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{{Scoliosis}} | {{Scoliosis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Rohan}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
In 490 BC, Hippocrates described scoliosis for the first time. In 1890, Lewis Sayre popularized plaster of Paris casts that he applied to patients while they were standing in a vertical suspension device and attempted to correct both lateral and rotational deformities and held them with a cast. In 1931, Hibbs along with Risser and Ferguson suggested of the turnbuckle cast for preoperative correction and creation of a window in the back of the cast through which to operate, while maintaining correction. In 1948, John Cobb described a method of measuring scoliosis curve magnitude radiologically and is still widely used today. In | In 490 BC, [[Hippocrates]] described [[scoliosis]] for the first time. In 1890, Lewis Sayre popularized plaster of Paris casts that he applied to patients while they were standing in a vertical suspension device and attempted to correct both lateral and rotational deformities and held them with a cast. In 1931, Hibbs along with Risser and Ferguson suggested of the turnbuckle cast for preoperative correction and creation of a window in the back of the cast through which to operate, while maintaining correction. In 1948, John Cobb described a method of measuring [[scoliosis]] curve magnitude radiologically and is still widely used today. In the same year, Walter Blount, together with Albert Schmidt, popularized their Milwaukee [[Brace (orthopaedic)|brace]]. In 1955, Paul Harrington developed Harrington distraction instrumentation which was a clear milestone in [[scoliosis surgery]] providing for the first time, a reliable means of obtaining and maintaining maximal deformity correction. In 1970s, Hall and Miller developed the Boston [[Brace (orthopaedic)|brace]] which has remained a popular choice in the nonoperative treatment of [[scoliosis]]. In the same period, Luque further developed the segmental spinal instrumentation system using sublaminar wires at each [[vertebral]] level connected to Harrington rods or L-shaped Luque rods. Cotrel and Dubousset introduced their segmental instrumentation method of fixation to provide three-dimensional correction of the [[Scoliosis|scoliotic]] deformity in late 1980s. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
===Discovery=== | ===Discovery=== | ||
*The word scoliosis is derived from the greek word meaning 'crooked'.<ref name="pmid26537968">{{cite journal| author=Harms J, Rauschmann M, Rickert M| title=[Therapy of scoliosis from a historical perspective]. | journal=Unfallchirurg | year= 2015 | volume= 118 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 28-36 | pmid=26537968 | doi=10.1007/s00113-015-0097-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26537968 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10635519">{{cite journal| author=Moen KY, Nachemson AL| title=Treatment of scoliosis. An historical perspective. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 24 | pages= 2570-5 | pmid=10635519 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10635519 }} </ref><ref>Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.</ref> | {| align="right" | ||
*In 490 BC, Hippocrates described scoliosis for the first time. <ref name="pmid10404583">{{cite journal| author=Marketos SG, Skiadas P| title=Hippocrates. The father of spine surgery. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 13 | pages= 1381-7 | pmid=10404583 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404583 }} </ref> | | | ||
[[File:Scoliosis clinical pic.jpg|300px|thumb|none|Scoliosis.[https://https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43576108 Source: By Internet Archive Book Images]]] | |||
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*The word [[scoliosis]] is derived from the greek word meaning 'crooked'.<ref name="pmid26537968">{{cite journal| author=Harms J, Rauschmann M, Rickert M| title=[Therapy of scoliosis from a historical perspective]. | journal=Unfallchirurg | year= 2015 | volume= 118 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 28-36 | pmid=26537968 | doi=10.1007/s00113-015-0097-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26537968 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10635519">{{cite journal| author=Moen KY, Nachemson AL| title=Treatment of scoliosis. An historical perspective. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 24 | pages= 2570-5 | pmid=10635519 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10635519 }} </ref><ref>Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.</ref> | |||
*In 490 BC, [[Hippocrates]] described scoliosis for the first time. <ref name="pmid10404583">{{cite journal| author=Marketos SG, Skiadas P| title=Hippocrates. The father of spine surgery. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 13 | pages= 1381-7 | pmid=10404583 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404583 }} </ref> | |||
