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| __NOTOC__
| | ==Definition of Multivessel Disease== |
| {{Home|Bladder cancer}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SC}}
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| ==Overview==
| | For AEGIS-II inclusion criteria #5, multivessel disease criteria can be met by findings on the cardiac catheterization for the index MI, a prior cardiac catheterization, or both: |
| Bladder cancer must be differentiated from [[renal cancer]], [[renal stones]], [[prostate cancer]], and [[cystitis]].
| | * Index MI cardiac catheterization: 50% or greater stenosis of the left main or at least <b><u>2</u></b> coronary artery territories (LAD, LCX, RCA) (prior to any interventions performed) |
| | * Prior cardiac catheterization: 50% or greater stenosis of left main or at least <b><u>2</u></b> coronary artery territories (LAD, LCx, RCA) (prior to any interventions performed) |
| | * Both: Index MI cardiac catheterization with 1 vessel with 50% or greater stenosis (prior to any interventions performed) <b><u>AND</u></b> prior PCI of at least 1 vessel different from index MI vessel |
| | * Prior multivessel CABG |
| | |
| | Multivessel disease requires a 50% or greater stenosis in at least 2 of the 3 major epicardial artery territories (LAD, LCx, RCA) or the left main vessel. Branch vessel disease may qualify as part of the territory of that branch vessel (for example, a diagonal vessel is considered part of the LAD territory). For the purpose of this study, the ramus is considered part of the Left Circumflex artery territory. If a branch vessel is used as a qualifying vessel, that branch should be of large enough size to potentially undergo revascularization if clinically indicated, e.g. >2mm vessel size. |
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| ==Differential Diagnosis== | | ==MVD Tool== |
| The most common presentation of bladder cancer is hematuria, in the advanced cases, the presentation can be bladder mass.
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| Bladder cancer must be differentiated from other causes of hematuria as in the below table:
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| {| | | {| |
| |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
| | {{#Widget:MVD5}} |
| ! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Diseases
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| | colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
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| ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
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| ! rowspan="5" |'''Gold standard'''
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| | colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
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| ! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examina
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| ! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
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| ! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosi
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| ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
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| ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
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| ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
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| Vomiting
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| ! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Urinary symptoms
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| ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
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| ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
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| ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
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| | rowspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerular disease|Glomerular diseases]]
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[IgA nephropathy|IgA nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid12213946">{{cite journal| author=Donadio JV, Grande JP| title=IgA nephropathy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 10 | pages= 738-48 | pmid=12213946 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12213946 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21949093">{{cite journal| author=Suzuki H, Kiryluk K, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Herr AB, Renfrow MB et al.| title=The pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2011 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 1795-803 | pmid=21949093 | doi=10.1681/ASN.2011050464 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949093 }}</ref> [[IgA nephropathy|(Berger nephropathy)]]
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | '''Biopsy:'''
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| IgA deposited in a diffuse granular patte-rn in the mesangium
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
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| *
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alport syndrome|Hereditary nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11137428">{{cite journal| author=McCarthy PA, Maino DM| title=Alport syndrome: a review. | journal=Clin Eye Vis Care | year= 2000 | volume= 12 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 139-150 | pmid=11137428 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11137428 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8154501">{{cite journal| author=Bodziak KA, Hammond WS, Molitoris BA| title=Inherited diseases of the glomerular basement membrane. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1994 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 605-18 | pmid=8154501 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8154501 }}</ref> [[Alport syndrome|(Alport syndrome)]]
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| * Cataract
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| * Hearing loss
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| * [[Pyuria]]
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| * Red cell [[casts]]
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| * Cylindrical [[casts]]
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''Biopsy:'''
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| * Monoclonal antibodies directed against alpha-3 (IV), alpha-4 (IV), and alpha-5 (IV) chains of typ-e IV collagen
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Genetic analysis
