Leukocytosis: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{SI}} | {{SI}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MV}} {{LG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MV}} {{LG}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}} | ||
{{SK}} Elevated white blood cell count; Right-shift leukocytosis; Left-leukocytosis | {{SK}} Elevated white blood cell count; Right-shift leukocytosis; Left-shift leukocytosis | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Leukocytosis''' | '''Leukocytosis''' is the elevation of the white blood cell count above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3). Leukocytosis is frequently a sign of an [[Inflammation|inflammatory response]], most commonly the result of [[infection]], but may also occur following certain parasitic infections, [[bone tumor|bone tumors]], strenuous exercise, emotional stress, pregnancy, anesthesia, and epinephrine administration. Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 sub-types: [[neutrophilia]] (most common), [[lymphocytosis]], [[monocytosis]], [[eosinophilia]], and [[basophilia]]. Other classifications include: Left shift or right shift leukocytosis. The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by the increase of leukocytes (primarily neutrophils), followed by the proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow, which is then stimulated by several products of inflammation including [[C3a]] and [[G-CSF]].<ref name="pmid24750674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chabot-Richards DS, George TI |title=Leukocytosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=2014 |pmid=24750674 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12212 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*Leukocytosis was first discovered by Paul Kautchakoff | *Leukocytosis was first discovered by Paul Kautchakoff in 1846.<ref name="pmid24750674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chabot-Richards DS, George TI |title=Leukocytosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=2014 |pmid=24750674 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12212 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
*Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 | *Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 sub-types:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
:*[[Neutrophilia]] (most common) | :*[[Neutrophilia]] (most common) | ||
:*[[Lymphocytosis]] | :*[[Lymphocytosis]] | ||
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:*'''Left shift''' (most common) | :*'''Left shift''' (most common) | ||
::*Immature leukocytes increase | ::*Immature leukocytes increase | ||
::*Proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow | ::*Proliferation and release of [[granulocyte]] and [[monocyte]] precursors in the [[bone marrow]] | ||
::*Usually stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF | ::*Usually stimulated by several products of inflammation including [[C3a]] and [[Granulocyte colony stimulating factor|G-CSF]] | ||
:*'''Right shift''' | :*'''Right shift''' | ||
::*Reduced count or lack of "young neutrophils" | ::*Reduced count or lack of "young [[neutrophils]]" | ||
::*Associated with the presence of "giant neutrophils | ::*Associated with the presence of "giant [[Neutrophil|neutrophils]]" | ||
* | *Another variant of leukocytosis is the [[leukemoid reaction]]. | ||
*The image below demonstrates a graphic figure that illustrates hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> | *The image below demonstrates a graphic figure that illustrates [[hematopoietic]] growth factors in leukocytosis.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> | ||
Image: Hematopoietic growth factors.png|Hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis | [[Image:Hematopoietic growth factors.png|600px|center|thumb|Hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis, Courtesy of Wikipedia]] | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
*The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
:*An increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools | :*An increased release of [[White blood cells|leukocytes]] from bone marrow storage pools | ||
:*Decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls | :*Decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls | ||
:*Decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues | :*Decreased [[extravasation]] of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues | ||
:*Increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow | :*Increase in number of precursor cells in the [[bone marrow]] | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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| | | | ||
*Acute [[bacterial infection]]s, especially [[pyogenic infection]]s | *Acute [[bacterial infection]]s, especially [[pyogenic infection]]s | ||
* | *Sterile inflammation | ||
** [[Tissue necrosis]] | ** [[Tissue necrosis]] | ||
***[[Myocardial infarction]] | ***[[Myocardial infarction]] | ||
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**[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | **[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | ||
**Some forms of [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] | **Some forms of [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] | ||
*[[ | *Systemic [[autoimmune|auto-immune]] diseases (e.g. [[systemic lupus erythematosus|SLE]]) | ||
*Some forms of [[vasculitis]] | *Some forms of [[vasculitis]] | ||
*[[Cholesterol embolism]] (transiently) | *[[Cholesterol embolism]] (transiently) | ||
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===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*Patients of all age groups may develop leukocytosis. | *Patients of all age groups may develop leukocytosis. | ||
*Normal white blood count differential changes with age. | *Normal [[White blood cell|white blood count]] differential changes with age. | ||
*Leukocytosis in neonates is more common, | *Leukocytosis in [[neonates]] is more common, in comparison to children and adults.<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
*Common risk factors in the development of leukocytosis | *Common risk factors in the development of leukocytosis include:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
:* | :*Physiological processes (e.g. stress, exercise, [[pregnancy]]) | ||
:*Drugs (e.g.corticosteroids, lithium, beta agonists) | :*Drugs (e.g. [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]], [[lithium]], [[Beta agonist|beta agonists]]) | ||
:*Trauma | :*[[Physical trauma|Trauma]] | ||
:*Stress | :*[[Stress (medicine)|Stress]] | ||
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | == Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ||
*The majority of patients with leukocytosis are initially symptomatic.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> | *The majority of patients with leukocytosis are initially symptomatic.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> | ||
*Early clinical features | *Early clinical features include:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> | ||
:*Fever | :*[[Fever]] | ||
:*Hyperhidrosis | :*[[Hyperhidrosis]] | ||
:*Fatigue | :*[[Fatigue]] | ||
*Common complications of leukocytosis | *Common complications of leukocytosis include:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> | ||
:*Tumor lysis syndrome | :*[[Tumor lysis syndrome]] | ||
:*Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy | :*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy]] | ||
:*Acute respiratory failure | :*[[Respiratory failure|Acute respiratory failure]] | ||
:*Pulmonary hemorrhage | :*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]] | ||
:*CNS infarction | :*CNS infarction | ||
:*Splenic infarction | :*[[Splenic infarction]] | ||
:*Myocardial ischemia | :*[[Myocardial ischemia]] | ||
:*Renal failure | :*[[Renal failure]] | ||
*Prognosis | *Prognosis generally depends on the underlying etiologies.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> | ||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == | ||
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=== Symptoms === | === Symptoms === | ||
*Leukocytosis is usually symptomatic. | *Leukocytosis is usually symptomatic. | ||
*Symptoms of leukocytosis are often unspecific | *Symptoms of leukocytosis are often unspecific such as:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> | ||
:*Weight loss | :*Weight loss | ||
:*Fevers of unknown origin | :*Fevers of unknown origin | ||
:*Hyperhidrosis | :*[[Hyperhidrosis]] | ||
:*Chronic pain | :*[[Chronic pain]] | ||
:*Fatigue | :*[[Fatigue]] | ||
:*Dyspnea | :*[[Dyspnea]] | ||
:*Malaise | :*[[Malaise]] | ||
*Obtain history of the following: | *Obtain history of the following: | ||
:*Clinical features | :*Clinical features | ||
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=== Laboratory Findings === | === Laboratory Findings === | ||
*Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of leukocytosis | *Laboratory findings that are consistent with the diagnosis of leukocytosis involve the <ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> [[White blood cell count]] being above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3). | ||
==Differentiating Leukocytosis from Other Diseases== | ==Differentiating Leukocytosis from Other Diseases== | ||
Differential diagnosis methods of leukocytosis: | |||
{| | {| | ||
! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category | ! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category | ||
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! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History | ! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History | ||
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms | ! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms | ||
! colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings | ! colspan="8" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings | ||
Line 193: | Line 190: | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint | ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint involvement | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other | ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other | ||
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC | ! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Plt | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Plt | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hematologic | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Granulocytosis|Hereditary neutrophilia]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Granulocytosis|Hereditary neutrophilia]]<ref name="HerringSmith1974">{{cite journal|last1=Herring|first1=William Benjamin|last2=Smith|first2=Laurin Gresham|last3=Walker|first3=Richard Isley|last4=Herion|first4=John Carroll|title=Hereditary neutrophilia|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=56|issue=5|year=1974|pages=729–734|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(74)90642-1}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* Unknown | * Unknown | ||