*In 131-201 BC, Galen coined the terms scoliosis, [[kyphosis]], and [[lordosis]] to describe spinal deformity. | *In 131-201 BC, Galen coined the terms scoliosis, [[kyphosis]], and [[lordosis]] to describe spinal deformity. | ||
*In 1510-1590, Ambrose Pare first described congenital scoliosis and appreciated spinal cord compression as a possible cause of paraplegia. | *In 1510-1590, Ambrose Pare first described [[Scoliosis|congenital scoliosis]] and appreciated [[spinal cord compression]] as a possible cause of [[paraplegia]]. | ||
*In 1741, Nicholas Andre coined the word “orthopedia” meaning “straight child”. He emphasized that scoliosis was the result of muscle imbalance, a consequence of poor sitting posture.<ref name="pmid21804898">{{cite journal| author=Kohler R| title=Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (Lyon 1658-Paris 1742): the inventor of the word "orthopaedics" and the father of parasitology. | journal=J Child Orthop | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 349-55 | pmid=21804898 | doi=10.1007/s11832-010-0255-9 | pmc=2908340 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21804898 }} </ref> | *In 1741, Nicholas Andre coined the word “orthopedia” meaning “straight child”. He emphasized that [[scoliosis]] was the result of [[Muscle|muscle imbalance]], a consequence of poor sitting [[posture]].<ref name="pmid21804898">{{cite journal| author=Kohler R| title=Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (Lyon 1658-Paris 1742): the inventor of the word "orthopaedics" and the father of parasitology. | journal=J Child Orthop | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 349-55 | pmid=21804898 | doi=10.1007/s11832-010-0255-9 | pmc=2908340 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21804898 }} </ref> | ||
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies== | ==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies== | ||
*In 490 BC, Hippocrates described distraction devices for treatment of scoliosis.<ref name="pmid10404583">{{cite journal| author=Marketos SG, Skiadas P| title=Hippocrates. The father of spine surgery. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 13 | pages= 1381-7 | pmid=10404583 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404583 }} </ref> | *In 490 BC, [[Hippocrates]] described distraction devices for treatment of scoliosis.<ref name="pmid10404583">{{cite journal| author=Marketos SG, Skiadas P| title=Hippocrates. The father of spine surgery. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 13 | pages= 1381-7 | pmid=10404583 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404583 }} </ref> | ||
*In 131-201 BC, Galen advised various chest binders and jackets in an effort to control spinal curves. | *In 131-201 BC, Galen advised various chest binders and jackets in an effort to control [[Spinal Arthritis|spinal]] curves. | ||
*In 1510-1590, Ambrose Pare advocated the use of iron corsets fabricated by armorers, in addition to axial traction. He also recommended new breast plates to be made every 3 months for growing individuals. | *In 1510-1590, Ambrose Pare advocated the use of iron corsets fabricated by armorers, in addition to axial traction. He also recommended new [[breast]] plates to be made every 3 months for growing individuals. | ||
*In 1741, Nicholas Andre Proper recommended construction and use of tables and chairs for students in preventing scoliosis. For the treatment of scoliosis, he endorsed periods of recumbence, as well as braces or corsets. | *In 1741, Nicholas Andre Proper recommended construction and use of tables and chairs for students in preventing [[Scoliosis|scoliosis.]] For the treatment of [[scoliosis]], he endorsed periods of recumbence, as well as [[Brace (orthopaedic)|braces]] or corsets. | ||
*In 1768, Francois LeVacher described the “Jurymast” brace, which allowed for axial distraction while the patient was upright. This was accomplished by a tight fitting cap suspended from a posterior bar arising from the back of the brace. | *In 1768, Francois LeVacher described the “Jurymast” brace, which allowed for axial distraction while the patient was upright. This was accomplished by a tight fitting cap suspended from a posterior bar arising from the back of the brace. | ||
