Ulnar fracture pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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Ulnar Fracture usually classified according to the level of fracture, the pattern of the fracture, the degree of displacement, the presence or absence of comminution or segment bone loss, and whether it is open or closed. Each of these factors may have some bearing on the type of treatment to be selected and the ultimate prognosis.
Ulnar Fracture usually classified according to the level of fracture, the pattern of the fracture, the degree of displacement, the presence or absence of comminution or segment bone loss, and whether it is open or closed. Each of these factors may have some bearing on the type of treatment to be selected and the ultimate prognosis.


== Mechanism and Pathogenesis ==
== Mechanism ==
The mechanism of injury is variable:
 
The ulnar fracture is caused by a fall on the outstretched hands with the wrist in dorsiflexion position. The form and severity of this fracture depends on the position of the wrist at the moment of hitting the ground. The width of this mentioned angle affects the localization of the fracture. Pronation, supination and abduction positions leads the direction of the force and the compression of carpus and different appearances of injury<ref name="pmid29261999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik S, Rosenberg N |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29261999 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29262187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson NP, Silberman M |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29262187 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29442213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Griffith TB, Kercher J, Clifton Willimon S, Perkins C, Duralde XA |title=Elbow Injuries in the Adolescent Thrower |journal=Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=35–47 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29442213 |pmc=5825338 |doi=10.1007/s12178-018-9457-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25657938">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meena S, Sharma P, Sambharia AK, Dawar A |title=Fractures of distal radius: an overview |journal=J Family Med Prim Care |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=325–32 |date=2014 |pmid=25657938 |pmc=4311337 |doi=10.4103/2249-4863.148101 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29489190">{{cite journal |vauthors=Attum B, Thompson JH |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29489190 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29763211">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carter KR, Nallamothu SV |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29763211 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30020651">{{cite journal |vauthors=Atanelov Z, Bentley TP |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30020651 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30350308">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tay SC, Leow MQH, Tan ES |title=Use of dorsal buttress plate fixation for ulnar carpometacarpal joint fracture dislocations for early mobilization: outcomes of 11 cases |journal=Musculoskelet Surg |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=October 2018 |pmid=30350308 |doi=10.1007/s12306-018-0571-7 |url=}}</ref>.
 
* Open fracture: The ulnar bone breaks and pierces the skin also the ligament, muscle, and tendon damage, may be affected.
* Closed fracture: The ulnar bone do not cut the skin. However, injury to the soft tissues around the joint may occur.
* Comminuted fracture: In a comminuted ulnar fracture, the ulnar bone is broken into three or more pieces.
* Displaced fracture: The ulnar bone may fragment at the point of breakage and gets misaligned.
* Greenstick fracture: A greenstick ulnar fracture means that the ulnar bone is cracked, but not broken all the way through.
* Metaphyseal fracture: With this type, the ulnar fracture is confined to the upper/lower part of the shaft, but does not affect the growth plate.
* Buckle (or torus) fracture: A buckle ulnar fracture, also known as a torus ulnar fracture, occurs when one side of the ulnar bone is compressed or buckled, without fracturing the other side.
* Monteggia fracture: A fracture fracture type that affects both sides of the forearm.
* Galeazzi fracture: The ulnar fracture extends through an area of the bone, causing the bone to bend on the other side.
 
==Pathophysiology==
 
The Pathophysiologis of the [[Ulnar fracture|Ulnar Fracture]] injury are<ref name="pmid27620542">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guss MS, Kaye D, Rettig M |title=Bennett Fractures A Review of Management |journal=Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013) |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=197–202 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27620542 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27886684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins CM, Calandruccio JH, Mauck BM |title=Controversies in Fractures of the Proximal Ulna |journal=Orthop. Clin. North Am. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |date=January 2017 |pmid=27886684 |doi=10.1016/j.ocl.2016.08.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28303286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gierer P, Wichelhaus A, Rotter R |title=[Fractures of the olecranon] |language=German |journal=Oper Orthop Traumatol |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28303286 |doi=10.1007/s00064-017-0490-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28664232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siebenlist S, Braun KF |title=[Elbow dislocation fractures] |language=German |journal=Unfallchirurg |volume=120 |issue=7 |pages=595–610 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28664232 |doi=10.1007/s00113-017-0373-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28687098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine DG, Aitken MR |title=Physeal Fractures in Foals |journal=Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=417–430 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28687098 |doi=10.1016/j.cveq.2017.03.008 |url=}}</ref>=:
* Direct trauma to the arm/forearm
* Direct trauma to the arm/forearm
* Taking part in any rough or high-impact sport
* Taking part in any rough or high-impact sport
* Street fights, gunshot wounds, and domestic violence, may also cause a Fracture of the Ulnar Bone  
* Street fights, gunshot wounds, and domestic violence, may also cause a Fracture of the Ulnar Bone  
* Falling on an outstretched hand with the forearm pronated.
* Falling on an outstretched hand with the forearm pronated.
* Rroad traffic accidents.
* Road traffic accidents.
* Athletic injuries.  
* Athletic injuries.  
* Gunshot wounds.
* Gunshot wounds.