* Germline mutation in [[CSF3R]] | * Germline [[mutation]] in [[CSF3R]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare [[Dominance relationship|autosomal dominant]] genetic disorder | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare [[Dominance relationship|autosomal dominant]] genetic disorder | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* Positive family history | * Positive family history | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Normal | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* Normal [[Granulocyte|granulocytes]] | * Normal [[Granulocyte|granulocytes]] | ||
* [[Histiocyte|Histiocytes]] of Gaucher type | * [[Histiocyte|Histiocytes]] of Gaucher type | ||
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Molecular testing | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Molecular testing | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* High [[leukocyte alkaline phosphatase]] | * High [[leukocyte alkaline phosphatase]] | ||
* Progress to [[leukemia]] | * Progress to [[leukemia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Myeloproliferative neoplasm|Myeloproliferative neoplasms]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Myeloproliferative neoplasm|Myeloproliferative neoplasms]]<ref name="pmid20052751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Leukocytosis as a risk factor for thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms-biologically plausible but clinically uncertain |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=93–4 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20052751 |doi=10.1002/ajh.21614 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Unknown | |||
*[[Mutation]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Elderly | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Exposure to: | |||
*[[Chemotherapy]] | |||
*[[Radiation therapy]] | |||
*[[Tobacco smoking|Tobacco smoke]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Petechia|Petechiae]] | |||
* [[Purpura]] | |||
* Diffuse erythematous [[rash]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |± | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*[[Shortness of breath]] | |||
*[[Fatigue]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑/↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑/↓ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*Large [[Platelet|platelets]] | |||
*Ovalomacrocytosis | |||
*Basophilic stippling | |||
*[[Howell-Jolly body]] | |||
*Pelger-Huet anomaly | |||
*Ring [[Sideroblastic anemia|sideroblasts]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*Impaired [[myeloid]] maturation | |||
*[[Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia|Dyserythropoiesis]] | |||
*Dysgranulopoiesis | |||
*Dysmegakaryocytopoiesis | |||
*Hypercellular [[bone marrow]] | |||
*[[Fibrosis]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Bone marrow examination]] + clinical manifestation | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*[[Thrombosis]] at unusual sites | |||
*[[Thrombosis]] in younger patients | |||
*Might transformed to [[acute leukemia]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Polycythemia vera]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Polycythemia vera]]<ref name="pmid26336886">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boiocchi L, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Fend F, Bonzheim I, Cattaneo D, Knowles DM, Orazi A |title=Neutrophilic leukocytosis in advanced stage polycythemia vera: hematopathologic features and prognostic implications |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=1448–57 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26336886 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2015.100 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*Autonomous [[Red blood cell|erythrocyte]] production | |||
*[[JAK2]] mutation (> 95%) | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Mean age > 60 years old | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| | *[[Stroke]] | ||
| align=" | *[[Visual system|Visual disturbance]] | ||
| | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align=" | |||
| | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* Facial [[Hypervolemia|plethora]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*Painful [[erythema]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*Elevated normochromic, normocytic [[Red blood cell|RBCs]] | |||
*[[Thrombocytosis]] | |||
*≥ 10% immature myeloid precursors | |||
*Leukoerythroblastic picture | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Increased [[myeloid]]:[[Red blood cell|erythroid]] ratio due to granulocytic proliferation | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Bone marrow examination]] + clinical manifestation | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*[[Stroke]] | |||
*[[Venous thrombosis]] | |||
*[[Myelofibrosis]] | |||
*[[Acute leukemia]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]] (MAHA) | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]] (MAHA)<ref name="pmid27288467">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morton JM, George JN |title=Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in Patients With Cancer |journal=J Oncol Pract |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=523–30 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27288467 |doi=10.1200/JOP.2016.012096 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| | * [[Microvascular disease|Microangiopathy]] | ||
| | * [[Leukemoid reaction]] | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Coagulopathy|Bleeding disorder]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Positive family history | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| | * [[Pallor]] | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Shortness of breath]] | |||
*[[Fatigue]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Fragmented [[Red blood cell|RBCs]] | |||
* [[Red blood cell|Schistocytes]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Bone marrow examination]] + clinical manifestation | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Non-immune [[hemolysis]] | |||
* Elevated [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]] | |||
* Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]] | |||
* Negative [[Coombs test|direct Coomb's test]] | |||
* [[Thrombosis]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Leukoerythroblastosis | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Leukoerythroblastosis<ref name="pmid25562031">{{cite journal |vauthors=Canbolat Ayhan A, Timur C, Ayhan Y, Kes G |title=Leukoerythroblastosis Mimicking Leukemia: A case report |journal=Iran J Pediatr |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=332–3 |date=June 2014 |pmid=25562031 |pmc=4276592 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| | * Space-occupying lesions in the [[bone marrow]] | ||
| | * [[Infection]] | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Coagulopathy|Bleeding disorder]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* [[Pallor]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Satiety|Early satiety]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Fatigue]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* Nucleated red cells | |||
* [[Reticulocyte|Reticulocytosis]] | |||
| align=" | * [[Poikilocytosis|Poikilocytes]] | ||
| | * Circulating immature [[White blood cells|white cells]], generally [[Myelocyte|myelocytes]] and [[Promyelocyte|promyelocytes]] | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Circulating immature [[White blood cells|white cells]], generally [[Myelocyte|myelocytes]] and [[Promyelocyte|promyelocytes]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Myelofibrosis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Bone marrow examination|Bone marrow biopsy]] | ||
| | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| | * [[Bone marrow|Marrow]] infiltrative disorders | ||
* [[Physical trauma|Trauma]] | |||
| align=" | * [[Sepsis|Septicemia]] | ||
| | * Massive [[hemolysis]] | ||
| | * [[Macrocytic anemia|Megaloblastic anemia]] | ||
* [[Hematopoiesis|Extramedullary hematopoiesis]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align=" | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="12" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Immunology/ | ! rowspan="12" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Immunology/ | ||
Line 415: | Line 454: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint involvement | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other signs | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other signs | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |WBC | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |WBC | ||
Line 428: | Line 467: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]]<ref name="pmid26434744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy-Mendelovich S, Rechavi E, Abuzaitoun O, Vernitsky H, Simon AJ, Lev A, Somech R |title=Highlighting the problematic reliance on CD18 for diagnosing leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 |journal=Immunol. Res. |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=476–82 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26434744 |doi=10.1007/s12026-015-8706-5 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Primary immunodeficiency]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Failure to express [[CD18]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare [[autosomal recessive]], [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|LAD]] II more in Middle East and Brazil | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Positive family history | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Characteristic facial appearance, short stature, limb malformations, and severe [[Developmental disability|developmental delay]] in [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|LAD]] II | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * Signs of different [[Infection|infections]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓/↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * Leukocytosis | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Flow cytometry]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Recurrent [[Infection|bacterial infections]] | |||
* Delay in [[umbilical cord]] sloughing | |||