*In 1780, Jean-Andre Venel founded the first orthopedic hospital specializing in the treatment of skeletal deformities. In addition, to an orthopedic traction bed, Venel developed a brace which applied horizontal forces attempting to derotate the spine, as well as the extension forces.<ref name="pmid7997937">{{cite journal| author=Böni T, Rüttimann B, Dvorak J, Sandler A| title=Jean-André Venel. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1994 | volume= 19 | issue= 17 | pages= 2007-11 | pmid=7997937 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7997937 }} </ref><ref name="pmid786791">{{cite journal| author=Grosch G| title=[Jean-André Venel (1740-1791) and the founding of classical orthopedics]. | journal=Gesnerus | year= 1975 | volume= 32 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 192-9 | pmid=786791 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=786791 }} </ref> | *In 1780, Jean-Andre Venel founded the first orthopedic hospital specializing in the treatment of [[Skeletal dysplasia|skeletal deformities]]. In addition, to an orthopedic traction bed, Venel developed a brace which applied horizontal forces attempting to derotate the spine, as well as the extension forces.<ref name="pmid7997937">{{cite journal| author=Böni T, Rüttimann B, Dvorak J, Sandler A| title=Jean-André Venel. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1994 | volume= 19 | issue= 17 | pages= 2007-11 | pmid=7997937 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7997937 }} </ref><ref name="pmid786791">{{cite journal| author=Grosch G| title=[Jean-André Venel (1740-1791) and the founding of classical orthopedics]. | journal=Gesnerus | year= 1975 | volume= 32 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 192-9 | pmid=786791 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=786791 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1839, Jules Guerin used percutaneous myotomies of the vertebral musculature in conjunction with bracing to correct the deformity. | *In 1839, Jules Guerin used percutaneous myotomies of the vertebral musculature in conjunction with bracing to correct the deformity. | ||
*In 1889, Volkman attempted to resect rib deformities, the first known scoliosis surgery on bony structures. | {| align="right" | ||
| | |||
[[File:Scoliosis Historical Treatment.jpg|300px|thumb|none|Treatment of scoliosis in the past.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43586978 Source: By Internet Archive Book Images]]] | |||
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*In 1889, Volkman attempted to resect rib deformities, the first known [[scoliosis]] surgery on [[Bone|bony structures]]. | |||
*In 1890, Lewis Sayre popularized plaster of Paris casts that he applied to patients while they were standing in a vertical suspension device and attempted to correct both lateral and rotational deformities and held them with a cast. | *In 1890, Lewis Sayre popularized plaster of Paris casts that he applied to patients while they were standing in a vertical suspension device and attempted to correct both lateral and rotational deformities and held them with a cast. | ||
*In 1902, Lange used steel rods and wire anchored to the spinous processes bilaterally in the treatment of tuberculosis kyphosis.<ref name="pmid3514031">{{cite journal| author=| title=The classic. Support for the spondylitic spine by means of buried steel bars, attached to the vertebrae. By Fritz Lange. 1910. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1986 | volume= | issue= 203 | pages= 3-6 | pmid=3514031 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3514031 }} </ref> | *In 1902, Lange used steel rods and wire anchored to the spinous processes bilaterally in the treatment of tuberculosis kyphosis.<ref name="pmid3514031">{{cite journal| author=| title=The classic. Support for the spondylitic spine by means of buried steel bars, attached to the vertebrae. By Fritz Lange. 1910. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1986 | volume= | issue= 203 | pages= 3-6 | pmid=3514031 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3514031 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1911, Albee described his technique of spinal fusion for Pott's disease of the spine using tibial autograft. | *In 1911, Albee described his technique of [[spinal fusion]] for [[Pott's disease]] of the [[spine]] using tibial autograft. | ||
*In 1924, Hibbs reported his results on 59 cases of scoliosis that were treated with fusion. Hibbs’ method utilized preoperative traction jackets and/or head-pelvic traction to obtain correction and used cast immobilization for 6 to 12 months post-operatively to maintain correction. | *In 1924, Hibbs reported his results on 59 cases of [[scoliosis]] that were treated with fusion. Hibbs’ method utilized preoperative [[Traction (orthopedics)|traction]] jackets and/or head-pelvic [[Traction (orthopedics)|traction]] to obtain correction and used cast immobilization for 6 to 12 months post-operatively to maintain correction. | ||
