Nephrotic syndrome causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Nephrotic syndrome can occur primarily or due to systemic diseases. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is minimal change disease. The most common primary causes in adults are focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease, and membranous nephropathy. Approximately 30 percent of adults have secondary nephrotic syndrome due to diabetes mellitus, SLE, or amyloidosis. The most common cause of secondary nephrotic syndrome in adults is [[diabetes mellitus]]. | Nephrotic syndrome can occur primarily or due to systemic diseases. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is [[minimal change disease]]. The most common primary causes in adults are [[focal segmental glomerulosclerosis]] (FSGS), [[minimal change disease]], and [[membranous nephropathy]]. Approximately 30 percent of adults have secondary nephrotic syndrome due to [[diabetes mellitus]], [[SLE]], or [[amyloidosis]]. The most common cause of secondary nephrotic syndrome in adults is [[diabetes mellitus]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Medicine]] | [[Category:Medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Nephrology]] | [[Category:Nephrology]] | ||
[[Category:Urology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:57, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2], Yazan Daaboul, Serge Korjian
Overview
Nephrotic syndrome can occur primarily or due to systemic diseases. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is minimal change disease. The most common primary causes in adults are focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease, and membranous nephropathy. Approximately 30 percent of adults have secondary nephrotic syndrome due to diabetes mellitus, SLE, or amyloidosis. The most common cause of secondary nephrotic syndrome in adults is diabetes mellitus.
Causes
Nephrotic syndrome can occur primarily or due to systemic diseases. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is minimal change disease. The most common primary causes in adults are focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease, and membranous nephropathy. Approximately 30 percent of adults have secondary nephrotic syndrome due to diabetes mellitus, SLE, or amyloidosis.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Primary Causes
Primary renal disorders, such as primary glomerulonephritides, may cause primary nephrotic syndrome. Differentiation between different types of glomerular diseases is often made by clinical suspicion and by renal biopsy, which includes light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and ideally electron microscopy.
Secondary Causes
Secondary causes of renal disorders cause secondary nephrotic syndrome. The most common cause of secondary nephrotic syndrome in adults is diabetes mellitus. Shown below is a table of the causes of nephrotic syndrome by age group.[8]
Common Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome by Age
| Age (Years) | Cause of Nephrotic Syndrome |
|---|---|
| < 15 |
|
| 15-40 | |
| >40 |
Adapted from Rose BD. Pathophysiology of renal diseases, ed. 2. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1987,p. 167
Drug Induced
- Agalsidase beta
- Certolizumab pegol
- Coagulation factor IX
- Olsalazine
- Sodium aurothiomalate
- Trimethadione
- Ziv-aflibercept
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Endocarditis |
| Chemical/Poisoning | Gold, mercury |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | Dermatomyositis, |
| Drug Side Effect | Agalsidase beta, Certolizumab pegol, Coagulation factor IX, Olsalazine, Sodium aurothiomalate, Trimethadione, Ziv-aflibercept , Interferon, lithium, NSAID, Penicillamine, Probenecid, Sorafenib |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | Castleman's disease, sickle cell anemia |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | HIV, Infectious mononucleosis, malaria, streptococcal infection, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, viral hepatitis |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Preeclampsia |
| Oncologic | Leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | Heroin |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | Amyloidosis, chronic interstitial nephritis, fabry's disease, Goodpasture's syndrome, oligomeganephronia, orthostatic proteinuria, renal vein thrombosis |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Bee sting, food allergens, Graft vs. host disease, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Kimura's disease, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Lipoatrophy, obesity |
Causes of Secondary Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Adaptation to nephron reduction
- Amyloidosis
- Bee sting
- Castleman's disease
- Chronic interstitial nephritis
- Dermatomyositis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Endocarditis
- Fabry's disease
- Food allergens
- Gold
- Goodpasture's syndrome
- Graft vs. host disease
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura
- Heroin
- HIV
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Interferon
- Kimura's disease
- Leukemia
- Lipoatrophy
- Lithium
- Lymphomas
- Malaria
- Mercury
- Mixed connective tissue disease
- Multiple myeloma
- NSAID
- Obesity
- Oligomeganephronia
- Orthostatic proteinuria
- Penicillamine
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- Pre-eclampsia
- Probenecid
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Sarcoidosis
- Sickle cell anemia
- Sjogren's syndrome
- Sorafenib
- Streptococcal Infection
- Syphillis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Thyroid disease
- Toxoplasmosis
- Vasculitis
- Viral hepatitis
References
- ↑ Rivera F, López-Gómez JM, Pérez-García R (September 2004). "Clinicopathologic correlations of renal pathology in Spain". Kidney Int. 66 (3): 898–904. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00833.x. PMID 15327378.
- ↑ Haas M, Meehan SM, Karrison TG, Spargo BH (November 1997). "Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome: a comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976-1979 and 1995-1997". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 30 (5): 621–31. PMID 9370176.
- ↑ Simon P, Ramee MP, Boulahrouz R, Stanescu C, Charasse C, Ang KS, Leonetti F, Cam G, Laruelle E, Autuly V, Rioux N (September 2004). "Epidemiologic data of primary glomerular diseases in western France". Kidney Int. 66 (3): 905–8. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00834.x. PMID 15327379.
- ↑ Braden GL, Mulhern JG, O'Shea MH, Nash SV, Ucci AA, Germain MJ (May 2000). "Changing incidence of glomerular diseases in adults". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 35 (5): 878–83. PMID 10793022.
- ↑ Malafronte P, Mastroianni-Kirsztajn G, Betônico GN, Romão JE, Alves MA, Carvalho MF, Viera Neto OM, Cadaval RA, Bérgamo RR, Woronik V, Sens YA, Marrocos MS, Barros RT (November 2006). "Paulista Registry of glomerulonephritis: 5-year data report". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 21 (11): 3098–105. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl237. PMID 16968733.
- ↑ Bahiense-Oliveira M, Saldanha LB, Mota EL, Penna DO, Barros RT, Romão-Junior JE (February 2004). "Primary glomerular diseases in Brazil (1979-1999): is the frequency of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis increasing?". Clin. Nephrol. 61 (2): 90–7. PMID 14989627.
- ↑ Gesualdo L, Di Palma AM, Morrone LF, Strippoli GF, Schena FP (September 2004). "The Italian experience of the national registry of renal biopsies". Kidney Int. 66 (3): 890–4. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00831.x. PMID 15327376.
- ↑ Eddy AA, Symons JM (2003). "Nephrotic syndrome in childhood". Lancet. 362 (9384): 629–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14184-0. PMID 12944064.