* Inability to form [[Abscess|abscesses]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes<ref name="pmid30035647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Labrousse M, Kevorkian-Verguet C, Boursier G, Rowczenio D, Maurier F, Lazaro E, Aggarwal M, Lemelle I, Mura T, Belot A, Touitou I, Sarrabay G |title=Mosaicism in autoinflammatory diseases: Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) and beyond. A systematic review |journal=Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=432–442 |date=September 2018 |pmid=30035647 |doi=10.1080/10408363.2018.1488805 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Unknown | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Mutation]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Dominance relationship|Autosomal dominant]] autoinflammatory syndrome | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Positive family history | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Urticaria|Hive]]-like [[rash]] without [[Itch|itching]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * Red eyes | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Headache]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓/↑ | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Genetic testing|Genetic tests]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Blindness]] | |||
* [[Hearing impairment|Hearing loss]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Rheumatoid arthritis]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="pmid20870100">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW |title=Rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9746 |pages=1094–108 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20870100 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60826-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24568138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glant TT, Mikecz K, Rauch TA |title=Epigenetics in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis |journal=BMC Med |volume=12 |issue= |pages=35 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24568138 |pmc=3936819 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-12-35 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any, more in young women, between 30-60 years old | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Positive family history | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Obesity]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Deformed [[Joint|joints]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Rheumatoid nodule|Rheumatoid nodules]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Weight loss]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Fatigue]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Dry eyes]] and mouth | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + positive [[Anti-citrullinated protein antibody|anti-CCP antibodies]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Osteoporosis]] | |||
* [[Infection|Infections]] | |||
* [[Carpal tunnel syndrome]] | |||
* Multi-organ involvement | |||
* [[Lymphoma]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis|Juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis|Juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="pmid23763801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Naz S, Mushtaq A, Rehman S, Bari A, Maqsud A, Khan MZ, Ahmad TM |title=Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=409–12 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23763801 |doi=06.2013/JCPSP.409412 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Children under the age of 16 | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Positive family history | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | *Blotchy [[rash]] on a child's arms and legs | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * [[Fatigue]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Dry eyes]] and mouth | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * Leukocytosis | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + laboratory findings | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Uveitis]] | |||
* [[Infection|Infections]] | |||
* Multi-organ involvement | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Still's disease|Adult Still's disease]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Still's disease|Adult Still's disease]]<ref name="pmid25613167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kadavath S, Efthimiou P |title=Adult-onset Still's disease-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and new treatment options |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25613167 |doi=10.3109/07853890.2014.971052 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare [[autoimmune disease]] | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Nonpruritic salmon-colored [[rash]] (usually over [[trunk]] or [[Limb (anatomy)|extremities]] while [[Fever|febrile]]) | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Headache]] | ||
| align=" | * [[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Weight loss]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Muscle pain]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diagnosis of exclusion | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* High [[ferritin]] | |||
* Negative [[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]] | |||
* [[Meningitis|Aseptic meningitis]] | |||
*[[Sensorineural hearing loss]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Kawasaki disease]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Kawasaki disease]]<ref name="pmid25399940">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sundel RP |title=Kawasaki disease |journal=Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=63–73, viii |date=2015 |pmid=25399940 |doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2014.09.010 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Autoimmune disease]], more in Asian ethnicity boys | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Diffuse [[maculopapular]] erythematous [[rash]] in the [[Sex organ|genital]] area, and red [[Eye|eyes]], [[Lip (disambiguation)|lips]], [[Hand|palms]] or [[Sole (foot)|soles]] of the feet | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Strawberry [[tongue]] | ||
| align=" | * [[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Diarrhea]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Bilateral [[Conjunctiva|conjunctival]] inflammation | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diagnostic criteria | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Medium-sized-vessel [[vasculitis]] | |||
* [[Coronary artery aneurysm]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]<ref name="pmid24415861">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang YZ, Li YY |title=Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=91–9 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24415861 |pmc=3886036 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Mutation]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Autoimmune disease]], more in young | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Stress (medicine)|Stress]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Positive family history | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Diarrhea]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Rectal bleeding]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]] | |||
* [[Euthyroid sick syndrome|Non-thyroidal illness syndrome]] | |||
* [[Deep vein thrombosis|DVT]] | |||
* [[Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia|Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sarcoidosis]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid25473783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Modaresi Esfeh J, Culver D, Plesec T, John B |title=Clinical presentation and protocol for management of hepatic sarcoidosis |journal=Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=349–58 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25473783 |doi=10.1586/17474124.2015.958468 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Immunity (medical)|Immune-]]<nowiki/>mediated | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Unknown | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Autoimmune disease]], more in young African American women | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Positive family history | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Rash|Rashes]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Erythema nodosum]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Granuloma annulare]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Lupus pernio]] | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | Bilateral [[Hilar lymphadenopathy|hilar adenopathy]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Fatigue]] | ||
| align=" | * [[Weight loss]] | ||
* [[Blurred vision|Blurry vision]] | |||
* [[Dyspnea|Shortness of breath]] | |||
* [[Cough]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diagnosis of exclusion | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Interstitial lung disease]] | |||
* Systemic [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] disease | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hepatitis|Chronic hepatitis]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hepatitis|Chronic hepatitis]]<ref name="pmid26092643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gish RG, Given BD, Lai CL, Locarnini SA, Lau JY, Lewis DL, Schluep T |title=Chronic hepatitis B: Virology, natural history, current management and a glimpse at future opportunities |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=121 |issue= |pages=47–58 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26092643 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.008 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Infection]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Ischemia|Ischemic]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Elderly | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Alcoholism|Alcohol use]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Acute [[infection]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Jaundice]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Ascites]] and [[peripheral edema]] | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Fatigue]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Weight loss]] | ||
| align=" | * [[Nausea and vomiting]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Liver biopsy]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Hirsutism]] | |||
* [[Amenorrhea]] | |||
* [[Coagulopathy]] | |||
* [[Hepatic encephalopathy]] | |||
* [[Esophageal varices]] | |||
* [[Hepatorenal syndrome]] | |||
* [[Liver mass|Liver cancer]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sweet's syndrome|Sweet syndrome]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sweet's syndrome|Sweet syndrome]]<ref name="pmid30247226">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das A, Burmeister R, Chhaya R, Eisenga B, Kumar A |title=Sweet Syndrome in a Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |journal=J Clin Rheumatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=September 2018 |pmid=30247226 |doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000904 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Unknown | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Relapse]] and [[Remission (medicine)|remission]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Tenderness (medicine)|Tender]], red, well-demarcated [[Papule|papules]] and [[Plaque|plaques]] on the [[head]], [[neck]], [[Leg|legs]], and arms | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * [[Conjunctivitis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Iridocyclitis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Aphthous ulcer|Oral aphthae]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Papillary and mid-dermal mixed infiltrate of [[Neutrophil|polymorphonuclear]] leukocytes with nuclear fragmentation and [[Histiocytic|histiocytic cells]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diagnostic criteria | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Cutaneous marker of systemic disease | |||