*In 1931, Hibbs along with Risser and Ferguson suggested of the turnbuckle cast for preoperative correction and creation of a window in the back of the cast through which to operate, while maintaining correction.<ref name="pmid26010038">{{cite journal| author=Miller DJ, Vitale MG| title=Dr. Russell A. Hibbs: Pioneer of Spinal Fusion. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2015 | volume= 40 | issue= 16 | pages= 1311-3 | pmid=26010038 | doi=10.1097/BRS.0000000000001001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26010038 }} </ref> | *In 1931, Hibbs along with Risser and Ferguson suggested of the turnbuckle cast for preoperative correction and creation of a window in the back of the cast through which to operate, while maintaining correction.<ref name="pmid26010038">{{cite journal| author=Miller DJ, Vitale MG| title=Dr. Russell A. Hibbs: Pioneer of Spinal Fusion. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2015 | volume= 40 | issue= 16 | pages= 1311-3 | pmid=26010038 | doi=10.1097/BRS.0000000000001001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26010038 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1941, Research Committee of the American Orthopedic Association reviewed treatment for scoliosis and found overall end results discouraging with 69% rated as fair or poor, while only 31% as good or excellent. | *In 1941, Research Committee of the American Orthopedic Association reviewed treatment for [[scoliosis]] and found overall end results discouraging with 69% rated as fair or poor, while only 31% as good or excellent. | ||
*In 1948, John Cobb described a method of measuring scoliosis curve magnitude radiologically and is still widely used today. | *In 1948, John Cobb described a method of measuring [[scoliosis]] curve magnitude radiologically and is still widely used today. | ||
*In 1948, Walter Blount, together with Albert Schmidt, popularized their Milwaukee brace. | *In 1948, Walter Blount, together with Albert Schmidt, popularized their Milwaukee [[Brace (orthopaedic)|brace]]. | ||
*In 1955, Paul Harrington developed Harrington distraction instrumentation which was a clear milestone in scoliosis surgery providing for the first time, a reliable means of obtaining and maintaining maximal deformity correction.<ref name="pmid23216320">{{cite journal| author=Desai SK, Brayton A, Chua VB, Luerssen TG, Jea A| title=The lasting legacy of Paul Randall Harrington to pediatric spine surgery: historical vignette. | journal=J Neurosurg Spine | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 170-7 | pmid=23216320 | doi=10.3171/2012.11.SPINE12979 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23216320 }} </ref> | *In 1955, Paul Harrington developed Harrington distraction instrumentation which was a clear milestone in scoliosis surgery providing for the first time, a reliable means of obtaining and maintaining maximal deformity correction.<ref name="pmid23216320">{{cite journal| author=Desai SK, Brayton A, Chua VB, Luerssen TG, Jea A| title=The lasting legacy of Paul Randall Harrington to pediatric spine surgery: historical vignette. | journal=J Neurosurg Spine | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 170-7 | pmid=23216320 | doi=10.3171/2012.11.SPINE12979 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23216320 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1958, Joseph Risser described the Risser’s Sign, documenting the coincidental development of vertebral endplate growth and the excursion of ossification of the iliac apophysis. This remains a useful tool in the management of scoliosis. | *In 1958, Joseph Risser described the Risser’s Sign, documenting the coincidental development of [[Vertebral|vertebral endplate]] growth and the excursion of [[ossification]] of the [[Iliac|iliac apophysis]]. This remains a useful tool in the management of [[scoliosis]]. | ||
*In 1958, John Moe endorsed surgical technique that emphasized on facet fusion, thorough decortication, and addition of autologous bone. | *In 1958, John Moe endorsed surgical technique that emphasized on facet fusion, thorough decortication, and addition of autologous bone. | ||
*In 1959, Nickel and Perry developed halo distraction apparatus to provide firm control of the neck and cervical spine. | *In 1959, Nickel and Perry developed halo distraction apparatus to provide firm control of the [[neck]] and [[cervical spine]]. | ||
*In 1965, A. R. Hodgson reported relative success with transthoracic approach with anterior wedge resection, hemivertebrae excision, and interbody fusion. | *In 1965, A. R. Hodgson reported relative success with [[transthoracic approach]] with anterior wedge resection, hemivertebrae excision, and interbody fusion. | ||
*In 1968, Dwyer further advanced anterior spinal surgery by developing instrumentation system utilizing specialized screws that crossed the vertebral body. The heads of | *In 1968, Dwyer further advanced anterior [[Spinal Arthritis|spinal surgery]] by developing instrumentation system utilizing specialized screws that crossed the vertebral body. The heads of | ||
