Appendix cancer surgery: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for appendix cancer. The feasibility as well as determining the appropriate plan of surgery depends on the stage of appendix cancer at diagnosis. | [[Surgery]] is the mainstay of treatment for [[appendix cancer]]. The feasibility as well as determining the appropriate [[Surgery|plan of surgery]] depends on the [[Cancer staging|stage of appendix cancer]] at [[diagnosis]]. [[Tumor]] size plays the crucial role in determining the need for further [[surgery]]. | ||
== Indications == | |||
* [[Surgery]] is the mainstay of treatment for [[appendix cancer]]. | |||
==Surgery== | ==Surgery== | ||
*The feasibility as well as determining the appropriate [[Surgery|plan of surgery]] depends on the [[Cancer staging|stage of appendix cancer]] at [[diagnosis]].<ref name="pmid26648795" /> | |||
*The feasibility as well as determining the appropriate plan of surgery depends on the stage of appendix cancer at diagnosis. | *'''[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]''' are generally treated with [[appendectomy]], right hemicolectomy and surrounding [[Lymph node|lymph nodes dissection]].<ref name="pmid3696178" /> | ||
*'''Carcinoid | *'''Non-carcinoid tumors''' are candied for tumor debulking [[surgery]]; in addition to right hemicolectomy and tumor dissection (also called cytoreductive [[surgery]]), gallbladder, as well [[Ovary|ovaries]] and [[uterus]] in female patients might be excised. [[Tumor]] debulking [[surgery]] might accompanied by '''[[Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion|hyperthermic intraperitoneal]] [[chemotherapy]] (HIPEC)''', specially in high [[Cancer staging|stage]] cases with [[Peritoneal carcinomatosis|peritoneal seeding]] as well as in patients with [[pseudomyxoma peritonei]].<ref name="pmid26648795" /> | ||
*'''Non-carcinoid tumors''' are candied for tumor debulking surgery; in addition to right hemicolectomy and tumor dissection (also called cytoreductive surgery), gallbladder, as well ovaries and uterus in female patients might be excised. Tumor debulking surgery might accompanied by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), specially in high stage cases with peritoneal seeding as well as in patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei. | *'''Approach to appendiceal [[Carcinoid syndrome|carcinoid tumor]]''' | ||
*'''Approach to appendiceal carcinoid | :*'''Tumor size''' plays the critical role in surgical planning for the patients with [[Vermiform appendix|appendix]] [[Carcinoid syndrome|carcinoid tumor]].<ref name="pmid3696178" /> | ||
:*Tumor size | :*Patients with tumors '''larger than 2 cm''' should undergo right hemicolectomy.<ref name="pmid3696178">Moertel CG, Weiland LH, Nagorney DM, Dockerty MB (1987) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3696178 Carcinoid tumor of the appendix: treatment and prognosis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 317 (27):1699-701. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198712313172704 DOI:10.1056/NEJM198712313172704] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/3696178 3696178]</ref> | ||
:* | :*It has been controversial weather patients with smaller tumors benefit from right hemicolectomy or not? Although the Mayo Clinic study on 120 patients suggested appendectomy as the sufficient intervention in tumors smaller than 2 cm, but recent studies raised some concerns in this regard; indeed a higher potential for metastatic disease and lymph node metastasis has been demonstrated in new reports as well as SEER database, specially in mesoappendical invasion.<ref name="pmid21294132">Mullen JT, Savarese DM (2011) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21294132 Carcinoid tumors of the appendix: a population-based study.] ''J Surg Oncol'' 104 (1):41-4. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.21888 DOI:10.1002/jso.21888] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/21294132 21294132]</ref><ref name="pmid8466309">Roggo A, Wood WC, Ottinger LW (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8466309 Carcinoid tumors of the appendix.] ''Ann Surg'' 217 (4):385-90. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8466309 8466309]</ref><ref name="pmid464679">Syracuse DC, Perzin KH, Price JB, Wiedel PD, Mesa-Tejada R (1979) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=464679 Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases.] ''Ann Surg'' 190 (1):58-63. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/464679 464679]</ref> | ||