* [[Acute myeloid leukemia|Acute myelogenous leukemia]] | |||
* Immunologic disease | |||
* Slight increase in [[alkaline phosphatase]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Gout|Acute gout]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Gout|Acute gout]]<ref name="pmid24334652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dalbeth N, Zhong CS, Grainger R, Khanna D, Khanna PP, Singh JA, McQueen FM, Taylor WJ |title=Outcome measures in acute gout: a systematic literature review |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=558–68 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24334652 |pmc=4217650 |doi=10.3899/jrheum.131244 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| | * Elevated levels of [[uric acid]] in the [[blood]] | ||
| | * [[Diet (nutrition)|Diet]] | ||
| | * [[Genetics|Genetic]] | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Older males | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* [[Alcoholism|Alcohol use]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Acute [[infection]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Tophus|Tophi]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align=" | |||
| | |||
| align=" | |||
| | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Fatigue]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Leukocytosis | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Arthritis]] | |||
* Urate [[nephropathy]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="6" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | | ! rowspan="6" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Medication | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Condition | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Condition | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Etiology | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Etiology | ||
Line 776: | Line 950: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint involvement | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other signs | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other signs | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |WBC | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |WBC | ||
Line 789: | Line 963: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[ | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Steroid]]<ref name="pmid7304648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shoenfeld Y, Gurewich Y, Gallant LA, Pinkhas J |title=Prednisone-induced leukocytosis. Influence of dosage, method and duration of administration on the degree of leukocytosis |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=773–8 |date=November 1981 |pmid=7304648 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| | * Release of [[Granulocyte|granulocytes]] from the [[bone marrow]] | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Steroid]] use | |||
| align=" | * [[Autoimmune disease]] | ||
| | * [[Cancer|Malignancy]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align=" | |||
| | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* [[Obesity|Obese]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Abdominal pain]] | |||
* [[Muscle weakness]] | |||
* [[Growth failure]] | |||
* [[Pubertal delay]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Myelofibrosis|Megakaryocytic]]<nowiki/>fragments | |||
* Large numbers of microspherocytes | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Thrombosis|Thromboembolic]]<nowiki/>complications | |||
* [[Cushing's syndrome|Cushing syndrome]] | |||
* [[Diabetes mellitus]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[ | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Filgrastim]] (Myeloid growth factor)<ref name="pmid24142827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crawford J, Armitage J, Balducci L, Becker PS, Blayney DW, Cataland SR, Heaney ML, Hudock S, Kloth DD, Kuter DJ, Lyman GH, McMahon B, Rugo HS, Saad AA, Schwartzberg LS, Shayani S, Steensma DP, Talbott M, Vadhan-Raj S, Westervelt P, Westmoreland M, Dwyer M, Ho M |title=Myeloid growth factors |journal=J Natl Compr Canc Netw |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1266–90 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24142827 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Release of [[Granulocyte|granulocytes]] from the [[bone marrow]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Cancer|Malignancy]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Neutropenia]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Alopecia|Hair loss]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Local skin reactions at the site of [[Injection (medicine)|injection]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Cough]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Chest pain]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]] | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Alveolus|Alveolar]] hemorrhage | |||
* [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[ | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Lithium]]<ref name="pmid25735990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aiff H, Attman PO, Aurell M, Bendz H, Ramsauer B, Schön S, Svedlund J |title=Effects of 10 to 30 years of lithium treatment on kidney function |journal=J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=608–14 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25735990 |doi=10.1177/0269881115573808 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| | * Unknown | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | |||
| | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| | * [[Bipolar disorder]] | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align=" | * [[Weight gain]] | ||
* [[Acne vulgaris|Acne]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Hand [[tremor]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Confusion]] | ||
| align=" | * [[Constipation]] or [[diarrhea]] | ||
* Decreased [[memory]] | |||
| align=" | * [[Xerostomia|Dry mouth]] | ||
* [[Muscle weakness]] | |||
| | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* [[Extrapyramidal system|Extrapyramidal side effects]] | |||
* [[Goitre|Euthyroid goitre]] | |||
* [[Hypothyroidism]] | |||
| | * [[Renal insufficiency|Kidney damage]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| align=" | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[ | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Catecholamine|Catecholamines]] | ||
| | ([[epinephrine]])<ref name="pmid12417430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bedoui S, Lechner S, Gebhardt T, Nave H, Beck-Sickinger AG, Straub RH, Pabst R, von Hörsten S |title=NPY modulates epinephrine-induced leukocytosis via Y-1 and Y-5 receptor activation in vivo: sympathetic co-transmission during leukocyte mobilization |journal=J. Neuroimmunol. |volume=132 |issue=1-2 |pages=25–33 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12417430 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Stimulation of [[bone marrow]] myelopoiesis | |||
| | |||
* | |||
* Egress into the circulation | * Egress into the circulation | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * [[Anaphylaxis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Respiratory disease|Respiratory diseases]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Acutely ill | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Diaphoresis|Diaphoretic]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * [[Dizziness]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Tremor]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Anxiety]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Dyspnea]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Myelofibrosis|Megakaryocytic]]<nowiki/>fragments | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Thrombosis|Thromboembolic]]<nowiki/>complications | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Tretinoin|ATRA]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Tretinoin|ATRA]]<ref name="pmid17257495">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bi KH, Jiang GS |title=Relationship between cytokines and leukocytosis in patients with APL induced by all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide |journal=Cell. Mol. Immunol. |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=421–7 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17257495 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Differentiating [[Promyelocyte|promyelocytes]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Acne vulgaris|Acne]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Xeroderma|Skin dryness]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Alopecia|Hair loss]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Dyspnea|Shortness of breath]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Headache]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Paresthesia|Numbness]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Depression]] | ||
| align=" | * [[Itch|Itchiness]] | ||
* [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]] | |||
* [[Myalgia|Muscle pain]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Teratology|Teratogen]] | |||
* [[Thrombosis]] | |||
* [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|Benign intracranial hypertension]] | |||
* [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Hypercholesterolemia]] | |||
* [[Liver|Liver damage]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="10" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other | ! rowspan="10" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other | ||
Line 1,322: | Line 1,201: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint involvement | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other signs | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other signs | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |WBC | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |WBC | ||
Line 1,335: | Line 1,214: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[ | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infection|Infections]]<ref name="pmid24012414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horasan ES, Dağ A, Ersoz G, Kaya A |title=Surgical site infections and mortality in elderly patients |journal=Med Mal Infect |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=417–22 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24012414 |doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2013.07.009 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* [[Infection]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Close contact | |||