the screws had a large hole to accept the flexible cable. Segmental compression at each level proved to be effective especially in treating scoliosis of neuromuscular origin. | the screws had a large hole to accept the flexible cable. Segmental compression at each level proved to be effective especially in treating scoliosis of neuromuscular origin. | ||
*In 1975, Hall and Miller developed the Boston brace which has remained a popular choice in the nonoperative treatment of scoliosis. | *In 1975, Hall and Miller developed the Boston brace which has remained a popular choice in the nonoperative treatment of scoliosis. | ||
*In 1978, Luque further developed the segmental spinal instrumentation system using sublaminar wires at each vertebral level connected to Harrington rods or L-shaped Luque rods.<ref name="pmid3955997">{{cite journal| author=Luque ER| title=Interpeduncular segmental fixation. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1986 | volume= | issue= 203 | pages= 54-7 | pmid=3955997 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3955997 }} </ref> | *In 1978, Luque further developed the segmental spinal instrumentation system using sublaminar wires at each vertebral level connected to Harrington rods or L-shaped Luque rods.<ref name="pmid3955997">{{cite journal| author=Luque ER| title=Interpeduncular segmental fixation. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1986 | volume= | issue= 203 | pages= 54-7 | pmid=3955997 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3955997 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1982, Drummond developed instrumentation utilizing wires passed through a hole made at the base of each spinous process. | *In 1982, Drummond developed instrumentation utilizing wires passed through a hole made at the base of each [[spinous process]]. | ||
*In 1984, Cotrel and Dubousset introduced their segmental instrumentation method of fixation to provide three-dimensional correction of the scoliotic deformity, in some cases improving sagittal alignment.<ref name="pmid9089934">{{cite journal| author=Hopf CG, Eysel P, Dubousset J| title=Operative treatment of scoliosis with Cotrel-Dubousset-Hopf instrumentation. New anterior spinal device. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1997 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 618-27; discussion 627-8 | pmid=9089934 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9089934 }} </ref> | *In 1984, Cotrel and Dubousset introduced their segmental instrumentation method of fixation to provide three-dimensional correction of the scoliotic deformity, in some cases improving sagittal alignment.<ref name="pmid9089934">{{cite journal| author=Hopf CG, Eysel P, Dubousset J| title=Operative treatment of scoliosis with Cotrel-Dubousset-Hopf instrumentation. New anterior spinal device. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1997 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 618-27; discussion 627-8 | pmid=9089934 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9089934 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 15:05, 10 December 2018
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Scoliosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Scoliosis historical perspective On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Scoliosis historical perspective |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Scoliosis historical perspective |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[2]
Overview
In 490 BC, Hippocrates described scoliosis for the first time. In 1890, Lewis Sayre popularized plaster of Paris casts that he applied to patients while they were standing in a vertical suspension device and attempted to correct both lateral and rotational deformities and held them with a cast. In 1931, Hibbs along with Risser and Ferguson suggested of the turnbuckle cast for preoperative correction and creation of a window in the back of the cast through which to operate, while maintaining correction. In 1948, John Cobb described a method of measuring scoliosis curve magnitude radiologically and is still widely used today. In the same year, Walter Blount, together with Albert Schmidt, popularized their Milwaukee brace. In 1955, Paul Harrington developed Harrington distraction instrumentation which was a clear milestone in scoliosis surgery providing for the first time, a reliable means of obtaining and maintaining maximal deformity correction. In 1970s, Hall and Miller developed the Boston brace which has remained a popular choice in the nonoperative treatment of scoliosis. In the same period, Luque further developed the segmental spinal instrumentation system using sublaminar wires at each vertebral level connected to Harrington rods or L-shaped Luque rods. Cotrel and Dubousset introduced their segmental instrumentation method of fixation to provide three-dimensional correction of the scoliotic deformity in late 1980s.
