Pseudotumor cerebri risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 8: Line 8:


=== Common risk factors ===
=== Common risk factors ===
* Age and gender
** Most of the [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|IIH]] cases happen in women in child bearing age<ref name="pmid1998880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wall M, George D |title=Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A prospective study of 50 patients |journal=Brain |volume=114 ( Pt 1A) |issue= |pages=155–80 |date=February 1991 |pmid=1998880 |doi= |url=}}</ref>, but it can also happens in children and old adult with male gender. In prepubertal age the gender is not an important risk factor and in old patients the percent of affected males was higher than females.<ref name="pmid9534686">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soler D, Cox T, Bullock P, Calver DM, Robinson RO |title=Diagnosis and management of benign intracranial hypertension |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=89–94 |date=January 1998 |pmid=9534686 |pmc=1717437 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11937898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bandyopadhyay S, Jacobson DM |title=Clinical features of late-onset pseudotumor cerebri fulfilling the modified dandy criteria |journal=J Neuroophthalmol |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11937898 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===== Age and gender =====
* Obesity
Most of the [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|IIH]] cases happen in women in child bearing age<ref name="pmid1998880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wall M, George D |title=Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A prospective study of 50 patients |journal=Brain |volume=114 ( Pt 1A) |issue= |pages=155–80 |date=February 1991 |pmid=1998880 |doi= |url=}}</ref>, but it can also happens in children and old adult with male gender. In prepubertal age the gender is not an important risk factor and in old patients the percent of affected males was higher than females.<ref name="pmid9534686">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soler D, Cox T, Bullock P, Calver DM, Robinson RO |title=Diagnosis and management of benign intracranial hypertension |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=89–94 |date=January 1998 |pmid=9534686 |pmc=1717437 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11937898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bandyopadhyay S, Jacobson DM |title=Clinical features of late-onset pseudotumor cerebri fulfilling the modified dandy criteria |journal=J Neuroophthalmol |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11937898 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Some evidences suggest that [[obesity]] can increase intra abdominal and intracranial pressure and have a role in [[pathogenesis]] of [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|IIH]].<ref name="pmid2310315">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ireland B, Corbett JJ, Wallace RB |title=The search for causes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A preliminary case-control study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=315–20 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2310315 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===== Obesity =====
* Positive family history<ref name="pmid24756302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wall M, Kupersmith MJ, Kieburtz KD, Corbett JJ, Feldon SE, Friedman DI, Katz DM, Keltner JL, Schron EB, McDermott MP |title=The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial: clinical profile at baseline |journal=JAMA Neurol |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=693–701 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24756302 |pmc=4351808 |doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.133 |url=}}</ref>
Some evidences suggest that [[obesity]] can increase intra abdominal and intracranial pressure and have a role in [[pathogenesis]] of [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|IIH]].<ref name="pmid2310315">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ireland B, Corbett JJ, Wallace RB |title=The search for causes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A preliminary case-control study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=315–20 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2310315 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===== Positive family history<ref name="pmid24756302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wall M, Kupersmith MJ, Kieburtz KD, Corbett JJ, Feldon SE, Friedman DI, Katz DM, Keltner JL, Schron EB, McDermott MP |title=The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial: clinical profile at baseline |journal=JAMA Neurol |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=693–701 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24756302 |pmc=4351808 |doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.133 |url=}}</ref> =====
* Medications


===== Medications =====
** [[Growth hormone|Growth hormones]]: Development of [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|IIH]] in result of [[Growth hormone|GH]] therapy mostly happens in one year of medication initiation, but it can also develop after several years of treatment. with stopping the use of [[Growth hormone|GH]], [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|IIH]] will improve.<ref name="pmid10366091">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rogers AH, Rogers GL, Bremer DL, McGregor ML |title=Pseudotumor cerebri in children receiving recombinant human growth hormone |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=1186–9; discussion 1189–90 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10366091 |doi=10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90266-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16496267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vischi A, Guerriero S, Giancipoli G, Lorusso V, Sborgia G |title=Delayed onset of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome 7 years after starting human recombinant growth hormone treatment |journal=Eur J Ophthalmol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=178–80 |date=2006 |pmid=16496267 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Growth hormone|growth hormones]]: Development of [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|IIH]] in result of [[Growth hormone|GH]] therapy mostly happens in one year of medication initiation, but it can also develop after several years of treatment. with stopping the use of [[Growth hormone|GH]], [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|IIH]] will improve.<ref name="pmid10366091">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rogers AH, Rogers GL, Bremer DL, McGregor ML |title=Pseudotumor cerebri in children receiving recombinant human growth hormone |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=1186–9; discussion 1189–90 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10366091 |doi=10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90266-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16496267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vischi A, Guerriero S, Giancipoli G, Lorusso V, Sborgia G |title=Delayed onset of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome 7 years after starting human recombinant growth hormone treatment |journal=Eur J Ophthalmol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=178–80 |date=2006 |pmid=16496267 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