* [[Immunodeficiency]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Acutely ill | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |± | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |± | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |± | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Fatigue]] | |||
* [[Nausea and vomiting]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Howell-Jolly body|Howell-Jolly bodies]] | |||
* Nucleated [[Red blood cell|RBCs]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation+ culture | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Depends on etiology | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" | | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Allergy]]<ref name="pmid29871797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davis MDP, van der Hilst JCH |title=Mimickers of Urticaria: Urticarial Vasculitis and Autoinflammatory Diseases |journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1162–1170 |date=2018 |pmid=29871797 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.006 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Unknown | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Activation of [[chloride]] transport | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Anaphylaxis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Respiratory|Respiratory diseases]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Acutely ill | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Diaphoresis|Diaphoretic]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Dizziness]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Tremor]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Anxiety]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Dyspnea]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Myelofibrosis|Megakaryocytic]]<nowiki/>fragments | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[ | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Post [[splenectomy]]<ref name="pmid29766137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bilello JF, Sharp VL, Dirks RC, Kaups KL, Davis JW |title=After the embo: predicting non-hemorrhagic indications for splenectomy after angioembolization in patients with blunt trauma |journal=Trauma Surg Acute Care Open |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e000159 |date=2018 |pmid=29766137 |pmc=5887792 |doi=10.1136/tsaco-2017-000159 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Unknown | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Prior surgical removal of the [[spleen]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell disease]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Normal | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |± | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Howell-Jolly body|Howell-Jolly bodies]] | ||
| align=" | * Nucleated [[Red blood cell|RBCs]] | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* Incidental laboratory finding | |||
* [[Thrombosis]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]]<ref name="pmid27688691">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lymperaki E, Makedou K, Iliadis S, Vagdatli E |title=Effects of acute cigarette smoking on total blood count and markers of oxidative stress in active and passive smokers |journal=Hippokratia |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=293–7 |date=2015 |pmid=27688691 |pmc=5033137 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Reduced [[Blood plasma|plasma]] volume | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Accelerated [[erythropoiesis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Cyanosis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Cough]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Dyspnea]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]/[[Physical exercise|exercise]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]/[[Physical exercise|exercise]]<ref name="pmid26477922">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson RJ, Kunz H, Agha N, Graff R |title=Exercise and the Regulation of Immune Functions |journal=Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci |volume=135 |issue= |pages=355–80 |date=2015 |pmid=26477922 |doi=10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Reduced plasma volume | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Athlete | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Physical exercise|Exercise]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Normal | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Howell-Jolly body|Howell-Jolly bodies]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Nucleated [[Red blood cell|RBCs]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
* Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]] | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infant|Infancy]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infant|Infancy]]<ref name="pmid26580401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nouatin O, Gbédandé K, Ibitokou S, Vianou B, Houngbegnon P, Ezinmegnon S, Borgella S, Akplogan C, Cottrell G, Varani S, Massougbodji A, Moutairou K, Troye-Blomberg M, Deloron P, Luty AJ, Fievet N |title=Infants' Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Composition Reflects Both Maternal and Post-Natal Infection with Plasmodium falciparum |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=e0139606 |date=2015 |pmid=26580401 |pmc=4651557 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0139606 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Physiologic | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Infant|Infancy]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Normal | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Pregnancy]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid26621538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perseghin P |title=Erythrocyte exchange and leukapheresis in pregnancy |journal=Transfus. Apher. Sci. |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=279–82 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26621538 |doi=10.1016/j.transci.2015.11.007 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Physiologic | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Pregnancy]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Normal | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Platelet]] clumping | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Platelet]] clumping<ref name="pmid25369589">{{cite journal |vauthors=Castrillo A, Álvarez I, Tolksdorf F |title=In vitro evaluation of platelet concentrates suspended in additive solution and treated for pathogen reduction: effects of clumping formation |journal=Blood Transfus |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=281–6 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25369589 |pmc=4385077 |doi=10.2450/2014.0162-14 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Spurious | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Spurious | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Normal | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Cytoplasm|Cytoplasmic]] fragments | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Cryoglobulinemia|Mixed cryoglobulinemia]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Cryoglobulinemia|Mixed cryoglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid25837517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D |title=Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=128 |issue=9 |pages=950–5 |date=September 2015 |pmid=25837517 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.02.017 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Spurious | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Spurious | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any | ||
| align=" | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align=" | * [[Cancer|Malignancy]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Autoimmune disease]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Infection]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Atypical cutaneous [[Ulcer|ulcers]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Palpable [[purpura]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |− | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Headache]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * [[Confusion]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Blurry or loss of [[Visual system|vision]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | * Generalized [[Muscle weakness|weakness]] | ||
| align=" | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓ | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑ | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Cytoplasm|Cytoplasmic]] fragments | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Skin biopsy]] | |||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
* [[Vasculitis]] | |||
* [[Neuropathy]] | |||
* [[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category | ||
Line 1,623: | Line 1,562: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepatosplenomegaly | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lymphadenopathy | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Joint involvement | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other signs | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other signs | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |WBC | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |WBC | ||
Line 1,636: | Line 1,575: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings | ||
|} | |} | ||
==References== | ==References== |
Latest revision as of 17:50, 4 April 2019
WikiDoc Resources for Leukocytosis |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2] Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]
Synonyms and keywords: Elevated white blood cell count; Right-shift leukocytosis; Left-shift leukocytosis
Overview
Leukocytosis is the elevation of the white blood cell count above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3). Leukocytosis is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections, bone tumors, strenuous exercise, emotional stress, pregnancy, anesthesia, and epinephrine administration. Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 sub-types: neutrophilia (most common), lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and basophilia. Other classifications include: Left shift or right shift leukocytosis. The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by the increase of leukocytes (primarily neutrophils), followed by the proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow, which is then stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF.[1]
Historical Perspective
- Leukocytosis was first discovered by Paul Kautchakoff in 1846.[1]
Classification
- Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 sub-types:[2]
- Neutrophilia (most common)
- Lymphocytosis
- Monocytosis
- Eosinophilia
- Basophilia.