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid15213266">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshizawa N, Yamakami K, Fujino M, Oda T, Tamura K, Matsumoto K, Sugisaki T, Boyle MD |title=Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: characterization of the antigen and associated immune response |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1785–93 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15213266 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20708459">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oda T, Yoshizawa N, Yamakami K, Tamura K, Kuroki A, Sugisaki T, Sawanobori E, Higashida K, Ohtomo Y, Hotta O, Kumagai H, Miura S |title=Localization of nephritis-associated plasmin receptor in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |journal=Hum. Pathol. |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=1276–85 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20708459 |doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2010.02.006 |url=}}</ref>
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| * Edema
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| * Anemia
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| * Increased Blood Pressure
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| * Urine samples for protein and blood
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| '''Biopsy'''
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| * Irregularly thin and attenuated GBM
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| * Splitting of GBM
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| * Scarring
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| * Immunoglobulin G and C3 in a diffuse granular pattern
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| * Starr-y sky pattern
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis|Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis]]<ref name="pmid18039119">{{cite journal| author=Kwoh C, Shannon MB, Miner JH, Shaw A| title=Pathogenesis of nonimmune glomerulopathies. | journal=Annu Rev Pathol | year= 2006 | volume= 1 | issue= | pages= 349-74 | pmid=18039119 | doi=10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100119 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039119 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17216262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reidy K, Kaskel FJ |title=Pathophysiology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=350–4 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17216262 |pmc=1794138 |doi=10.1007/s00467-006-0357-2 |url=}}</ref>'''<ref name="pmid14750104">{{cite journal| author=D'Agati VD, Fogo AB, Bruijn JA, Jennette JC| title=Pathologic classification of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a working proposal. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2004| volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 368-82 | pmid=14750104 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14750104 }}</ref>'''
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| * Nephrotic syndrome
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| * ESRD
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| * Pleural effusion
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| * Ascites
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| * Abdominal pain
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| **
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| * Urinalysis reveals large amounts of protein, along with hyaline and broad waxy casts
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| * Hepatitis B or C infection
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| * Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody titers, serum protein electrophoresis
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''Biopsy'''
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| * Segmental solidification in the perihilar region and peripheral areas, specially the tubular pole
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| * Coarsely granular deposits -of IgM and C3
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid9507491">{{cite journal| author=Couser WG| title=Pathogenesis of glomerular damage in glomerulonephritis. | journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant | year= 1998 | volume= 13 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 10-5 | pmid=9507491 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9507491 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8959617">{{cite journal| author=Atkins RC, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Song Q, Lan HY| title=Modulators of crescentic glomerulonephritis. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 1996 | volume= 7 | issue= 11 | pages= 2271-8 | pmid=8959617 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8959617 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12631105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennette JC |title=Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=1164–77 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12631105 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00843.x |url=}}</ref>
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| * Abdominal pain
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| * Painful cutaneous nodules
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| * Migratory polyarthropathy
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| * Sinusitis
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| * Cough
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| * Hemoptysis.
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| * Low iron
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| * Eosinophilia
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| * Increased serum creatinine level
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| * Eleated LDH and CPK
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| * Proteinuria
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Biopsy:
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| * Diffuse, proliferative, necrotizing glomerulonephritis with cresc-ent formation
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lupus nephritis]]<ref name="pmid25014039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwartz N, Goilav B, Putterman C |title=The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of lupus nephritis |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=502–9 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25014039 |pmc=4221732 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0000000000000089 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22977215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannico G, Fogo AB |title=Lupus nephritis: is the kidney biopsy currently necessary in the management of lupus nephritis? |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=138–45 |year=2013 |pmid=22977215 |doi=10.2215/CJN.03400412 |url=}}</ref>
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| * Foamy dark urine
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| * Weight gain
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| * [[Hematuria]]
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| * [[Pyuria]]
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| * [[Proteinuria]]
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| * Cellular casts
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| * Low iron
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Biopsy,
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| * Different pathologies, [[Lupus nephritis|CLICK HERE]] for more- information.