Historical Perspective
Discovery
 |
- The word scoliosis is derived from the greek word meaning 'crooked'.[1][2][3]
- In 490 BC, Hippocrates described scoliosis for the first time. [4]
- In 131-201 BC, Galen coined the terms scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis to describe spinal deformity.
- In 1510-1590, Ambrose Pare first described congenital scoliosis and appreciated spinal cord compression as a possible cause of paraplegia.
- In 1741, Nicholas Andre coined the word “orthopedia” meaning “straight child”. He emphasized that scoliosis was the result of muscle imbalance, a consequence of poor sitting posture.[5]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In 490 BC, Hippocrates described distraction devices for treatment of scoliosis.[4]
- In 131-201 BC, Galen advised various chest binders and jackets in an effort to control spinal curves.
- In 1510-1590, Ambrose Pare advocated the use of iron corsets fabricated by armorers, in addition to axial traction. He also recommended new breast plates to be made every 3 months for growing individuals.
- In 1741, Nicholas Andre Proper recommended construction and use of tables and chairs for students in preventing scoliosis. For the treatment of scoliosis, he endorsed periods of recumbence, as well as braces or corsets.
- In 1768, Francois LeVacher described the “Jurymast” brace, which allowed for axial distraction while the patient was upright. This was accomplished by a tight fitting cap suspended from a posterior bar arising from the back of the brace.
- In 1780, Jean-Andre Venel founded the first orthopedic hospital specializing in the treatment of skeletal deformities. In addition, to an orthopedic traction bed, Venel developed a brace which applied horizontal forces attempting to derotate the spine, as well as the extension forces.[6][7]
- In 1839, Jules Guerin used percutaneous myotomies of the vertebral musculature in conjunction with bracing to correct the deformity.
 |
- In 1889, Volkman attempted to resect rib deformities, the first known scoliosis surgery on bony structures.
- In 1890, Lewis Sayre popularized plaster of Paris casts that he applied to patients while they were standing in a vertical suspension device and attempted to correct both lateral and rotational deformities and held them with a cast.
- In 1902, Lange used steel rods and wire anchored to the spinous processes bilaterally in the treatment of tuberculosis kyphosis.[8]
- In 1911, Albee described his technique of spinal fusion for Pott's disease of the spine using tibial autograft.
- In 1924, Hibbs reported his results on 59 cases of scoliosis that were treated with fusion. Hibbs’ method utilized preoperative traction jackets and/or head-pelvic traction to obtain correction and used cast immobilization for 6 to 12 months post-operatively to maintain correction.
- In 1931, Hibbs along with Risser and Ferguson suggested of the turnbuckle cast for preoperative correction and creation of a window in the back of the cast through which to operate, while maintaining correction.[9]
- In 1941, Research Committee of the American Orthopedic Association reviewed treatment for scoliosis and found overall end results discouraging with 69% rated as fair or poor, while only 31% as good or excellent.
- In 1948, John Cobb described a method of measuring scoliosis curve magnitude radiologically and is still widely used today.
- In 1948, Walter Blount, together with Albert Schmidt, popularized their Milwaukee brace.