:*It has been controversial weather patients with smaller tumors benefit from right hemicolectomy or not? Although the Mayo Clinic study on 120 patients suggested appendectomy as the sufficient intervention in tumors smaller than 2 cm, but recent studies raised some concerns in this regard; indeed a higher potential for metastatic disease and lymph node | ::*'''European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS)''' and '''North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS)''' consensus based guideline suggests right hemicolectomy for tumors '''between 1 and 2 cm''' in the presence of deep mesoappendiceal invasion, positive or uncertain margins, high proliferation rate, angioinvasion and mixed histology (adenocarcionid, goblet cell cacionid).<ref name="pmid22262080">Pape UF, Perren A, Niederle B, Gross D, Gress T, Costa F et al. (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22262080 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms from the jejuno-ileum and the appendix including goblet cell carcinomas.] ''Neuroendocrinology'' 95 (2):135-56. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335629 DOI:10.1159/000335629] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/22262080 22262080]</ref><ref name="pmid20664473">Boudreaux JP, Klimstra DS, Hassan MM, Woltering EA, Jensen RT, Goldsmith SJ et al. (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20664473 The NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the Jejunum, Ileum, Appendix, and Cecum.] ''Pancreas'' 39 (6):753-66. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb2a5 DOI:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb2a5] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/20664473 20664473]</ref> | ||
:* | ::*For tumors '''smaller than 1 cm''', simple appendectomy is adequate. | ||
:*For tumors smaller than 1 cm, simple appendectomy is adequate. | *'''Approach to mucinous [[adenocarcinoma]] of the appendix'''<ref name="pmid26648795">Kelly KJ (2015) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26648795 Management of Appendix Cancer.] ''Clin Colon Rectal Surg'' 28 (4):247-55. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564433 DOI:10.1055/s-0035-1564433] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/26648795 26648795]</ref> | ||
*'''Approach to mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix'''<ref name="pmid26648795">Kelly KJ (2015) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26648795 Management of Appendix Cancer.] ''Clin Colon Rectal Surg'' 28 (4):247-55. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564433 DOI:10.1055/s-0035-1564433] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/26648795 26648795]</ref> | *General expert consensus is in favor of right hemicolectomy within three months of initial appandectomy, the following aproach is recommended by Kelly et. al: | ||
:*First determine weather the tumor is '''''ruptured''''' or not?<math>\blacktriangledown</math> | :*First determine weather the tumor is '''''ruptured''''' or not?<math>\blacktriangledown</math> | ||
::*If not ruptured determine the '''''grade''''' <math>\blacktriangledown</math> | ::*If not ruptured determine the '''''grade''''' <math>\blacktriangledown</math> | ||
| Line 28: | Line 31: | ||
::::* '''''High grade''''' tumors should be treated with laparotomy, residual tumor removal, right hemicolectomy, omentectomy, right lower quadrant peritonectomy, plus bilateral oophorectomy in female patients, followed by HIPEC. | ::::* '''''High grade''''' tumors should be treated with laparotomy, residual tumor removal, right hemicolectomy, omentectomy, right lower quadrant peritonectomy, plus bilateral oophorectomy in female patients, followed by HIPEC. | ||
*'''Surgical [[Appendix cancer echocardiography and ultrasound|approach to]] [[Vermiform appendix|appendix]] [[mucocele]]''' | |||
:*Even if they appear benign in imaging studies, [[Appendix cancer echocardiography and ultrasound|appendiceal mucoceles]] are candid of surgical resection.<ref name="pmid12799327">Stocchi L, Wolff BG, Larson DR, Harrington JR (2003) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12799327 Surgical treatment of appendiceal mucocele.] ''Arch Surg'' 138 (6):585-9; discussion 589-90. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.138.6.585 DOI:10.1001/archsurg.138.6.585] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/12799327 12799327]</ref><ref name="pmid12749241">Lo NS, Sarr MG (2003) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12749241 Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix. The controversy persists: a review.] ''Hepatogastroenterology'' 50 (50):432-7. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/12749241 12749241]</ref> | |||
:*Careful resection and handling during [[surgery]] is warranted, since even a benign ruptured [[mucocele]] might result in [[peritoneal disease]]. | |||
:*Standard [[appendectomy]] with appendiceal mesentery resection is adequate in limited mucocele or even [[Cystadenocarcinoma natural history|cystadenocarcinoma]].<ref name="pmid12749241" /> | |||
:*Involvement of terminal [[ileum]] or cecum warrants a right hemicolectomy.<ref name="pmid12799327" /><ref name="pmid12749241" /> | |||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Surgery]] | ||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:10, 22 February 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]
Overview
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for appendix cancer. The feasibility as well as determining the appropriate plan of surgery depends on the stage of appendix cancer at diagnosis. Tumor size plays the crucial role in determining the need for further surgery.
Indications
- Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for appendix cancer.
