Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura causes: Difference between revisions
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{{Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura}} | {{Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{ | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{S.G.}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
TTP may be caused by decreasing function or amount of [[von Willebrand factor]]([[Von Willebrand factor|vWF]]) cleaving [[protease]] [[ADAMTS13]] . | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Decrease function or amount of von Willebrand factor | Decrease function or amount of [[von Willebrand factor]] cleaving [[protease]] [[ADAMTS13]] causes TTP. | ||
'''Hereditary:''' Insertions, deletions, missense, nonsense point mutations and splice site mutations <ref>{{Cite journal | '''Hereditary:''' [[Insertion|Insertions]], [[Deletion (genetics)|deletions]], [[Missense mutation|missense]], [[Nonsense mutation|nonsense]] point [[Mutation|mutations]] and [[splice]] site [[Mutation|mutations]] <ref>{{Cite journal | ||
| author = [[Y. Fujimura]], [[M. Matsumoto]], [[A. Isonishi]], [[H. Yagi]], [[K. Kokame]], [[K. Soejima]], [[M. Murata]] & [[T. Miyata]] | | author = [[Y. Fujimura]], [[M. Matsumoto]], [[A. Isonishi]], [[H. Yagi]], [[K. Kokame]], [[K. Soejima]], [[M. Murata]] & [[T. Miyata]] | ||
| title = Natural history of Upshaw-Schulman syndrome based on ADAMTS13 gene analysis in Japan | | title = Natural history of Upshaw-Schulman syndrome based on ADAMTS13 gene analysis in Japan | ||
| Line 27: | Line 29: | ||
| doi = 10.1182/blood-2012-01-403113 | | doi = 10.1182/blood-2012-01-403113 | ||
| pmid = 22529288 | | pmid = 22529288 | ||
}}</ref> of both alleles of ADAMTS13 genes on chromosome 9q34 cause decrease in the amount | }}</ref> of both [[Allele|alleles]] of [[ADAMTS13]] [[Gene|genes]] on [[chromosome]] 9q34 cause decrease in the amount or [[Activity (chemistry)|activity]] of the enzyme. | ||
'''Acquried:''' | '''Acquried:''' | ||
* '''Diseases:''' Lupus, cancer, HIV, and infections(influenza)<ref name="FujimuraMatsumoto2011">{{cite journal|last1=Fujimura|first1=Y.|last2=Matsumoto|first2=M.|last3=Isonishi|first3=A.|last4=Yagi|first4=H.|last5=Kokame|first5=K.|last6=Soejima|first6=K.|last7=Murata|first7=M.|last8=Miyata|first8=T.|title=Natural history of Upshaw-Schulman syndrome based on ADAMTS13 gene analysis in Japan|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|volume=9|year=2011|pages=283–301|issn=15387933|doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04341.x}}</ref> | * '''Diseases:''' [[Lupus]], [[cancer]], [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]], and [[Infection|infections]]([[influenza]])<ref name="FujimuraMatsumoto2011">{{cite journal|last1=Fujimura|first1=Y.|last2=Matsumoto|first2=M.|last3=Isonishi|first3=A.|last4=Yagi|first4=H.|last5=Kokame|first5=K.|last6=Soejima|first6=K.|last7=Murata|first7=M.|last8=Miyata|first8=T.|title=Natural history of Upshaw-Schulman syndrome based on ADAMTS13 gene analysis in Japan|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|volume=9|year=2011|pages=283–301|issn=15387933|doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04341.x}}</ref> | ||
* '''Conditions:''' Pregnancy, surgery, blood and marrow stem | * '''Conditions:''' [[Pregnancy]], [[surgery]], [[blood]] and [[marrow]] [[stem cell]] [[transplant]] | ||
* '''Drugs:''' Mitomycin, cyclosporin A, cisplatin, bleomycin, quinine, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, estrogen, HRT | * '''Drugs:''' [[Mitomycin]], [[Cyclosporine|cyclosporin A]], [[cisplatin]], [[bleomycin]], [[quinine]], [[ticlopidine]], [[clopidogrel]], [[estrogen]], [[HRT]] | ||
* | * | ||
ADAMTS13 is a zinc | [[ADAMTS13]] is a [[zinc]] and [[calcium]] requiring 190,000 Dalton [[Glycosylation|glycosylated]] [[protein]] that is encoded on [[chromosome]] 9q34. It is a [[disintegrin]] and a [[Metalloproteinase|metalloprotease]] with 8 [[thrombospondin]] 1-like domains composed of an aminoterminal [[Metalloproteinase|metalloprotease]] followed by a [[disintegrin]] [[Domain (biology)|domain]]; a [[thrombospondin]] 1-like domain; a cysteine-rich domain and an adjacent spacer portion; seven additional thrombospondin 1-like domains and 2 other different types of domains that resemble each other at the carboxyl-terminal end of the molecule. It cleaves a tyrosine 1605-1606 methionine peptide bond of VWF. This [[protease]] is 13 in a family of 19 distinct ADAMTS-type [[Metalloproteinase|metalloprotease]] [[enzymes]]. It is produced predominantly in [[Endothelium|endothelial]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]] for slow, constitutive release into the circulation. [[Endothelial]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]] can be [[Stimulated emission|stimulated]] to secrete long [[Von Willebrand factor|vWF]] strings by [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] [[Cytokine|cytokines]] ([[Tumor necrosis factors|TNF]], [[Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha|IL8]] & [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL6]], [[Shiga-like toxin|shiga toxins]] or [[estrogen]]). [[ADAMTS13]] is inhibited by [[EDTA]] and therefore functional assays of the enzyme are usually performed using plasma [[Anticoagulant|anticoagulated]] with [[citrate]] (a weaker divalent cation binder than [[EDTA]]). | ||