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fabry's disease|Fabry disease]]
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| * Hematuria
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| * Proteinuria
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Biopsy
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Biopsy
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
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| Vomiting
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidney|Tubulointerstitial diseases]]<ref name="BakerPusey2004">{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=R. J.|last2=Pusey|first2=C. D.|title=The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis|journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation|volume=19|issue=1|year=2004|pages=8–11|issn=0931-0509|doi=10.1093/ndt/gfg464}}</ref><ref>Kelly C, Tomaszewski J, Neilson E. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of tubulointerstitial injury. In: Tisher C, Brenner B, eds, Renal Pathology: With Clinical and Functional Correlations, 2nd Edn., Vol. 1. J. B. Lippincott & Co, Philadelphia, PA, 1994; 699–722</ref><ref>Dharmarajan TS, Yoo J, Russell RO, Boateng YA. Acute post streptococcal interstitial nephritis in an adult and review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 1999; 31:145</ref>
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Rash
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| * [[Eosinophilia]]
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| * [[Eosinophiluria]]
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| * [[Isosthenuria]]
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy:
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| * [[Edema]] and infiltration by mononuclear cells, (principally lymphocytes)
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| * [[Eosinophils]] are present, often in large numbers.
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Renal biopsy
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid12649987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B |title=[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12649987 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23392537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trinchieri A |title=Diet and renal stone formation |journal=Minerva Med. |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23392537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Radiating pain to groin
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Hypercalciuria]]
| |
| * [[Hyperoxaluria]]
| |
| * [[Hypocitraturia]]
| |
| * [[Hyperuricemia]]
| |
| * [[Hyperuricosuria]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Hydronephrosis +/- in sonography
| |
| * Abdominal CT scan without contrast
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominal CT scan without contrast
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Reflux nephropathy|Reflux nephropathy (hydronephrosis)]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Abdomen]] pain
| |
| * [[Chest pain]]
| |
| * [[Shortness of breath]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Elevated [[WBC]] count
| |
| * Elevated [[BUN]]
| |
| * Hyperkalemia
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Ultrasound: Hydronephrosis +/-
| |
| | |
| * Biopsy: Kidney scar
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignancy]]
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma|Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)]]<ref name="pmid16339096">{{cite journal| author=Cohen HT, McGovern FJ| title=Renal-cell carcinoma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 23 | pages= 2477-90 | pmid=16339096 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra043172 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16339096 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20479778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N |title=Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=311–25 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20479778 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2010.63 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Flank mass
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Anemia
| |
| * Hematuria
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Both [[CT]] and [[MRI]] may be used to detect [[neoplastic]] masses that may define renal cell carcinoma or metastasis of the primary cancer. [[CT]] scan and use of intravenous (IV) contrast is generally used for work-up and follow-up of patients with [[Renal cell carcinoma|renal cell carcinom]]<nowiki/>a.
| |
| * The histological pattern of renal cell [[carcinoma]] depends whether it is [[Papillary|papillary,]] [[chromophobe]] or [[collecting duct]] renal cell carcinoma.
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephroblastoma]] ([[Wilms' tumor|Wilms tumor]])<ref name="pmid1978">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jolly RD, Stellwagen E, Babul J, Vodkaĭlo LV, Titov VL, Moldomusaev DM, Maianskiĭ AN |title=Mannosidosis of Angus Cattle: a prototype control program for some genetic diseases |journal=Adv Vet Sci Comp Med |volume=19 |issue=23 |pages=1–21 |date=November 1975 |pmid=1978 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid157385942">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stefanowicz J, Sierota D, Balcerska A, Stoba C |title=[Wilms' tumour of unfavorable histology--results of treatment with the SIOP 93-01 protocol at the Gdańsk centre. Preliminary report] |language=Polish |journal=Med Wieku Rozwoj |volume=8 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=197–200 |date=2004 |pmid=15738594 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Abdominal pain
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Anemia]]
| |
| * [[Hematuria]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| *Ultrasound is the best initial diagnostic study used in cases suspected with [[Wilms tumor]].<ref name="pmid61529362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman DS, Sanders RC |title=Wilms' tumor versus neuroblastoma: usefulness of ultrasound in differentiation |journal=J Ultrasound Med |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=117–22 |date=April 1982 |pmid=6152936 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *[[Doppler ultrasonography]] can help to detect invasion of [[renal vein]] and [[Inferior vena cava|IVC]] by the tumor.<ref name="pmid30036602">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Campo JF |title=Ultrasound of Wilms' tumor |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=21–4 |date=1986 |pmid=3003660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *Findings on [[CT scan]]:<ref name="pmid4080660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cahan LD |title=Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease |journal=Pediatr Neurosci |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |date=1985 |pmid=4080660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| **Heterogeneous soft-tissue density masses
| |
| **Abdominal lymph nodes and contralateral involvement
| |
| '''Biopsy:'''
| |
| * Primitive tubules and [[Glomerulus|glomeruli]] are often seen comprised of [[Cancer|neoplastic]] cells.