- Leukocytosis may also be classified into 2 groups:[2]
- Left shift (most common)
- Immature leukocytes increase
- Proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow
- Usually stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF
- Right shift
- Reduced count or lack of "young neutrophils"
- Associated with the presence of "giant neutrophils"
- Another variant of leukocytosis is the leukemoid reaction.
- The image below demonstrates a graphic figure that illustrates hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis.[3]
![](/images/a/a1/Hematopoietic_growth_factors.png)
Pathophysiology
- The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by:[2]
- An increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools
- Decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls
- Decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues
- Increase in number of precursor cells in the bone marrow
Causes
- To see a comprehensive list of all causes of leukocytosis, please click here
Causes of leukocytosis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Neutrophilic leukocytosis (neutrophilia) |
| |||
Eosinophilic leukocytosis (eosinophilia) |
| |||
Basophilic leukocytosis Basophilia |
||||
Monocytosis | ||||
Lymphocytosis |
|
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Leukocytosis is very common.[2]
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop leukocytosis.
- Normal white blood count differential changes with age.
- Leukocytosis in neonates is more common, in comparison to children and adults.[2]
Gender
- Leukocytosis affects men and women equally.
Race
- There is no racial predilection for leukocytosis.
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of leukocytosis include:[2]
- Physiological processes (e.g. stress, exercise, pregnancy)
- Drugs (e.g. corticosteroids, lithium, beta agonists)
- Trauma
- Stress
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- The majority of patients with leukocytosis are initially symptomatic.[3]
- Early clinical features include:[3]
- Common complications of leukocytosis include:[3]
- Prognosis generally depends on the underlying etiologies.[3]
Diagnosis
Symptoms
- Leukocytosis is usually symptomatic.
- Symptoms of leukocytosis are often unspecific such as:[3]
- Weight loss
- Fevers of unknown origin
- Hyperhidrosis
- Chronic pain
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea
- Malaise
- Obtain history of the following:
- Clinical features
- Duration (e.g. days, weeks, months)
- Remainder of complete blood count
Laboratory Findings
- Laboratory findings that are consistent with the diagnosis of leukocytosis involve the [3] White blood cell count being above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3).
Differentiating Leukocytosis from Other Diseases
Differential diagnosis methods of leukocytosis:
Category | Condition | Etiology | Mechanism | Congenital | Acquried | Clinical manifestations | Para−clinical findings | Gold standard | Associated findings | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demography | History | Symptoms | Signs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab Findings | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physiologic | Increased bone marrow production | Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils | Appearance | Fever | Abdominal pain | BP | Asplenia | Hepatosplenomegaly | Lymphadenopathy | Joint involvement | Other | CBC | PBS | Bone marrow exam | ESR/CRP | BUN/Cr | LFT | ||||||||||||
Autonomous | Reactive | WBC | HB | Plt | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hematologic | Hereditary neutrophilia[4] | − | + | − | − | + | − | Rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder |
|
Normal | − | − | Nl | − | + | − | − | − | ↑ | Nl | Nl |
|
Nl | Nl | Nl | Nl | Molecular testing |
| |
Myeloproliferative neoplasms[5] |
|
− | + | − | − | + | + | Elderly | Exposure to: | ± | + | Nl | − | + | − | − | ↑/↓ | ↓ | ↑/↓ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | Nl | Bone marrow examination + clinical manifestation |
| |||
Polycythemia vera[6] |
|
− | + | − | − | + | − | Mean age > 60 years old |
|
− | − | ↑ | − | + | + | − |
|
Nl to ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
|
Nl | Nl | Nl | Bone marrow examination + clinical manifestation | ||||
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)[7] | − | + | − | − | + | + | Any |
|
+ | + | ↓ | − | + | − | − | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Bone marrow examination + clinical manifestation |
| ||||
Leukoerythroblastosis[8] |
|
− | + | − | − | − | + | Any | − | + | Nl | − | + | − | − | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | ↑ | Bone marrow biopsy |
| ||||
Immunology/
Rheumatology |
Condition | Etiology | Physiologic | Autonomous increased bone marrow production | Reactive increased bone marrow production | Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils | Congenital | Acquried | Demography | History | Appearance | Fever | Abdominal pain | BP | Asplenia | Hepatosplenomegaly | Lymphadenopathy | Joint involvement | Other signs | WBC | HB | Plt | PBS | Bone marrow exam | ESR/CRP | BUN/Cr | LFT | Gold standard | Associated findings |
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency[9] |
|
− | + | − | − | + | − | Rare autosomal recessive, LAD II more in Middle East and Brazil |
|
|
+ | − | Nl | − | − | − | − |
|
↑ | ↓ | ↓/↑ |
|
|
Nl | Nl | Nl | Flow cytometry |
| |
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes[10] |
|
− | + | − | − | + | − | Autosomal dominant autoinflammatory syndrome |
|
+ | − | Nl | − | − | − | + | ↑ | ↓ | ↓/↑ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | ↑ | Genetic tests | ||||
Rheumatoid arthritis[11][12] |
|
− | + | − | − | − | + | Any, more in young women, between 30-60 years old |
|
|
+ | − | Nl | − | − | − | + |
|
↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation + positive anti-CCP antibodies |
| |
Juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis[13] |
|
− | + | − | − | − | + | Children under the age of 16 |
|
|
+ | − | Nl | − | − | + | + | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation + laboratory findings |
| ||
Adult Still's disease[14] |
|
− | + | − | − | − | + | Rare autoimmune disease | NA |
|
+ | − | Nl | − | − | + | + | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Diagnosis of exclusion |
| ||
Kawasaki disease[15] |
|
− | + | − | − | − | + | Autoimmune disease, more in Asian ethnicity boys | NA | + | + | Nl | − | − | + | + |
|
↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Diagnostic criteria |
| ||
IBD[16] | − | + | − | − | − | + | Autoimmune disease, more in young |
|
+ | + | Nl | − | + | + | + | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Colonoscopy and biopsy | |||||
