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{{Acute kidney injury}}
{{Acute kidney injury}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Anmol}}  
==Overview==
==Overview==
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
Patients suspected of AKI should be asked about specific history incuding exposure to [[contrast]] and [[cardiac failure]]. Symptoms of acute kidney injury include [[decreased urine output]], [[Hematuria|dark colored urine]], [[fatigue]], [[malaise]], and [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]].  


OR
==History and Symptoms ==
 
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
 
==History and Symptoms==
*The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
*The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
*Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. 
===History===
===History===
Patients with acute kidney injury may have a positive history of:
Patients with acute kidney injury may have a positive history of:
*Exposure to contrast
*Exposure to [[contrast]]
*Presence of cardiac heart failure  
*Presence of [[heart failure]]
*Presence of hypertension
*Presence of [[hypertension]]
*Presence of diabetes mellitus
*Presence of [[diabetes mellitus]]


===Common Symptoms===
===Common Symptoms===
Common symptoms of acute kidney injury include:<ref name="pmid13489601">{{cite journal| author=PALMER RA, HENRY EW| title=The clinical course of acute renal failure; observations on 54 cases. | journal=Can Med Assoc J | year= 1957 | volume= 77 | issue= 12 | pages= 1078-84 | pmid=13489601 | doi= | pmc=PMC1824321 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13489601 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27670788">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ostermann M, Joannidis M |title=Acute kidney injury 2016: diagnosis and diagnostic workup |journal=Crit Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=299 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27670788 |pmc=5037640 |doi=10.1186/s13054-016-1478-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28303073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makris K, Spanou L |title=Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Pathophysiology and Clinical Phenotypes |journal=Clin Biochem Rev |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |date=May 2016 |pmid=28303073 |pmc=5198510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21817881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Winterberg PD, Lu CY |title=Acute kidney injury:  the beginning of the end of the dark ages |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=344 |issue=4 |pages=318–25 |date=October 2012 |pmid=21817881 |pmc=3210873 |doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318228aef8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18385426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, Crow M, Ross CA, Mattson MP, Rabb H |title=Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=1360–70 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18385426 |pmc=2440297 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2007080901 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23798302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Basile DP, Anderson MD, Sutton TA |title=Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury |journal=Compr Physiol |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1303–53 |date=April 2012 |pmid=23798302 |pmc=3919808 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110041 |url=}}</ref>
Common symptoms of acute kidney injury include:<ref name="pmid13489601">{{cite journal| author=PALMER RA, HENRY EW| title=The clinical course of acute renal failure; observations on 54 cases. | journal=Can Med Assoc J | year= 1957 | volume= 77 | issue= 12 | pages= 1078-84 | pmid=13489601 | doi= | pmc=PMC1824321 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13489601 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27670788">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ostermann M, Joannidis M |title=Acute kidney injury 2016: diagnosis and diagnostic workup |journal=Crit Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=299 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27670788 |pmc=5037640 |doi=10.1186/s13054-016-1478-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28303073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makris K, Spanou L |title=Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Pathophysiology and Clinical Phenotypes |journal=Clin Biochem Rev |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |date=May 2016 |pmid=28303073 |pmc=5198510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21817881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Winterberg PD, Lu CY |title=Acute kidney injury:  the beginning of the end of the dark ages |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=344 |issue=4 |pages=318–25 |date=October 2012 |pmid=21817881 |pmc=3210873 |doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318228aef8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18385426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, Crow M, Ross CA, Mattson MP, Rabb H |title=Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=1360–70 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18385426 |pmc=2440297 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2007080901 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23798302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Basile DP, Anderson MD, Sutton TA |title=Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury |journal=Compr Physiol |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1303–53 |date=April 2012 |pmid=23798302 |pmc=3919808 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110041 |url=}}</ref>
*Decreased urine output  
*[[Decreased urine output]]
*Dark colored urine
*[[Hematuria|Dark colored urine]]
*Fatigue
*[[Fatigue]]
*Malaise
*[[Malaise]]
*Nausea and vomiting
*[[Nausea and vomiting]]
*Pruritis
*[[Pruritis]]
*Shortness of breath
*[[Shortness of breath]]
*Hand tremor
*Hand tremor
*Bruising easily
*Easy bruisability
*Changes in mental status or mood, especially in older adults
*Changes in mental status or mood, especially in older adults
*Decreased appetite
*[[Decreased appetite]]
*Metallic taste
*Metallic taste
*Dry mucous membranes  
*Dry mucous membranes  

Latest revision as of 16:39, 26 July 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]

Overview

Patients suspected of AKI should be asked about specific history incuding exposure to contrast and cardiac failure. Symptoms of acute kidney injury include decreased urine output, dark colored urine, fatigue, malaise, and nausea and vomiting.

History and Symptoms 

History

Patients with acute kidney injury may have a positive history of:

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of acute kidney injury include:[1][2][3][4][5][6]

References

  1. ↑ PALMER RA, HENRY EW (1957). "The clinical course of acute renal failure; observations on 54 cases". Can Med Assoc J. 77 (12): 1078–84. PMC 1824321. PMID 13489601.
  2. ↑ Ostermann M, Joannidis M (September 2016). "Acute kidney injury 2016: diagnosis and diagnostic workup". Crit Care. 20 (1): 299. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1478-z. PMC 5037640. PMID 27670788.
  3. ↑ Makris K, Spanou L (May 2016). "Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Pathophysiology and Clinical Phenotypes". Clin Biochem Rev. 37 (2): 85–98. PMC 5198510. PMID 28303073.
  4. ↑ Winterberg PD, Lu CY (October 2012). "Acute kidney injury: the beginning of the end of the dark ages". Am. J. Med. Sci. 344 (4): 318–25. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318228aef8. PMC 3210873. PMID 21817881.
  5. ↑ Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, Crow M, Ross CA, Mattson MP, Rabb H (July 2008). "Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19 (7): 1360–70. doi:10.1681/ASN.2007080901. PMC 2440297. PMID 18385426.
  6. ↑ Basile DP, Anderson MD, Sutton TA (April 2012). "Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury". Compr Physiol. 2 (2): 1303–53. doi:10.1002/cphy.c110041. PMC 3919808. PMID 23798302.

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