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==Overview==
==Overview==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [[merkel cell cancer]] include [[immunohistochemistry]], [[Cytogenetics|cytogenetic]] and [[molecular]] analysis, and [abnormal test 3]. .
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of merkel cell cancer include [[immunohistochemistry]], [[Cytogenetics|cytogenetic]] and [[molecular]] analysis, and [[Lymph node biopsy|lymph node biopsy.]] .
==Laboratory findings==
==Laboratory findings==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [[merkel cell cancer]] include:
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of merkel cell cancer include:


'''Lymph Node Biopsy'''
* [[Sentinel lymph node]] [[biopsy]] is the [[Gold standard (test)|gold standard]] test for the diagnosis of merkel cell cancer.<ref name="pmid26480031">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gunaratne DA, Howle JR, Veness MJ |title=Sentinel lymph node biopsy in Merkel cell carcinoma: a 15-year institutional experience and statistical analysis of 721 reported cases |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |volume=174 |issue=2 |pages=273–81 |date=February 2016 |pmid=26480031 |doi=10.1111/bjd.14240 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29549898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sims JR, Grotz TE, Pockaj BA, Joseph RW, Foote RL, Otley CC, Weaver AL, Jakub JW, Price DL |title=Sentinel lymph node biopsy in Merkel cell carcinoma: The Mayo Clinic experience of 150 patients |journal=Surg Oncol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=11–17 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29549898 |doi=10.1016/j.suronc.2017.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7633811">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haag ML, Glass LF, Fenske NA |title=Merkel cell carcinoma. Diagnosis and treatment |journal=Dermatol Surg |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=669–83 |date=August 1995 |pmid=7633811 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11357530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Helmbold P, Schröter S, Holzhausen HJ, Hartschuh W, Marsch WC |title=[Merkel cell carcinoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge] |language=German |journal=Chirurg |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=396–401 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11357530 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18280333">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, Mostaghimi A, Wang LC, Peñas PF, Nghiem P |title=Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=375–81 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18280333 |pmc=2335370 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.020 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Sentinel lymph node]] [[biopsy]] plays a crucial role in:
** Accurate [[Cancer staging|staging]] 
** Appropriate management according to the [[Cancer staging|staging]]
'''Immunohistochemistry'''  
'''Immunohistochemistry'''  
* [[Epithelial]] markers play an important role in the diagnosis of [[merkel cell cancer]] which include:<ref name="pmid18496143">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weinbreck N, Marie B, Bressenot A, Montagne K, Joud A, Baumann C, Klein O, Vignaud JM |title=Immunohistochemical markers to distinguish between hemangioblastoma and metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma in the brain: utility of aquaporin1 combined with cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunostaining |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1051–9 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18496143 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181609d7d |url=}}</ref>
* [[Epithelial]] markers play an important role in the diagnosis of merkel cell cancer which include:<ref name="pmid18496143">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weinbreck N, Marie B, Bressenot A, Montagne K, Joud A, Baumann C, Klein O, Vignaud JM |title=Immunohistochemical markers to distinguish between hemangioblastoma and metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma in the brain: utility of aquaporin1 combined with cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunostaining |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1051–9 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18496143 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181609d7d |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid182803333">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, Mostaghimi A, Wang LC, Peñas PF, Nghiem P |title=Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=375–81 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18280333 |pmc=2335370 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.020 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Cytokeratin]] AE1/AE3
** [[Cytokeratin]] AE1/AE3
** [[CAM]] 5.2
** [[CAM]] 5.2
** Pan-[[cytokeratin]]  
** Pan-[[cytokeratin]]  
** Epithelial membrane [[antigen]], and
** Epithelial membrane [[antigen]]  
** Ber-EP4
** Ber-EP4
* [[Merkel cell carcinoma]] may also shows positive for [[neuroendocrine]] markers such as:<ref name="pmid25765179">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardair C, Samimi M, Touzé A, Coursaget P, Lorette G, Caille A, Wierzbicka E, Croué A, Avenel-Audran M, Aubin F, Kerdraon R, Estève E, Beneton N, Guyétant S |title=Somatostatin Receptors 2A and 5 Are Expressed in Merkel Cell Carcinoma with No Association with Disease Severity |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=223–35 |date=2015 |pmid=25765179 |doi=10.1159/000381062 |url=}}</ref>
* Merkel cell carcinoma may also shows positive for [[neuroendocrine]] markers such as:<ref name="pmid25765179">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardair C, Samimi M, Touzé A, Coursaget P, Lorette G, Caille A, Wierzbicka E, Croué A, Avenel-Audran M, Aubin F, Kerdraon R, Estève E, Beneton N, Guyétant S |title=Somatostatin Receptors 2A and 5 Are Expressed in Merkel Cell Carcinoma with No Association with Disease Severity |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=223–35 |date=2015 |pmid=25765179 |doi=10.1159/000381062 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid182803332">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, Mostaghimi A, Wang LC, Peñas PF, Nghiem P |title=Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=375–81 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18280333 |pmc=2335370 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.020 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Chromogranin]]
** [[Chromogranin]]
** [[Synaptophysin]]
** [[Synaptophysin]]
** [[Calcitonin]] and
** [[Calcitonin]]  
** [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]]
** [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]]
** [[Somatostatin]] receptors (SSTRs)
** [[Somatostatin]] receptors (SSTRs)
'''Cytogenetic and molecular analysis'''
'''Cytogenetic and molecular analysis'''
* Many chromosomal abnormalities have been detected in merkel cell cancer but most commonly affected are:
* Many [[chromosomal abnormalities]] have been detected in merkel cell cancer but most commonly affected are:<ref name="pmid3422041">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sozzi G, Bertoglio MG, Pilotti S, Rilke F, Pierotti MA, Della Porta G |title=Cytogenetic studies in primary and metastatic neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=151–8 |date=January 1988 |pmid=3422041 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9537255">{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Gele M, Speleman F, Vandesompele J, Van Roy N, Leonard JH |title=Characteristic pattern of chromosomal gains and losses in Merkel cell carcinoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=1503–8 |date=April 1998 |pmid=9537255 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8504402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leonard JH, Leonard P, Kearsley JH |title=Chromosomes 1, 11, and 13 are frequently involved in karyotypic abnormalities in metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=65–70 |date=May 1993 |pmid=8504402 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25329450">{{cite journal |vauthors=Erstad DJ, Cusack JC |title=Mutational analysis of merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=2116–36 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25329450 |pmc=4276959 |doi=10.3390/cancers6042116 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Chromosome]] 1: Especially involving p and q arms
** [[Chromosome]] 5
** [[Chromosome]] 6
** [[Chromosome]] 8
** [[Chromosome]] 13
*  
*  


