and lateral circumflex femoral artery.
*Superior gluteal and lateral circumflex femoral artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:TFL.png|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:TFL.png|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|-
|-
|
|
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Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Muscular branches of the femoral artery.
*Muscular branches of the femoral artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:Sartorius.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:Sartorius.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 342: Line 515:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Superior gluteal artery
*Superior gluteal artery
|<figure-inline>[[File:Gluteusmedius.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:Gluteusmedius.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 359: Line 532:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Superior gluteal artery
*Superior gluteal artery
|<figure-inline>[[File:Gluteusminimus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:Gluteusminimus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 376: Line 549:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Inferior and superior gluteal arteries and the first perforating branch of the profunda femoris artery.
*Inferior and superior gluteal arteries and the first perforating branch of the profunda femoris artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:Gluteusmaximus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:Gluteusmaximus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|}
|}


Line 403: Line 576:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Medial circumflex femoral artery, inferior gluteal artery, 1st - 4th perforating arteries, obturator artery, and some superior muscular branches of popliteal artery.
*Medial circumflex femoral artery, inferior gluteal artery, 1st - 4th perforating arteries, obturator artery, and some superior muscular branches of popliteal artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:Quadratusfemoris.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:Quadratusfemoris.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 420: Line 593:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Each head supplied by a sural branch of the popliteal artery.
*Each head supplied by a sural branch of the popliteal artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:Gastrocnemius.png|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:Gastrocnemius.png|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 437: Line 610:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Femoral artery, profunda femoris artery, and superior medial genicular branch of popliteal artery.
*Femoral artery, profunda femoris artery, and superior medial genicular branch of popliteal artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:vastus-medialis.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:vastus-medialis.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 454: Line 627:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Lateral circumflex femoral artery.
*Lateral circumflex femoral artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:vastuslateralis.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:vastuslateralis.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 471: Line 644:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Medial inferior genicular branch of the popliteal artery and muscular branch of the posterior tibial artery.
*Medial inferior genicular branch of the popliteal artery and muscular branch of the posterior tibial artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:popliteus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:popliteus.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 488: Line 661:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Posterior tibial, peroneal, and sural arteries.
*Posterior tibial, peroneal, and sural arteries.
|<figure-inline>[[File:soleus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:soleus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|}
|}


Line 515: Line 688:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Anterior tibial artery
*Anterior tibial artery
|<figure-inline>[[File:tibialisanterior.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:tibialisanterior.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 532: Line 705:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Muscular branches of sural, peroneal and posterior tibial arteries.
*Muscular branches of sural, peroneal and posterior tibial arteries.
|<figure-inline>[[File:Tibialisposterior.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:Tibialisposterior.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 549: Line 722:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Anterior tibial artery
*Anterior tibial artery
|<figure-inline>[[File:extensorlongus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:extensorlongus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 566: Line 739:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Anterior tibial artery
*Anterior tibial artery
|<figure-inline>[[File:extensorhlongus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:extensorhlongus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 583: Line 756:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Muscular branch of the posterior tibial artery.
*Muscular branch of the posterior tibial artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:flexordlongus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:flexordlongus.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 600: Line 773:
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*Muscular branch of peroneal and posterior tibial artery.
*Muscular branch of peroneal and posterior tibial artery.
|<figure-inline>[[File:flexorhlongus.jpg|300px]]</figure-inline>
|[[File:flexorhlongus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|}
|}