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 12:39, 26 October 2018


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammadmain Rezazadehsaatlou[2] ;

Overview

Ulnar Fracture usually classified according to the level of fracture, the pattern of the fracture, the degree of displacement, the presence or absence of comminution or segment bone loss, and whether it is open or closed. Each of these factors may have some bearing on the type of treatment to be selected and the ultimate prognosis.

Mechanism

The ulnar fracture is caused by a fall on the outstretched hands with the wrist in dorsiflexion position. The form and severity of this fracture depends on the position of the wrist at the moment of hitting the ground. The width of this mentioned angle affects the localization of the fracture. Pronation, supination and abduction positions leads the direction of the force and the compression of carpus and different appearances of injury[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].

  • Open fracture: The ulnar bone breaks and pierces the skin also the ligament, muscle, and tendon damage, may be affected.
  • Closed fracture: The ulnar bone do not cut the skin. However, injury to the soft tissues around the joint may occur.
  • Comminuted fracture: In a comminuted ulnar fracture, the ulnar bone is broken into three or more pieces.
  • Displaced fracture: The ulnar bone may fragment at the point of breakage and gets misaligned.
  • Greenstick fracture: A greenstick ulnar fracture means that the ulnar bone is cracked, but not broken all the way through.
  • Metaphyseal fracture: With this type, the ulnar fracture is confined to the upper/lower part of the shaft, but does not affect the growth plate.
  • Buckle (or torus) fracture: A buckle ulnar fracture, also known as a torus ulnar fracture, occurs when one side of the ulnar bone is compressed or buckled, without fracturing the other side.
  • Monteggia fracture: A fracture fracture type that affects both sides of the forearm.
  • Galeazzi fracture: The ulnar fracture extends through an area of the bone, causing the bone to bend on the other side.

Pathophysiology

The Pathophysiologis of the Ulnar Fracture injury are[9][10][11][12][13]=:

  • Direct trauma to the arm/forearm
  • Taking part in any rough or high-impact sport
  • Street fights, gunshot wounds, and domestic violence, may also cause a Fracture of the Ulnar Bone
  • Falling on an outstretched hand with the forearm pronated.
  • Road traffic accidents.
  • Athletic injuries.
  • Gunshot wounds.

References

  1. ↑ Malik S, Rosenberg N. PMID 29261999. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Johnson NP, Silberman M. PMID 29262187. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ Griffith TB, Kercher J, Clifton Willimon S, Perkins C, Duralde XA (March 2018). "Elbow Injuries in the Adolescent Thrower". Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 11 (1): 35–47. doi:10.1007/s12178-018-9457-4. PMC 5825338. PMID 29442213.
  4. ↑ Meena S, Sharma P, Sambharia AK, Dawar A (2014). "Fractures of distal radius: an overview". J Family Med Prim Care. 3 (4): 325–32. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.148101. PMC 4311337. PMID 25657938.
  5. ↑ Attum B, Thompson JH. PMID 29489190. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ Carter KR, Nallamothu SV. PMID 29763211. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ Atanelov Z, Bentley TP. PMID 30020651. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ Tay SC, Leow M, Tan ES (October 2018). "Use of dorsal buttress plate fixation for ulnar carpometacarpal joint fracture dislocations for early mobilization: outcomes of 11 cases". Musculoskelet Surg. doi:10.1007/s12306-018-0571-7. PMID 30350308. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  9. ↑ Guss MS, Kaye D, Rettig M (September 2016). "Bennett Fractures A Review of Management". Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013). 74 (3): 197–202. PMID 27620542.
  10. ↑ Hopkins CM, Calandruccio JH, Mauck BM (January 2017). "Controversies in Fractures of the Proximal Ulna". Orthop. Clin. North Am. 48 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2016.08.011. PMID 27886684.
  11. ↑ Gierer P, Wichelhaus A, Rotter R (April 2017). "[Fractures of the olecranon]". Oper Orthop Traumatol (in German). 29 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1007/s00064-017-0490-z. PMID 28303286.
  12. ↑ Siebenlist S, Braun KF (July 2017). "[Elbow dislocation fractures]". Unfallchirurg (in German). 120 (7): 595–610. doi:10.1007/s00113-017-0373-7. PMID 28664232.
  13. ↑ Levine DG, Aitken MR (August 2017). "Physeal Fractures in Foals". Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 33 (2): 417–430. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2017.03.008. PMID 28687098.
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