| |
| * Spindled cell [[stroma]] surrounding abortive tubules and [[Glomerulus|glomeruli]] is characteristic.
| |
| *The stroma may include:
| |
| **Striated [[muscle]] [[cartilage]]
| |
| **[[bone]]
| |
| **[[Adipose tissue|Fat tissue]]
| |
| **[[Fibrous connective tissue|Fibrous tissue.]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bladder cancer]]<ref name="pmid21360040">{{cite journal| author=Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J| title=Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-21 | pmid=21360040 | doi=10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21360040 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10918764">{{cite journal |vauthors=Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, Thomas CR |title=Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=285–94 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10918764 |pmc=2640522 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid182316182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B |title=New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany |journal=Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=214–9 |date=2007 |pmid=18231618 |pmc=2199502 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Suprapubic pain
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Anemia]]
| |
| * [[Hematuria]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound, CT scan, Biopsy
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prostate cancer]]<ref name="pmid23451265">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung SD, Liu SP, Lin HC |title=Association between prostate cancer and urinary calculi: a population-based study |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e57743 |date=2013 |pmid=23451265 |pmc=3581486 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057743 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18231618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B |title=New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany |journal=Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=214–9 |date=2007 |pmid=18231618 |pmc=2199502 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Anemia]]
| |
| * [[Hematuria]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound, CT scan, Biopsy
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
| |
| Vomiting
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Familial|Familial diseases]]
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycystic kidney disease]]'''<ref name="pmid8321262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabow PA |title=Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=5 |pages=332–42 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8321262 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199307293290508 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16523049">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, Kamath PS, Kubly V, Consugar MB, Milliner DM, King BF, Torres VE, Harris PC |title=Clinical and molecular characterization defines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16523049 |doi=10.1097/01.md.0000200165.90373.9a |url=}}</ref>'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Palpable]] [[mass]] in the [[flank]]
| |
| * Palpable [[abdominal]] [[mass]] in the [[lumbar]] quadrant
| |
| * [[Palpable]] [[nodular]] [[hepatomegaly]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Hypocitraturia]] in 65% on patients
| |
| * [[Hyperuricemia]] in 20% of patients
| |
| * [[Hyperoxaluria]] in 20% of patients
| |
| * Low [[urine pH]]
| |
| * [[Hematuria]] ([[microscopic]] or [[macroscopic]])
| |
| * [[Proteinuria]] usually less than 1 g/day
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound:
| |
| * Unilateral or bilateral [[cysts]]
| |
| CT:
| |
| * Hyperdense appearance,
| |
| * Septations
| |
| * Calcifications
| |
| | |
| [[Genetic]] testing demonstrates:
| |
| * Frame insertions/deletions
| |
| * Non-canonical [[splice]] site alterations
| |
| * Combined [[missense]] changes
| |
| Biopsy:
| |
| * Interstitial fibrosis
| |
| * Tubular atrophy
| |
| * Thickening and lamellation of tubular basement membranes
| |
| * Microcysts
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Vascular anomaly|Vascular diseases]]
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal vein thrombosis]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | |
| | author = [[U. Kuhlmann]], [[J. Steurer]], [[A. Bollinger]], [[G. Pouliadis]], [[J. Briner]] & [[W. Siegenthaler]]
| |
| | |
| | title = [Incidence and clinical significance of thromboses and thrombo-embolic complications in nephrotic syndrome patients]
| |
| | |
| | journal = [[Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift]]
| |
| | |
| | volume = 111
| |
| | |
| | issue = 27-28
| |
| | |
| | pages = 1034–1040
| |
| | |
| | year = 1981
| |
| | |
| | month = July
| |
| | |
| | pmid = 7268357
| |
| | |
| }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | |
| | author = [[F. Llach]], [[S. Papper]] & [[S. G. Massry]]
| |
| | |
| | title = The clinical spectrum of renal vein thrombosis: acute and chronic
| |
| | |
| | journal = [[The American journal of medicine]]
| |
| | |
| | volume = 69
| |
| | |
| | issue = 6
| |
| | |
| | pages = 819–827
| |
| | |
| | year = 1980
| |
| | |
| | month = December
| |
| | |
| | pmid = 7446547
| |
| | |
| }}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Asymptomatic
| |
| * Abdominal pain
| |
| * Acute in onset
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Elevation in serum lactate dehydrogenase
| |
| * Cholesterol levels for hypercholesterolemia
| |
| * Albumin levels for hypoalbuminemia
| |