Line 615: Line 788:
|Adductor Brevis
|Adductor Brevis
|
|
*
*Adducts and flexes the thigh, and helps to laterally rotate the thigh.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Pectineal line and superior part of the medial lip of linea aspera.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Anterior surface of inferior pubic ramus, inferior to the origin of adductor longus.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Anterior or posterior division of obturator nerve.
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Obturator artery and medial circumflex femoral artery.
|
|[[File:adductorbrevis.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Adductor Longus
|Adductor Longus
|
|
*
*Adducts and flexes the thigh, and helps to laterally rotate the hip joint.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Middle third of linea aspera, between the more medial adductor Magnus and brevis insertions and the more lateral origin of the vastus medialis.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Anterior surface of the body of pubis, just lateral to the pubic symphysis.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Anterior division of obturator nerve.
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Obturator artery and medial circumflex femoral artery.
|
|[[File:adductorlongus.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Gracilis
|Gracilis
|
|
*
*Flexes the knee, adducts the thigh, and helps to medially rotate the tibia on the femur.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Medial surface of the tibial shaft, just posterior to Sartorius.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Inferior margin of the pubic symphysis, inferior ramus of pubis, and adjacent ramus of the ischium.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Anterior division of obturator nerve.
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Obturator artery, medial circumflex femoral artery, and muscular branches of profunda femoris artery.
|
|[[File:gracilis.jpg|300px|thumb|Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Iliacus
|Iliacus
|
|
*
*Flex the torso and thigh with respect to each other.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Lesser trochanter.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Upper 2/3 of iliac fossa of the ilium, internal lip of iliac crest, lateral aspect of the sacrum, ventral sacroiliac ligament, and the lower portion of the iliolumbar ligament.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Muscular branch of the femoral nerve.
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Lumbar branch of iliopsoas branch of the internal iliac artery.
|
|[[File:iliacus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Obturator Externus
|Obturator Externus
|
|
*
*Rotates the thigh laterally; also helps adduct thigh.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Posteromedial surface of greater trochanter of the femur.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*External surface of obturator membrane and anterior bony margins of the obturator foramen.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Posterior division of obturator nerve innervates most of the adductor magnus; vertical or hamstring portion innervated by tibial nerve.
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Obturator and medial circumflex femoral arteries.
|
|[[File:obturatorexternus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Obturator Internus
|Obturator Internus
|
|
*
*Rotates the thigh laterally; also helps abduct the thigh when it is flexed.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Medial surface of greater trochanter of the femur, in common with superior and inferior Gemelli.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Internal surface of obturator membrane and posterior bony margins of the obturator foramen.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Nerve to the obturator internus and superior gemellus -- a branch of the sacral plexus (L5, S1).
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Internal pudendal and superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
|
|[[File:obturatorinternus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Pectineus
|Pectineus
|
|
*
*Rotates the thigh laterally; also helps abduct the thigh when it is flexed.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur, in common with superior and inferior gemelli.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Internal surface of obturator membrane and posterior bony margins of the obturator foramen.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Nerve to the obturator internus and superior Gemellus -- a branch of the sacral plexus (L5, S1).
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Internal pudendal and superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
|
|[[File:pectineus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Piriformis
|Piriformis
|
|
*
*Lateral rotator of the hip joint; also helps abduct the hip if it is flexed.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Superior border of the greater trochanter.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Anterior surface of the lateral process of the sacrum and gluteal surface of ilium at the margin of the greater sciatic notch.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Piriformis nerve (L5, S1, S2).
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Superior and inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries.
|
|[[File:piriformis.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Psoas
|Psoas
|
|
*
*Flex the torso and thigh with respect to each other.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Lesser trochanter.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Anterior surfaces and lower borders of transverse processes of L1 - L5 and bodies and discs of T12 - L5.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Direct fibers of L1 - L3 of lumbar plexus.
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Lumbar branch of iliopsoas branch of the internal iliac artery.
|
|[[File:psoas.jpg|300px]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Semimembranosus
|Semimembranosus
|
|
*
*Extends the thigh, flexes the knee, and also rotates the tibia medially, especially when the knee is flexed.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Posterior surface of the medial tibial condyle.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*Superior lateral quadrant of the ischial tuberosity.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Tibial nerve.
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Perforating branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery.
|
|[[File:semimebranosus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Original:  U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization:  Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
|-
|-
|
|
|Semitendinosus
|Semitendinosus
|
|
*
*Extends the thigh and flexes the knee, and also rotates the tibia medially, especially when the knee is flexed.
|
|
Insertion:
Insertion:
*
*Superior aspect of a medial portion of the tibial shaft.
Arise:
Arise:
*
*From common tendon with long head of biceps femoris from the superior medial quadrant of the posterior portion of the ischial tuberosity.
|
|
Innervation:
Innervation:
*
*Tibial nerve.
|
|
Arterial supply:
Arterial supply:
*
*Perforating branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery.
|
|[[File:semitendinosus.jpg|300px|thumb|By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259]]
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 15:00, 31 July 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Irfan Dotani

General Structures Bones List of Muscles Joints and Ligaments Arteries Veins Nerves
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Thigh
Foot