TTP, as with other [[microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]s (MAHAs), is caused by a spontaneous [[aggregation]] of [[platelet]]s and activation of [[coagulation]] in the small [[blood vessel]]s. When stimulated, endothelial cells secrete the ultra-large VWF multimers in long strips that remain anchored to the cell membrane. The long VWF multimeric strings are | TTP, as with other [[microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]s (MAHAs), is caused by a spontaneous [[aggregation]] of [[platelet]]s and activation of [[coagulation]] in the small [[blood vessel]]s. When [[Stimulated emission|stimulated]], [[endothelial]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]] [[secrete]] the ultra-large [[Von Willebrand factor|VWF]] [[Multimeric protein|multimers]] in long strips that remain anchored to the [[Cell (biology)|cell]] [[membrane]]. The long [[Von Willebrand factor|VWF]] [[Multimeric protein|multimeric]] strings are sticky to the [[glycoprotein]] Iba components of [[platelet]] GPIb-IX-V surface [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]]<nowiki/>s. The initial adherence of [[Platelet|platelets]] via the [[Glycoprotein Ib|GPIb]] receptors to the long [[Von Willebrand factor|vWF]] strings and the subsequent coherence of additional [[Platelet|platelets]] to each other ([[aggregation]]) via activated [[Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa|GPIIb/IIIa]] [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] produces potentially occlusive [[platelet]] [[Thrombus|thrombi]]. [[Platelet|Platelets]] are consumed in the [[coagulation]] process, and bind [[fibrin]], the end [[Product (biology)|product]] of the [[coagulation]] pathway. These [[platelet]] [[fibrin]] complexes form microthrombi which circulate in the [[vasculature]] and cause shearing of [[red blood cell]]s, resulting in [[hemolysis]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:32, 28 September 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sogand Goudarzi, MD [2]
Overview
TTP may be caused by decreasing function or amount of von Willebrand factor(vWF) cleaving protease ADAMTS13 .
Causes
Decrease function or amount of von Willebrand factor cleaving protease ADAMTS13 causes TTP.
Hereditary: Insertions, deletions, missense, nonsense point mutations and splice site mutations [1][2] of both alleles of ADAMTS13 genes on chromosome 9q34 cause decrease in the amount or activity of the enzyme.
Acquried:
- Diseases: Lupus, cancer, HIV, and infections(influenza)[3]
- Conditions: Pregnancy, surgery, blood and marrow stem cell transplant
- Drugs: Mitomycin, cyclosporin A, cisplatin, bleomycin, quinine, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, estrogen, HRT
ADAMTS13 is a zinc and calcium requiring 190,000 Dalton glycosylated protein that is encoded on chromosome 9q34. It is a disintegrin and a metalloprotease with 8 thrombospondin 1-like domains composed of an aminoterminal metalloprotease followed by a disintegrin domain; a thrombospondin 1-like domain; a cysteine-rich domain and an adjacent spacer portion; seven additional thrombospondin 1-like domains and 2 other different types of domains that resemble each other at the carboxyl-terminal end of the molecule. It cleaves a tyrosine 1605-1606 methionine peptide bond of VWF. This protease is 13 in a family of 19 distinct ADAMTS-type metalloprotease enzymes. It is produced predominantly in endothelial cells for slow, constitutive release into the circulation. Endothelial cells can be stimulated to secrete long vWF strings by inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL8 & IL6, shiga toxins or estrogen). ADAMTS13 is inhibited by EDTA and therefore functional assays of the enzyme are usually performed using plasma anticoagulated with citrate (a weaker divalent cation binder than EDTA).
TTP, as with other microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHAs), is caused by a spontaneous aggregation of platelets and activation of coagulation in the small blood vessels. When stimulated, endothelial cells secrete the ultra-large VWF multimers in long strips that remain anchored to the cell membrane. The long VWF multimeric strings are sticky to the glycoprotein Iba components of platelet GPIb-IX-V surface receptors. The initial adherence of platelets via the GPIb receptors to the long vWF strings and the subsequent coherence of additional platelets to each other (aggregation) via activated GPIIb/IIIa receptors produces potentially occlusive platelet thrombi. Platelets are consumed in the coagulation process, and bind fibrin, the end product of the coagulation pathway. These platelet fibrin complexes form microthrombi which circulate in the vasculature and cause shearing of red blood cells, resulting in hemolysis.
References
- ↑ Y. Fujimura, M. Matsumoto, A. Isonishi, H. Yagi, K. Kokame, K. Soejima, M. Murata & T. Miyata (2011). "Natural history of Upshaw-Schulman syndrome based on ADAMTS13 gene analysis in Japan". Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH. 9 Suppl 1: 283–301. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04341.x. PMID 21781265. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Luca A. Lotta, Haifeng M. Wu, Ian J. Mackie, Marina Noris, Agnes Veyradier, Marie A. Scully, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Paul Coppo, Ri Liesner, Roberta Donadelli, Chantal Loirat, Richard A. Gibbs, April Horne, Shangbin Yang, Isabella Garagiola, Khaled M. Musallam & Flora Peyvandi (2012). "Residual plasmatic activity of ADAMTS13 is correlated with phenotype severity in congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". Blood. 120 (2): 440–448. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-01-403113. PMID 22529288. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Fujimura, Y.; Matsumoto, M.; Isonishi, A.; Yagi, H.; Kokame, K.; Soejima, K.; Murata, M.; Miyata, T. (2011). "Natural history of Upshaw-Schulman syndrome based on ADAMTS13 gene analysis in Japan". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 9: 283–301. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04341.x. ISSN 1538-7933.