* [[Minocycline]]<ref name="pmid15675888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman DI |title=Medication-induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology |journal=Am J Clin Dermatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |date=2005 |pmid=15675888 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Minocycline]]<ref name="pmid15675888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman DI |title=Medication-induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology |journal=Am J Clin Dermatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |date=2005 |pmid=15675888 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Doxycycline]]<ref name="pmid15675888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman DI |title=Medication-induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology |journal=Am J Clin Dermatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |date=2005 |pmid=15675888 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Doxycycline]]<ref name="pmid15675888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman DI |title=Medication-induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology |journal=Am J Clin Dermatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |date=2005 |pmid=15675888 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[vitamin A]]<ref name="pmid15675888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman DI |title=Medication-induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology |journal=Am J Clin Dermatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |date=2005 |pmid=15675888 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[vitamin A]]<ref name="pmid15675888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman DI |title=Medication-induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology |journal=Am J Clin Dermatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |date=2005 |pmid=15675888 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===== Systemib illness =====
* Systemic illness
* [[Addison's disease|Addison disease]]<ref name="pmid8238233">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alexandrakis G, Filatov V, Walsh T |title=Pseudotumor cerebri in a 12-year-old boy with Addison's disease |journal=Am. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=116 |issue=5 |pages=650–1 |date=November 1993 |pmid=8238233 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
* [[Hypoparathyroidism]]<ref name="pmid3690435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sheldon RS, Becker WJ, Hanley DA, Culver RL |title=Hypoparathyroidism and pseudotumor cerebri: an infrequent clinical association |journal=Can J Neurol Sci |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=622–5 |date=November 1987 |pmid=3690435 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Addison's disease|Addison disease]]<ref name="pmid8238233">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alexandrakis G, Filatov V, Walsh T |title=Pseudotumor cerebri in a 12-year-old boy with Addison's disease |journal=Am. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=116 |issue=5 |pages=650–1 |date=November 1993 |pmid=8238233 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Sever [[anemia]]<ref name="pmid20513819">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP, Corbett JJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V |title=Atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension: normal BMI and older patients |journal=Neurology |volume=74 |issue=22 |pages=1827–32 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20513819 |pmc=2882219 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e0f838 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Hypoparathyroidism]]<ref name="pmid3690435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sheldon RS, Becker WJ, Hanley DA, Culver RL |title=Hypoparathyroidism and pseudotumor cerebri: an infrequent clinical association |journal=Can J Neurol Sci |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=622–5 |date=November 1987 |pmid=3690435 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Sleep apnea]]<ref name="pmid20513819">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP, Corbett JJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V |title=Atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension: normal BMI and older patients |journal=Neurology |volume=74 |issue=22 |pages=1827–32 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20513819 |pmc=2882219 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e0f838 |url=}}</ref>
** Sever [[anemia]]<ref name="pmid20513819">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP, Corbett JJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V |title=Atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension: normal BMI and older patients |journal=Neurology |volume=74 |issue=22 |pages=1827–32 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20513819 |pmc=2882219 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e0f838 |url=}}</ref>
* [[SLE]]<ref name="pmid18320479">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dave S, Longmuir R, Shah VA, Wall M, Lee AG |title=Intracranial hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Semin Ophthalmol |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=127–33 |date=2008 |pmid=18320479 |doi=10.1080/08820530801888188 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Sleep apnea]]<ref name="pmid20513819">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP, Corbett JJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V |title=Atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension: normal BMI and older patients |journal=Neurology |volume=74 |issue=22 |pages=1827–32 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20513819 |pmc=2882219 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e0f838 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Behçet's disease|Behcet’s syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12460143">{{cite journal |vauthors=Celebisoy N, Seçil Y, Akyürekli O |title=Pseudotumor cerebri: etiological factors, presenting features and prognosis in the western part of Turkey |journal=Acta Neurol. Scand. |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=367–70 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12460143 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[SLE]]<ref name="pmid18320479">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dave S, Longmuir R, Shah VA, Wall M, Lee AG |title=Intracranial hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Semin Ophthalmol |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=127–33 |date=2008 |pmid=18320479 |doi=10.1080/08820530801888188 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12878984">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glueck CJ, Iyengar S, Goldenberg N, Smith LS, Wang P |title=Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: associations with coagulation disorders and polycystic-ovary syndrome |journal=J. Lab. Clin. Med. |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=35–45 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12878984 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00069-6 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Behçet's disease|Behcet’s syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12460143">{{cite journal |vauthors=Celebisoy N, Seçil Y, Akyürekli O |title=Pseudotumor cerebri: etiological factors, presenting features and prognosis in the western part of Turkey |journal=Acta Neurol. Scand. |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=367–70 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12460143 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Coagulation disorders]]<ref name="pmid12878984">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glueck CJ, Iyengar S, Goldenberg N, Smith LS, Wang P |title=Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: associations with coagulation disorders and polycystic-ovary syndrome |journal=J. Lab. Clin. Med. |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=35–45 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12878984 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00069-6 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12878984">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glueck CJ, Iyengar S, Goldenberg N, Smith LS, Wang P |title=Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: associations with coagulation disorders and polycystic-ovary syndrome |journal=J. Lab. Clin. Med. |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=35–45 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12878984 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00069-6 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Uremia]]<ref name="pmid1525975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang D, Nagamoto G, Smith WE |title=Benign intracranial hypertension and chronic renal failure |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=419–22 |date=1992 |pmid=1525975 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Coagulation disorders]]<ref name="pmid12878984">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glueck CJ, Iyengar S, Goldenberg N, Smith LS, Wang P |title=Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: associations with coagulation disorders and polycystic-ovary syndrome |journal=J. Lab. Clin. Med. |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=35–45 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12878984 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00069-6 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Uremia]]<ref name="pmid1525975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang D, Nagamoto G, Smith WE |title=Benign intracranial hypertension and chronic renal failure |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=419–22 |date=1992 |pmid=1525975 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