Surgery
- The feasibility as well as determining the appropriate plan of surgery depends on the stage of appendix cancer at diagnosis.[1]
- Carcinoid tumor are generally treated with appendectomy, right hemicolectomy and surrounding lymph nodes dissection.[2]
- Non-carcinoid tumors are candied for tumor debulking surgery; in addition to right hemicolectomy and tumor dissection (also called cytoreductive surgery), gallbladder, as well ovaries and uterus in female patients might be excised. Tumor debulking surgery might accompanied by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), specially in high stage cases with peritoneal seeding as well as in patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei.[1]
- Approach to appendiceal carcinoid tumor
- Tumor size plays the critical role in surgical planning for the patients with appendix carcinoid tumor.[2]
- Patients with tumors larger than 2 cm should undergo right hemicolectomy.[2]
- It has been controversial weather patients with smaller tumors benefit from right hemicolectomy or not? Although the Mayo Clinic study on 120 patients suggested appendectomy as the sufficient intervention in tumors smaller than 2 cm, but recent studies raised some concerns in this regard; indeed a higher potential for metastatic disease and lymph node metastasis has been demonstrated in new reports as well as SEER database, specially in mesoappendical invasion.[3][4][5]
- European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) and North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS) consensus based guideline suggests right hemicolectomy for tumors between 1 and 2 cm in the presence of deep mesoappendiceal invasion, positive or uncertain margins, high proliferation rate, angioinvasion and mixed histology (adenocarcionid, goblet cell cacionid).[6][7]
- For tumors smaller than 1 cm, simple appendectomy is adequate.
- Approach to mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix[1]
- General expert consensus is in favor of right hemicolectomy within three months of initial appandectomy, the following aproach is recommended by Kelly et. al:
- First determine weather the tumor is ruptured or not?<math>\blacktriangledown</math>
- If not ruptured determine the grade <math>\blacktriangledown</math>
- Right hemicolectomy with lymph node dissection is the appropriate approach for high grade tumors
- In low grade tumors appendectomy would be enough
- If the tumor is ruptured <math>\blacktriangledown</math>
- In gross peritoneal disease imaging to evaluate eligibility for complete cytoreduction is warranted, and if it was feasable cytoreduction and HIPEC is recommended.[8]
- In microscopic rupture the tumor grade plays the determinant role:<math>\blacktriangledown</math>
- laporoscopic evaluation and resection of the residual tumor is recommended for low grade tumors.
- High grade tumors should be treated with laparotomy, residual tumor removal, right hemicolectomy, omentectomy, right lower quadrant peritonectomy, plus bilateral oophorectomy in female patients, followed by HIPEC.
- Surgical approach to appendix mucocele
- Even if they appear benign in imaging studies, appendiceal mucoceles are candid of surgical resection.[9][10]
- Careful resection and handling during surgery is warranted, since even a benign ruptured mucocele might result in peritoneal disease.
- Standard appendectomy with appendiceal mesentery resection is adequate in limited mucocele or even cystadenocarcinoma.[10]
- Involvement of terminal ileum or cecum warrants a right hemicolectomy.[9][10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kelly KJ (2015) Management of Appendix Cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 28 (4):247-55. DOI:10.1055/s-0035-1564433 PMID: 26648795
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Moertel CG, Weiland LH, Nagorney DM, Dockerty MB (1987) Carcinoid tumor of the appendix: treatment and prognosis. N Engl J Med 317 (27):1699-701. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198712313172704 PMID: 3696178
- ↑ Mullen JT, Savarese DM (2011) Carcinoid tumors of the appendix: a population-based study. J Surg Oncol 104 (1):41-4. DOI:10.1002/jso.21888 PMID: 21294132
- ↑ Roggo A, Wood WC, Ottinger LW (1993) Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Ann Surg 217 (4):385-90. PMID: 8466309
- ↑ Syracuse DC, Perzin KH, Price JB, Wiedel PD, Mesa-Tejada R (1979) Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases. Ann Surg 190 (1):58-63. PMID: 464679
- ↑ Pape UF, Perren A, Niederle B, Gross D, Gress T, Costa F et al. (2012) ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms from the jejuno-ileum and the appendix including goblet cell carcinomas. Neuroendocrinology 95 (2):135-56. DOI:10.1159/000335629 PMID: 22262080
- ↑ Boudreaux JP, Klimstra DS, Hassan MM, Woltering EA, Jensen RT, Goldsmith SJ et al. (2010) The NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the Jejunum, Ileum, Appendix, and Cecum. Pancreas 39 (6):753-66. DOI:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb2a5 PMID: 20664473
- ↑ Low RN, Barone RM (2012) Combined diffusion-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced MRI can accurately predict the peritoneal cancer index preoperatively in patients being considered for cytoreductive surgical procedures. Ann Surg Oncol 19 (5):1394-1401. DOI:10.1245/s10434-012-2236-3 PMID: 22302265
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Stocchi L, Wolff BG, Larson DR, Harrington JR (2003) Surgical treatment of appendiceal mucocele. Arch Surg 138 (6):585-9; discussion 589-90. DOI:10.1001/archsurg.138.6.585 PMID: 12799327
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lo NS, Sarr MG (2003) Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix. The controversy persists: a review. Hepatogastroenterology 50 (50):432-7. PMID: 12749241