Sarcoidosis[17] |
|
− | + | − | − | − | + | Autoimmune disease, more in young African American women |
|
+ | + | Nl | − | + | +
Bilateral hilar adenopathy |
+ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Diagnosis of exclusion |
| |||
Chronic hepatitis[18] | − | + | − | − | − | + | Elderly |
|
+ | + | ↓ | − | + | + | + | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Liver biopsy | |||||
Sweet syndrome[19] |
|
− | + | − | − | − | + | Rare | + | + | Nl | − | − | + | + | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | Nl | Diagnostic criteria |
| ||||
Acute gout[20] | − | + | − | − | − | + | Older males |
|
+ | − | − | − | − | + | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
NA | ↑ | ↑ | Nl | Clinical manifestation |
| |||||
Medication | Condition | Etiology | Physiologic | Autonomous increased bone marrow production | Reactive increased bone marrow production | Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils | Congenital | Acquried | Demography | History | Appearance | Fever | Abdominal pain | BP | Asplenia | Hepatosplenomegaly | Lymphadenopathy | Joint involvement | Other signs | WBC | HB | Plt | PBS | Bone marrow exam | ESR/CRP | BUN/Cr | LFT | Gold standard | Associated findings |
Steroid[21] |
|
− | − | + | + | − | + | Any | − | + | Nl to ↓ | − | − | − | − | ↑ | Nl to ↓ | ↑ |
|
|
↑ | ↑ | Nl | Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption |
| ||||
Filgrastim (Myeloid growth factor)[22] |
|
− | − | + | + | − | + | Any | + | − | Nl to ↓ | − | − | − | + | ↑ | Nl to ↓ | ↑ | NA | NA | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption |
| ||||
Lithium[23] |
|
− | − | + | + | − | + | Any |
|
− | − | Nl | − | − | − | − |
|
↑ | Nl to ↓ | ↑ | NA | NA | Nl | ↑ | Nl | Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption | |||
Catecholamines |
|
− | − | + | + | − | + | Any |
|
− | − | Nl to ↓ | − | − | − | − | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption |
| |||
ATRA[25] |
|
− | − | + | + | − | + | Any | − | − | Nl | − | − | − | − | ↑ | Nl | Nl | NA | NA | ↑ | Nl | ↑ | Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption | |||||
Other | Condition | Etiology | Physiologic | Autonomous increased bone marrow production | Reactive increased bone marrow production | Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils | Congenital | Acquried | Demography | History | Appearance | Fever | Abdominal pain | BP | Asplenia | Hepatosplenomegaly | Lymphadenopathy | Joint involvement | Other signs | WBC | HB | Plt | PBS | Bone marrow exam | ESR/CRP | BUN/Cr | LFT | Gold standard | Associated findings |
Infections[26] | − | + | + | + | − | + | Any |
|
|
+ | + | Nl to ↓ | − | ± | ± | ± | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation+ culture |
| |||
Allergy[27] |
|
− | + | + | + | − | + | Any |
|
− | − | Nl to ↓ | − | − | − | − | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation | − | |||
Post splenectomy[28] |
|
− | − | + | + | − | + | Any |
|
|
± | − | Nl | + | − | − | − | − | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation |
| |
Cigarette smoking[29] |
|
− | − | + | + | − | + | Any | − | − | Nl | − | − | − | − | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | Nl | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation | − | ||||
Stress/exercise[30] |
|
+ | − | + | − | − | + | Athlete |
|
− | − | Nl | − | − | − | − | − | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
|
|
↑ | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation | − | ||
Infancy[31] | Physiologic | + | − | − | − | − | + | Infancy | − |
|
− | − | Nl | − | − | − | − | − | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | Nl | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation | − | |
Pregnancy[32] | Physiologic | + | − | − | − | − | + | Pregnancy | − |
|
− | − | Nl | − | − | − | − | − | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | NA | NA | Nl | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation | − | |
Platelet clumping[33] | Spurious | − | − | − | − | − | + | Any | − |
|
− | − | Nl | − | − | − | − | − | ↑ | Nl | ↑ |
|
Nl | Nl | Nl | Nl | Clinical manifestation | − | |
Mixed cryoglobulinemia[34] | Spurious | − | − | − | − | − | + | Any | − | − | Nl | − | − | − | + | ↑ | Nl to ↓ | ↑ |
|
Nl | Nl | Nl | Nl | Skin biopsy | |||||
Category | Condition | Etiology | Physiologic | Autonomous increased bone marrow production | Reactive increased bone marrow production | Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils | Congenital | Acquried | Demography | History | Appearance | Fever | Abdominal pain | BP | Asplenia | Hepatosplenomegaly | Lymphadenopathy | Joint involvement | Other signs | WBC | HB | Plt | PBS | Bone marrow exam | ESR/CRP | BUN/Cr | LFT | Gold standard | Associated findings |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chabot-Richards DS, George TI (2014). "Leukocytosis". Int J Lab Hematol. 36 (3): 279–88. doi:10.1111/ijlh.12212. PMID 24750674.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Abramson N, Melton B (2000). "Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment". Am Fam Physician. 62 (9): 2053–60. PMID 11087187.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016
- ↑ Herring, William Benjamin; Smith, Laurin Gresham; Walker, Richard Isley; Herion, John Carroll (1974). "Hereditary neutrophilia". The American Journal of Medicine. 56 (5): 729–734. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(74)90642-1. ISSN 0002-9343.
- ↑ Tefferi A (February 2010). "Leukocytosis as a risk factor for thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms-biologically plausible but clinically uncertain". Am. J. Hematol. 85 (2): 93–4. doi:10.1002/ajh.21614. PMID 20052751.
- ↑ Boiocchi L, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Fend F, Bonzheim I, Cattaneo D, Knowles DM, Orazi A (November 2015). "Neutrophilic leukocytosis in advanced stage polycythemia vera: hematopathologic features and prognostic implications". Mod. Pathol. 28 (11): 1448–57. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2015.100. PMID 26336886.
- ↑ Morton JM, George JN (June 2016). "Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in Patients With Cancer". J Oncol Pract. 12 (6): 523–30. doi:10.1200/JOP.2016.012096. PMID 27288467.
- ↑ Canbolat Ayhan A, Timur C, Ayhan Y, Kes G (June 2014). "Leukoerythroblastosis Mimicking Leukemia: A case report". Iran J Pediatr. 24 (3): 332–3. PMC 4276592. PMID 25562031.
- ↑ Levy-Mendelovich S, Rechavi E, Abuzaitoun O, Vernitsky H, Simon AJ, Lev A, Somech R (April 2016). "Highlighting the problematic reliance on CD18 for diagnosing leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1". Immunol. Res. 64 (2): 476–82. doi:10.1007/s12026-015-8706-5. PMID 26434744.