=== Less common risk factors ===
=== Less common risk factors ===
drugs such as:
Drugs such as:
* [[thyroxine]]<ref name="pmid1475750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lessell S |title=Pediatric pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) |journal=Surv Ophthalmol |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=155–66 |date=1992 |pmid=1475750 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[thyroxine]]<ref name="pmid1475750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lessell S |title=Pediatric pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) |journal=Surv Ophthalmol |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=155–66 |date=1992 |pmid=1475750 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[corticosteroid]] withdrawal<ref name="pmid11937898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bandyopadhyay S, Jacobson DM |title=Clinical features of late-onset pseudotumor cerebri fulfilling the modified dandy criteria |journal=J Neuroophthalmol |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11937898 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[corticosteroid]] withdrawal<ref name="pmid11937898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bandyopadhyay S, Jacobson DM |title=Clinical features of late-onset pseudotumor cerebri fulfilling the modified dandy criteria |journal=J Neuroophthalmol |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11937898 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 15:20, 27 November 2018

Pseudotumor cerebri Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating pseudotumor cerebri from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Pseudotumor cerebri risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Pseudotumor cerebri risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Pseudotumor cerebri risk factors

CDC on Pseudotumor cerebri risk factors

Pseudotumor cerebri risk factors in the news

Blogs on Pseudotumor cerebri risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Pseudotumor cerebri risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Risk Factors

The most potent risk factors in the development of IIH are:

Common risk factors

  • Age and gender
    • Most of the IIH cases happen in women in child bearing age[1], but it can also happens in children and old adult with male gender. In prepubertal age the gender is not an important risk factor and in old patients the percent of affected males was higher than females.[2][3]
  • Obesity
    • Some evidences suggest that obesity can increase intra abdominal and intracranial pressure and have a role in pathogenesis of IIH.[4]
  • Positive family history[5]
  • Medications
    • Growth hormones: Development of IIH in result of GH therapy mostly happens in one year of medication initiation, but it can also develop after several years of treatment. with stopping the use of GH, symptoms of IIH will improve.[6][7]
  • Systemic illness