Lower limb bony structures

Parts Function Image
Hip Ilium The ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum along its medial side and forms the superior end of the hip joint at the acetabulum. The sacroiliac joint is a planar joint that allows a slight degree of gliding between the pelvis and the spinal column. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that permits the thigh to have a free range of motion.
By Je at uwo at English Wikipedia (Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Ischium Forms the lower and back part of the hip bone.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Pubic Bone The ventral and anterior of the three parts that come together to create the pelvic bone.
By Auteur: d.renardOriginal uploader was D.renard at fr.wikipedia - Dessin personnel avec légendesOriginally from fr.wikipedia; description page is/was here., Copyrighted free use, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1370283
Acetabulum A cup-shaped opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the head of the femur inserts.
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Foramen obturatum The large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass.
By Je at uwo at English Wikipedia (Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Parts Function Image
Knee Femur Supports the weight of the body and allowing motion of the leg. The femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the pelvis forming the hip joint, and distally with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
See page for author [Public domain or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Tibia It forms the knee joint with the femur and the ankle joint with the fibula and tarsus.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Patella The patella increases the leverage that the quadriceps tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. Also acts as protection for the muscles underneath the patella.
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=789643
Parts Function Image
Ankle Fibula Long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg. It runs parallel to the tibia, or shin bone, and plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg.
By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24719980
Tibula Known as the shinbone and is the second largest bone in the body. Helps with weight-bearing and stabilization.
By Braus, Hermann [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Talus The talus bone forms the primary connection between the lower leg and foot and is vital for mobility. In fact, the structure of the talus bone is so unique it can form the connection between numerous other bones such as the tibia, fibula, calcaneus (heel) and navicular or tarsal bones found in the foot.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Medial malleolus The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 357, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=566495
Lateral malleolus The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Parts Function Image
Thigh Femur Supports the weight of the body and allowing motion of the leg. The femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the pelvis forming the hip joint, and distally with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
File:Fibulaimage.jpg
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 244, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30613
Tibia It forms the knee joint with the femur and the ankle joint with the fibula and tarsus.
File:Tibiapresent.jpg
By Braus, Hermann - Anatomie des Menschen: ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29934112
Fibula Long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg. It runs parallel to the tibia, or shin bone, and plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg.
By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24719980
Parts Function Image
Foot Phalanges The phalanges of the foot help us balance, walk, and run.
By Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (LadyofHats); retouches by Nyks - Own work. Image renamed from Image:Human hand bones simple-edit1-2.svg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3949051
Metatarsals Metatarsals are convex in shape (arch upward), are long bones, and give the foot its arch. They work with connective tissues, ligaments, and tendons to provide movement in the foot
By BodyParts3D is made by DBCLS. - Polygon data is from BodyParts3D, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28131678
Cuneiform bones This bone is cube-shaped and connects the foot and the ankle. It also provides stability to the foot.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 268, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=792353
Cuboid bone The cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones located on the lateral (outer) side of the foot. This bone is cube-shaped and connects the foot and the ankle. It also provides stability to the foot.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 274, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=792356
Navicular bone The navicular is a boat-shaped bone located in the top inner side of the foot, just above the transverse. It helps connect the talus, or anklebone, to the cuneiform bones of the foot
By Anatomist90 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17431658

Lower limb muscles

Muscle Function Insertion/Arise Innervation Blood supply Image
Hip Piriformis
  • Part of the lateral rotators of the hip, along with the quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior, gemellus superior, obturator externus, and obturator internus
  • The piriformis laterally rotates the femur with hip extension and abducts the femur with hip flexion
 Arise:
  • The front of the sacrum by three fleshy digitations
  • Attached to the portions of bone between the first, second, third, and fourth anterior sacral foramina, and to the grooves leading from the foramina
  • A few fibers also arise from the margin of the greater sciatic foramen, and from the anterior surface of the sacrotuberous ligament.

Insertion:

  • The muscle passes out of the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, the upper part of which it fills
  • It is inserted by a rounded tendon into the upper border of the greater trochanter behind, but often partly blended with, the common tendon of the obturator internus and superior and inferior gemellus muscles.
 Piriformis nerve:
  • Arise from posterior division of the ventral rami of the first and second sacral nerves
 Branches of the internal iliac artery:
  • Inferior gluteal
  • Superior gluteal
  • Internal pudendal arteries
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Superior gemellus
  • Help to steady the femoral head in the acetabulum.
  • Help to laterally rotate the extended thigh and abduct the flexed thigh at the hip.

Insertion:

  • Medial surface of greater trochanter of the femur, in common with obturator internus.

Arise:

  • The Gemellus inferior arises from the upper part of the tuberosity of the ischium, immediately below the groove for the Obturator internus tendon.