- ↑ Labrousse M, Kevorkian-Verguet C, Boursier G, Rowczenio D, Maurier F, Lazaro E, Aggarwal M, Lemelle I, Mura T, Belot A, Touitou I, Sarrabay G (September 2018). "Mosaicism in autoinflammatory diseases: Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) and beyond. A systematic review". Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 55 (6): 432–442. doi:10.1080/10408363.2018.1488805. PMID 30035647.
- ↑ Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW (September 2010). "Rheumatoid arthritis". Lancet. 376 (9746): 1094–108. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60826-4. PMID 20870100.
- ↑ Glant TT, Mikecz K, Rauch TA (February 2014). "Epigenetics in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis". BMC Med. 12: 35. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-35. PMC 3936819. PMID 24568138.
- ↑ Naz S, Mushtaq A, Rehman S, Bari A, Maqsud A, Khan MZ, Ahmad TM (June 2013). "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 23 (6): 409–12. doi:06.2013/JCPSP.409412 Check
|doi=
value (help). PMID 23763801. - ↑ Kadavath S, Efthimiou P (February 2015). "Adult-onset Still's disease-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and new treatment options". Ann. Med. 47 (1): 6–14. doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.971052. PMID 25613167.
- ↑ Sundel RP (2015). "Kawasaki disease". Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 41 (1): 63–73, viii. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2014.09.010. PMID 25399940.
- ↑ Zhang YZ, Li YY (January 2014). "Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (1): 91–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91. PMC 3886036. PMID 24415861.
- ↑ Modaresi Esfeh J, Culver D, Plesec T, John B (March 2015). "Clinical presentation and protocol for management of hepatic sarcoidosis". Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9 (3): 349–58. doi:10.1586/17474124.2015.958468. PMID 25473783.
- ↑ Gish RG, Given BD, Lai CL, Locarnini SA, Lau JY, Lewis DL, Schluep T (September 2015). "Chronic hepatitis B: Virology, natural history, current management and a glimpse at future opportunities". Antiviral Res. 121: 47–58. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.008. PMID 26092643.
- ↑ Das A, Burmeister R, Chhaya R, Eisenga B, Kumar A (September 2018). "Sweet Syndrome in a Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". J Clin Rheumatol. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000904. PMID 30247226.
- ↑ Dalbeth N, Zhong CS, Grainger R, Khanna D, Khanna PP, Singh JA, McQueen FM, Taylor WJ (March 2014). "Outcome measures in acute gout: a systematic literature review". J. Rheumatol. 41 (3): 558–68. doi:10.3899/jrheum.131244. PMC 4217650. PMID 24334652.
- ↑ Shoenfeld Y, Gurewich Y, Gallant LA, Pinkhas J (November 1981). "Prednisone-induced leukocytosis. Influence of dosage, method and duration of administration on the degree of leukocytosis". Am. J. Med. 71 (5): 773–8. PMID 7304648.
- ↑ Crawford J, Armitage J, Balducci L, Becker PS, Blayney DW, Cataland SR, Heaney ML, Hudock S, Kloth DD, Kuter DJ, Lyman GH, McMahon B, Rugo HS, Saad AA, Schwartzberg LS, Shayani S, Steensma DP, Talbott M, Vadhan-Raj S, Westervelt P, Westmoreland M, Dwyer M, Ho M (October 2013). "Myeloid growth factors". J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 11 (10): 1266–90. PMID 24142827.
- ↑ Aiff H, Attman PO, Aurell M, Bendz H, Ramsauer B, Schön S, Svedlund J (May 2015). "Effects of 10 to 30 years of lithium treatment on kidney function". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 29 (5): 608–14. doi:10.1177/0269881115573808. PMID 25735990.
- ↑ Bedoui S, Lechner S, Gebhardt T, Nave H, Beck-Sickinger AG, Straub RH, Pabst R, von Hörsten S (November 2002). "NPY modulates epinephrine-induced leukocytosis via Y-1 and Y-5 receptor activation in vivo: sympathetic co-transmission during leukocyte mobilization". J. Neuroimmunol. 132 (1–2): 25–33. PMID 12417430.
- ↑ Bi KH, Jiang GS (December 2006). "Relationship between cytokines and leukocytosis in patients with APL induced by all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide". Cell. Mol. Immunol. 3 (6): 421–7. PMID 17257495.
- ↑ Horasan ES, Dağ A, Ersoz G, Kaya A (October 2013). "Surgical site infections and mortality in elderly patients". Med Mal Infect. 43 (10): 417–22. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2013.07.009. PMID 24012414.
- ↑ Davis M, van der Hilst J (2018). "Mimickers of Urticaria: Urticarial Vasculitis and Autoinflammatory Diseases". J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 6 (4): 1162–1170. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.006. PMID 29871797. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
- ↑ Bilello JF, Sharp VL, Dirks RC, Kaups KL, Davis JW (2018). "After the embo: predicting non-hemorrhagic indications for splenectomy after angioembolization in patients with blunt trauma". Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 3 (1): e000159. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2017-000159. PMC 5887792. PMID 29766137.
- ↑ Lymperaki E, Makedou K, Iliadis S, Vagdatli E (2015). "Effects of acute cigarette smoking on total blood count and markers of oxidative stress in active and passive smokers". Hippokratia. 19 (4): 293–7. PMC 5033137. PMID 27688691.
- ↑ Simpson RJ, Kunz H, Agha N, Graff R (2015). "Exercise and the Regulation of Immune Functions". Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 135: 355–80. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001. PMID 26477922.
- ↑ Nouatin O, Gbédandé K, Ibitokou S, Vianou B, Houngbegnon P, Ezinmegnon S, Borgella S, Akplogan C, Cottrell G, Varani S, Massougbodji A, Moutairou K, Troye-Blomberg M, Deloron P, Luty AJ, Fievet N (2015). "Infants' Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Composition Reflects Both Maternal and Post-Natal Infection with Plasmodium falciparum". PLoS ONE. 10 (11): e0139606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139606. PMC 4651557. PMID 26580401.
- ↑ Perseghin P (December 2015). "Erythrocyte exchange and leukapheresis in pregnancy". Transfus. Apher. Sci. 53 (3): 279–82. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2015.11.007. PMID 26621538.
- ↑ Castrillo A, Álvarez I, Tolksdorf F (April 2015). "In vitro evaluation of platelet concentrates suspended in additive solution and treated for pathogen reduction: effects of clumping formation". Blood Transfus. 13 (2): 281–6. doi:10.2450/2014.0162-14. PMC 4385077. PMID 25369589.
- ↑ Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D (September 2015). "Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis". Am. J. Med. 128 (9): 950–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.02.017. PMID 25837517.