Less common risk factors

Drugs such as:

References

  1. ↑ Wall M, George D (February 1991). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A prospective study of 50 patients". Brain. 114 ( Pt 1A): 155–80. PMID 1998880.
  2. ↑ Soler D, Cox T, Bullock P, Calver DM, Robinson RO (January 1998). "Diagnosis and management of benign intracranial hypertension". Arch. Dis. Child. 78 (1): 89–94. PMC 1717437. PMID 9534686.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bandyopadhyay S, Jacobson DM (March 2002). "Clinical features of late-onset pseudotumor cerebri fulfilling the modified dandy criteria". J Neuroophthalmol. 22 (1): 9–11. PMID 11937898.
  4. ↑ Ireland B, Corbett JJ, Wallace RB (March 1990). "The search for causes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A preliminary case-control study". Arch. Neurol. 47 (3): 315–20. PMID 2310315.
  5. ↑ Wall M, Kupersmith MJ, Kieburtz KD, Corbett JJ, Feldon SE, Friedman DI, Katz DM, Keltner JL, Schron EB, McDermott MP (June 2014). "The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial: clinical profile at baseline". JAMA Neurol. 71 (6): 693–701. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.133. PMC 4351808. PMID 24756302.
  6. ↑ Rogers AH, Rogers GL, Bremer DL, McGregor ML (June 1999). "Pseudotumor cerebri in children receiving recombinant human growth hormone". Ophthalmology. 106 (6): 1186–9, discussion 1189–90. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90266-X. PMID 10366091.
  7. ↑ Vischi A, Guerriero S, Giancipoli G, Lorusso V, Sborgia G (2006). "Delayed onset of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome 7 years after starting human recombinant growth hormone treatment". Eur J Ophthalmol. 16 (1): 178–80. PMID 16496267.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Friedman DI (2005). "Medication-induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology". Am J Clin Dermatol. 6 (1): 29–37. PMID 15675888.
  9. ↑ Alexandrakis G, Filatov V, Walsh T (November 1993). "Pseudotumor cerebri in a 12-year-old boy with Addison's disease". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 116 (5): 650–1. PMID 8238233.
  10. ↑ Sheldon RS, Becker WJ, Hanley DA, Culver RL (November 1987). "Hypoparathyroidism and pseudotumor cerebri: an infrequent clinical association". Can J Neurol Sci. 14 (4): 622–5. PMID 3690435.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP, Corbett JJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V (June 2010). "Atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension: normal BMI and older patients". Neurology. 74 (22): 1827–32. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e0f838. PMC 2882219. PMID 20513819.
  12. ↑ Dave S, Longmuir R, Shah VA, Wall M, Lee AG (2008). "Intracranial hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus". Semin Ophthalmol. 23 (2): 127–33. doi:10.1080/08820530801888188. PMID 18320479.
  13. ↑ Celebisoy N, Seçil Y, Akyürekli O (December 2002). "Pseudotumor cerebri: etiological factors, presenting features and prognosis in the western part of Turkey". Acta Neurol. Scand. 106 (6): 367–70. PMID 12460143.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Glueck CJ, Iyengar S, Goldenberg N, Smith LS, Wang P (July 2003). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: associations with coagulation disorders and polycystic-ovary syndrome". J. Lab. Clin. Med. 142 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00069-6. PMID 12878984.
  15. ↑ Chang D, Nagamoto G, Smith WE (1992). "Benign intracranial hypertension and chronic renal failure". Cleve Clin J Med. 59 (4): 419–22. PMID 1525975.
  16. ↑ Lessell S (1992). "Pediatric pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension)". Surv Ophthalmol. 37 (3): 155–66. PMID 1475750.
  17. ↑ Ames D, Wirshing WC, Cokely HT, Lo LL (August 1994). "The natural course of pseudotumor cerebri in lithium-treated patients". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 14 (4): 286–7. PMID 7962691.
  18. ↑ Scott IU, Siatkowski RM, Eneyni M, Brodsky MC, Lam BL (August 1997). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children and adolescents". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 124 (2): 253–5. PMID 9262557.
  19. ↑ Mushet GR (April 1977). "Pseudotumor and nitrofurantoin therapy". Arch. Neurol. 34 (4): 257. PMID 843266.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Pseudotumor_cerebri_risk_factors&oldid=1504764"