Innervation:

  • Nerve to the obturator internus or nerve to quadratus femoris or both (L4-S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Inferior gluteal artery
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Inferior gemellus
  • Help to laterally rotate the extended thigh and abduct the flexed thigh at the hip.

Insertion:

  • Medial surface of greater trochanter of the femur, in common with obturator internus.

Arise:

  • Arises from the outer (gluteal) surface of the spine of the ischium, blends with the upper part of the tendon of the Obturator internus.

Innervation:

  • Nerve to the quadratus femoris or nerve to the obturator internus or both (L4-S1).

Arterial supply:

  • Inferior gluteal artery
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Tensor fasciae latae
  • Works in synergy with the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles to abduct and medially rotate the femur. The TFL is a hip abductor muscle.
  • Helps stabilize and steady the hip and knee joints by putting tension on the iliotibial band of the fascia.

Insertion:

  • Iliotibial band

Arise:

  • Anterior superior iliac spine, outer lip of anterior iliac crest and fascia latae

Innervation:

  • Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Superior gluteal and lateral circumflex femoral artery.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Sartorius
  • Flexes and laterally rotates the hip joint and flexes the knee.

Insertion:

  • Superior aspect of the medial surface of the tibial shaft near the tibial tuberosity.

Arise:

  • Anterior superior iliac spine.

Innervation:

  • Femoral nerve

Arterial supply:

  • Muscular branches of the femoral artery.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Gluteus medius
  • Major abductor of the thigh; anterior fibers help to rotate hip medially; posterior fibers help to rotate hip laterally

Insertion:

  • Lateral and superior surfaces of the greater trochanter.

Arise:

  • Dorsal ilium inferior to the iliac crest

Innervation:

  • Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Superior gluteal artery
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Gluteus minimus
  • Abducts and medially rotates the hip joint.

Insertion:

  • Interior surface of the greater trochanter.

Arise:

  • Dorsal ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines; also from the edge of the greater sciatic notch.

Innervation:

  • Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Superior gluteal artery
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Gluteus maximus
  • Major extensor of hip joint, assists in laterally rotating the thigh; upper and middle third section of the muscle are abductors.

Insertion:

  • Primarily in fascia lata at the iliotibial band; also into the gluteal tuberosity on the posterior femoral surface.

Arise:

  • Posterior aspect of dorsal ilium posterior to the posterior gluteal line, posterior superior iliac crest, a posterior inferior aspect of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament.

Innervation:

  • Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Arterial supply:

  • Inferior and superior gluteal arteries and the first perforating branch of the profunda femoris artery.
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Muscle Function Insertion/Arise Innervation Blood supply Image
Knee Quadratus Femoris
  • Rotates the hip laterally; also helps adduct the hip.

Insertion:

  • Quadrate tubercle and adjacent bone of intertrochanteric crest of the proximal posterior femur.

Arise:

  • Lateral margin of obturator ring above ischial tuberosity.

Innervation:

  • Quadratus femoris branch of nerve to the quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus (L5, S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Medial circumflex femoral artery, inferior gluteal artery, 1st - 4th perforating arteries, obturator artery, and some superior muscular branches of popliteal artery.
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Gastrocnemius muscle
  • Powerful plantar flexor of the ankle.

Insertion:

  • The two heads unite into a broad aponeurosis which eventually unites with the deep tendon of the soleus to form the Achilles tendon, inserting on the middle 1/3 of the posterior calcaneal surface.

Arise:

  • Medial head from posterior nonarticular surface of medial femoral condyle; Lateral head from lateral surface of femoral lateral condyle.

Innervation:

  • Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Arterial supply:

  • Each head supplied by a sural branch of the popliteal artery.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Vastus medialis
  • Extends the knee.

Insertion:

  • Medial base and the border of the patella; also forms the medial patellar retinaculum and medial side of quadriceps femoris tendon.

Arise:

  • Inferior portion of intertrochanteric line, spiral line, medial lip of linea aspera, superior part of medial supracondylar ridge of femur, and medial intermuscular septum.

Innervation:

  • Muscular branches of femoral nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Femoral artery, profunda femoris artery, and superior medial genicular branch of popliteal artery.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Vastus lateralis muscle
  • Extends the knee.

Insertion:

  • Lateral base and the border of the patella; also forms the lateral patellar retinaculum and lateral side of quadriceps femoris tendon.