Latest revision as of 02:58, 31 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of merkel cell cancer include immunohistochemistry, cytogenetic and molecular analysis, and lymph node biopsy. .

Laboratory findings

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of merkel cell cancer include:

Lymph Node Biopsy

Immunohistochemistry

Cytogenetic and molecular analysis

References

  1. ↑ Gunaratne DA, Howle JR, Veness MJ (February 2016). "Sentinel lymph node biopsy in Merkel cell carcinoma: a 15-year institutional experience and statistical analysis of 721 reported cases". Br. J. Dermatol. 174 (2): 273–81. doi:10.1111/bjd.14240. PMID 26480031.
  2. ↑ Sims JR, Grotz TE, Pockaj BA, Joseph RW, Foote RL, Otley CC, Weaver AL, Jakub JW, Price DL (March 2018). "Sentinel lymph node biopsy in Merkel cell carcinoma: The Mayo Clinic experience of 150 patients". Surg Oncol. 27 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2017.10.005. PMID 29549898.
  3. ↑ Haag ML, Glass LF, Fenske NA (August 1995). "Merkel cell carcinoma. Diagnosis and treatment". Dermatol Surg. 21 (8): 669–83. PMID 7633811.
  4. ↑ Helmbold P, Schröter S, Holzhausen HJ, Hartschuh W, Marsch WC (April 2001). "[Merkel cell carcinoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge]". Chirurg (in German). 72 (4): 396–401. PMID 11357530.
  5. ↑ Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, Mostaghimi A, Wang LC, Peñas PF, Nghiem P (March 2008). "Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58 (3): 375–81. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.020. PMC 2335370. PMID 18280333.
  6. ↑ Weinbreck N, Marie B, Bressenot A, Montagne K, Joud A, Baumann C, Klein O, Vignaud JM (July 2008). "Immunohistochemical markers to distinguish between hemangioblastoma and metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma in the brain: utility of aquaporin1 combined with cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunostaining". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 32 (7): 1051–9. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181609d7d. PMID 18496143.
  7. ↑ Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, Mostaghimi A, Wang LC, Peñas PF, Nghiem P (March 2008). "Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58 (3): 375–81. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.020. PMC 2335370. PMID 18280333.
  8. ↑ Gardair C, Samimi M, Touzé A, Coursaget P, Lorette G, Caille A, Wierzbicka E, Croué A, Avenel-Audran M, Aubin F, Kerdraon R, Estève E, Beneton N, Guyétant S (2015). "Somatostatin Receptors 2A and 5 Are Expressed in Merkel Cell Carcinoma with No Association with Disease Severity". Neuroendocrinology. 101 (3): 223–35. doi:10.1159/000381062. PMID 25765179.
  9. ↑ Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, Mostaghimi A, Wang LC, Peñas PF, Nghiem P (March 2008). "Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58 (3): 375–81. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.020. PMC 2335370. PMID 18280333.
  10. ↑ Sozzi G, Bertoglio MG, Pilotti S, Rilke F, Pierotti MA, Della Porta G (January 1988). "Cytogenetic studies in primary and metastatic neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinoma". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 30 (1): 151–8. PMID 3422041.
  11. ↑ Van Gele M, Speleman F, Vandesompele J, Van Roy N, Leonard JH (April 1998). "Characteristic pattern of chromosomal gains and losses in Merkel cell carcinoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization". Cancer Res. 58 (7): 1503–8. PMID 9537255.
  12. ↑ Leonard JH, Leonard P, Kearsley JH (May 1993). "Chromosomes 1, 11, and 13 are frequently involved in karyotypic abnormalities in metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 67 (1): 65–70. PMID 8504402.
  13. ↑ Erstad DJ, Cusack JC (October 2014). "Mutational analysis of merkel cell carcinoma". Cancers (Basel). 6 (4): 2116–36. doi:10.3390/cancers6042116. PMC 4276959. PMID 25329450.
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