- In 1955, Paul Harrington developed Harrington distraction instrumentation which was a clear milestone in scoliosis surgery providing for the first time, a reliable means of obtaining and maintaining maximal deformity correction.[10]
- In 1958, Joseph Risser described the Risser’s Sign, documenting the coincidental development of vertebral endplate growth and the excursion of ossification of the iliac apophysis. This remains a useful tool in the management of scoliosis.
- In 1958, John Moe endorsed surgical technique that emphasized on facet fusion, thorough decortication, and addition of autologous bone.
- In 1959, Nickel and Perry developed halo distraction apparatus to provide firm control of the neck and cervical spine.
- In 1965, A. R. Hodgson reported relative success with transthoracic approach with anterior wedge resection, hemivertebrae excision, and interbody fusion.
- In 1968, Dwyer further advanced anterior spinal surgery by developing instrumentation system utilizing specialized screws that crossed the vertebral body. The heads of
the screws had a large hole to accept the flexible cable. Segmental compression at each level proved to be effective especially in treating scoliosis of neuromuscular origin.
- In 1975, Hall and Miller developed the Boston brace which has remained a popular choice in the nonoperative treatment of scoliosis.
- In 1978, Luque further developed the segmental spinal instrumentation system using sublaminar wires at each vertebral level connected to Harrington rods or L-shaped Luque rods.[11]
- In 1982, Drummond developed instrumentation utilizing wires passed through a hole made at the base of each spinous process.
- In 1984, Cotrel and Dubousset introduced their segmental instrumentation method of fixation to provide three-dimensional correction of the scoliotic deformity, in some cases improving sagittal alignment.[12]
References
- ↑ Harms J, Rauschmann M, Rickert M (2015). "[Therapy of scoliosis from a historical perspective]". Unfallchirurg. 118 Suppl 1: 28–36. doi:10.1007/s00113-015-0097-5. PMID 26537968.
- ↑ Moen KY, Nachemson AL (1999). "Treatment of scoliosis. An historical perspective". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 24 (24): 2570–5. PMID 10635519.
- ↑ Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Marketos SG, Skiadas P (1999). "Hippocrates. The father of spine surgery". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 24 (13): 1381–7. PMID 10404583.
- ↑ Kohler R (2010). "Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (Lyon 1658-Paris 1742): the inventor of the word "orthopaedics" and the father of parasitology". J Child Orthop. 4 (4): 349–55. doi:10.1007/s11832-010-0255-9. PMC 2908340. PMID 21804898.
- ↑ Böni T, Rüttimann B, Dvorak J, Sandler A (1994). "Jean-André Venel". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 19 (17): 2007–11. PMID 7997937.
- ↑ Grosch G (1975). "[Jean-André Venel (1740-1791) and the founding of classical orthopedics]". Gesnerus. 32 (1–2): 192–9. PMID 786791.
- ↑ "The classic. Support for the spondylitic spine by means of buried steel bars, attached to the vertebrae. By Fritz Lange. 1910". Clin Orthop Relat Res (203): 3–6. 1986. PMID 3514031.
- ↑ Miller DJ, Vitale MG (2015). "Dr. Russell A. Hibbs: Pioneer of Spinal Fusion". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 40 (16): 1311–3. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001001. PMID 26010038.
- ↑ Desai SK, Brayton A, Chua VB, Luerssen TG, Jea A (2013). "The lasting legacy of Paul Randall Harrington to pediatric spine surgery: historical vignette". J Neurosurg Spine. 18 (2): 170–7. doi:10.3171/2012.11.SPINE12979. PMID 23216320.
- ↑ Luque ER (1986). "Interpeduncular segmental fixation". Clin Orthop Relat Res (203): 54–7. PMID 3955997.
- ↑ Hopf CG, Eysel P, Dubousset J (1997). "Operative treatment of scoliosis with Cotrel-Dubousset-Hopf instrumentation. New anterior spinal device". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 22 (6): 618–27, discussion 627-8. PMID 9089934.