Arise:

  • Superior portion of the intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, superior portion of the lateral lip of linea aspera, and lateral portion of the gluteal tuberosity of femur.

Innervation:

  • Muscular branches of the femoral nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Lateral circumflex femoral artery.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Popliteus
  • Rotates knee medially and flexes the leg on the thigh.

Insertion:

  • Posterior surface of the tibia in a fan-like fashion, just superior to the popliteal line.

Arise:

  • Anterior part of the popliteal groove on the lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle.

Innervation:

  • Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Medial inferior genicular branch of the popliteal artery and muscular branch of the posterior tibial artery.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Soleus
  • Powerful plantar flexor of the ankle.

Insertion:

  • Eventually unites with the gastrocnemius aponeurosis to form the Achilles tendon, inserting on the middle 1/3 of the posterior calcaneal surface.

Arise:

  • Posterior aspect of the fibular head, upper 1/4 - 1/3 of the posterior surface of fibula, middle 1/3 of medial border of tibial shaft, and from the posterior surface of a tendinous arch spanning the two sites of bone origin.

Innervation:

  • Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Arterial supply:

  • Posterior tibial, peroneal, and sural arteries.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Muscle Function Insertion/Arise Innervation Blood supply Image
Ankle Anterior tibial
  • Dorsiflexor of ankle and invertor of foot

Insertion:

  • Medial and plantar surfaces of 1st cuneiform and on the base of the first metatarsal.

Arise:

  • Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 1/2 - 2/3 or lateral surface of tibial shaft, interosseous membrane, and the deep surface of the fascia cruris.

Innervation:

  • Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Anterior tibial artery
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Posterior tibial
  • Principal invertor of the foot; also adducts foot, plantar flexes ankle, and helps to supinate the foot.

Insertion:

  • Splits into two slips after passing inferior to a plantar calcaneonavicular ligament; superficial slip inserts on the tuberosity of the navicular bone and sometimes medial cuneiform; deeper slip divides again into slips inserting on plantar surfaces of metatarsals 2 - 4 and second cuneiform.

Arise:

  • Posterior aspect of interosseous membrane, superior 2/3 of medial posterior surface of fibula, superior aspect of posterior surface of tibia, and from intermuscular septum between muscles of posterior compartment and deep transverse septum.

Innervation:

  • Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

Arterial supply:

  • Muscular branches of sural, peroneal and posterior tibial arteries.
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Extensor Digitorum Longus
  • Extend toes 2 - 5 and dorsiflexes ankle.

Insertion:

  • Splits into 4 tendon slips after inferior extensor retinaculum, each of which inserts on the dorsum of middle and distal phalanges as part of extensor expansion complex.

Arise:

  • Lateral condyle of tibia, upper 2/3 - 3/4 of medial fibular shaft surface, upper part of interosseous membrane, fascia cruris, and anterior intermuscular septum.

Innervation:

  • Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Anterior tibial artery
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Extensor Hallucis Longus
  • Extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle.

Insertion:

  • Base and dorsal center of distal phalanx of great toe.

Arise:

  • Anterior surface of the fibula and the adjacent interosseous membrane.

Innervation:

  • Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Arterial supply:

  • Anterior tibial artery
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Flexor Digitorum Longus
  • Flexes toes 2 - 5; also helps in plantar flexion of the ankle.

Insertion:

  • Splits into four slips after passing through the medial intermuscular septum of the plantar surface of the foot; these slips then insert on a plantar surface of bases of 2nd - 5th distal phalanges.

Arise:

  • Posterior surface of a tibia distal to the popliteal line.

Innervation:

  • Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

Arterial supply:

  • Muscular branch of the posterior tibial artery.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Flexor Hallucis Longus
  • Flexes great toe, helps to supinate ankle, and is a very weak plantar flexor of the ankle.

Insertion:

  • Plantar surface of the base of distal phalanx of the great toe.

Arise:

  • Inferior 2/3 of the posterior surface of fibula, the lower part of the interosseous membrane.

Innervation:

  • Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

Arterial supply:

  • Muscular branch of peroneal and posterior tibial artery.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Muscle Function Insertion/Arise Innervation Blood supply Image
Thigh Adductor Brevis
  • Adducts and flexes the thigh, and helps to laterally rotate the thigh.

Insertion:

  • Pectineal line and superior part of the medial lip of linea aspera.

Arise:

  • Anterior surface of inferior pubic ramus, inferior to the origin of adductor longus.

Innervation:

  • Anterior or posterior division of obturator nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Obturator artery and medial circumflex femoral artery.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Adductor Longus
  • Adducts and flexes the thigh, and helps to laterally rotate the hip joint.

Insertion:

  • Middle third of linea aspera, between the more medial adductor Magnus and brevis insertions and the more lateral origin of the vastus medialis.

Arise:

  • Anterior surface of the body of pubis, just lateral to the pubic symphysis.

Innervation:

  • Anterior division of obturator nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Obturator artery and medial circumflex femoral artery.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Gracilis
  • Flexes the knee, adducts the thigh, and helps to medially rotate the tibia on the femur.

Insertion:

  • Medial surface of the tibial shaft, just posterior to Sartorius.

Arise:

  • Inferior margin of the pubic symphysis, inferior ramus of pubis, and adjacent ramus of the ischium.

Innervation:

  • Anterior division of obturator nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Obturator artery, medial circumflex femoral artery, and muscular branches of profunda femoris artery.
Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Iliacus
  • Flex the torso and thigh with respect to each other.

Insertion:

  • Lesser trochanter.

Arise:

  • Upper 2/3 of iliac fossa of the ilium, internal lip of iliac crest, lateral aspect of the sacrum, ventral sacroiliac ligament, and the lower portion of the iliolumbar ligament.

Innervation:

  • Muscular branch of the femoral nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Lumbar branch of iliopsoas branch of the internal iliac artery.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Obturator Externus
  • Rotates the thigh laterally; also helps adduct thigh.

Insertion:

  • Posteromedial surface of greater trochanter of the femur.

Arise:

  • External surface of obturator membrane and anterior bony margins of the obturator foramen.

Innervation:

  • Posterior division of obturator nerve innervates most of the adductor magnus; vertical or hamstring portion innervated by tibial nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Obturator and medial circumflex femoral arteries.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
Obturator Internus
  • Rotates the thigh laterally; also helps abduct the thigh when it is flexed.

Insertion:

  • Medial surface of greater trochanter of the femur, in common with superior and inferior Gemelli.

Arise:

  • Internal surface of obturator membrane and posterior bony margins of the obturator foramen.

Innervation:

  • Nerve to the obturator internus and superior gemellus -- a branch of the sacral plexus (L5, S1).

Arterial supply:

  • Internal pudendal and superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Pectineus
  • Rotates the thigh laterally; also helps abduct the thigh when it is flexed.

Insertion:

  • Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur, in common with superior and inferior gemelli.

Arise:

  • Internal surface of obturator membrane and posterior bony margins of the obturator foramen.

Innervation:

  • Nerve to the obturator internus and superior Gemellus -- a branch of the sacral plexus (L5, S1).

Arterial supply:

  • Internal pudendal and superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Piriformis
  • Lateral rotator of the hip joint; also helps abduct the hip if it is flexed.

Insertion:

  • Superior border of the greater trochanter.

Arise:

  • Anterior surface of the lateral process of the sacrum and gluteal surface of ilium at the margin of the greater sciatic notch.

Innervation:

  • Piriformis nerve (L5, S1, S2).

Arterial supply:

  • Superior and inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries.
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Psoas
  • Flex the torso and thigh with respect to each other.

Insertion:

  • Lesser trochanter.

Arise:

  • Anterior surfaces and lower borders of transverse processes of L1 - L5 and bodies and discs of T12 - L5.

Innervation:

  • Direct fibers of L1 - L3 of lumbar plexus.

Arterial supply:

  • Lumbar branch of iliopsoas branch of the internal iliac artery.
Semimembranosus
  • Extends the thigh, flexes the knee, and also rotates the tibia medially, especially when the knee is flexed.

Insertion:

  • Posterior surface of the medial tibial condyle.

Arise:

  • Superior lateral quadrant of the ischial tuberosity.

Innervation:

  • Tibial nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Perforating branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery.
By Original: U.S. National Cancer Institute; Vectorization: Fred the Oyster; German translation kopiersperre/Rothwild (Own work based on: Illu pelvic girdle.jpg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Semitendinosus
  • Extends the thigh and flexes the knee, and also rotates the tibia medially, especially when the knee is flexed.

Insertion:

  • Superior aspect of a medial portion of the tibial shaft.

Arise:

  • From common tendon with long head of biceps femoris from the superior medial quadrant of the posterior portion of the ischial tuberosity.

Innervation:

  • Tibial nerve.

Arterial supply:

  • Perforating branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery.
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=108259
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