| * Serum complement levels
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Ultrasound,
| |
| * Venography
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''Renal venography:''' Gold standard
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|Wegner's granulomatosis polyangiitis]]<ref name="pmid27733943">{{cite journal| author=Pagnoux C| title=Updates in ANCA-associated vasculitis. | journal=Eur J Rheumatol | year= 2016 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 122-133 | pmid=27733943 | doi=10.5152/eurjrheum.2015.0043 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27733943 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12541109">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee KS, Kim TS, Fujimoto K, Moriya H, Watanabe H, Tateishi U, Ashizawa K, Johkoh T, Kim EA, Kwon OJ |title=Thoracic manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis: CT findings in 30 patients |journal=Eur Radiol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=43–51 |year=2003 |pmid=12541109 |doi=10.1007/s00330-002-1422-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17133251">{{cite journal| author=Kallenberg CG, Heeringa P, Stegeman CA| title=Mechanisms of Disease: pathogenesis and treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitides. | journal=Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol | year= 2006 | volume= 2 | issue= 12 | pages= 661-70 | pmid=17133251 | doi=10.1038/ncprheum0355 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17133251 }}</ref><ref name="pmid93665842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennette JC, Falk RJ |title=Small-vessel vasculitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=337 |issue=21 |pages=1512–23 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9366584 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * URTI
| |
| | |
| * CNS involvement
| |
| * Ophthalmic involvement
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Proteniuria
| |
| * Microscopic hematuria
| |
| * RBC casts
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | CT chest:
| |
| * Multiple [[Pulmonary nodule|lung nodules]]
| |
| * [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]]
| |
| * [[Ground glass opacification on CT|Ground-glass opacities.]]
| |
| Biopsy:
| |
| * Subendothelial [[edema]]
| |
| | |
| * Microthrombosis, and
| |
| * [[Degranulation]] of [[neutrophils]].
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]<ref name="pmid9366584">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennette JC, Falk RJ |title=Small-vessel vasculitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=337 |issue=21 |pages=1512–23 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9366584 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25557596">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen JY, Mao JH |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: incidence, pathogenesis and management |journal=World J Pediatr |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25557596 |doi=10.1007/s12519-014-0534-5 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Abdominal pain
| |
| * Rash
| |
| * Hematuria
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Proteniuria
| |
| * Microscopic hematuria
| |
| * RBC casts
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy:
| |
| | |
| IgA deposited in a diffuse granular pattern in the mesangium
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Renal biopsy, and clinical syndrome
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
| |
| Vomiting
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urinary system|Lower urinary tract diseases]]
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Nocturia
| |
| * Other voiding symptoms
| |
| ** Slow urinary stream
| |
| ** Splitting or spraying of the urinary stream
| |
| ** Intermittent urinary stream
| |
| ** Hesitancy
| |
| ** Straining to void
| |
| ** Terminal dribbling
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Urinalysis to rule out UTI
| |
| * Elevated BUN/Cr
| |
| * High PSA values
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Urine cytology to screen for bladder cancer
| |
| * Biopsy to rule out cancer
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid126499872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B |title=[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12649987 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24818849">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flannigan R, Choy WH, Chew B, Lange D |title=Renal struvite stones--pathogenesis, microbiology, and management strategies |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=333–41 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24818849 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2014.99 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25685869">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM |title=Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=138–46 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25685869 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Flank, groin pain
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Urine analysis
| |
| | |
| * High Cr
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominppelvic CT scan without contrast
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominppelvic CT scan without contrast
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
| |
| Vomiting
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
| |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Infectious disease|Infectious diseases]]
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pyelonephritis]]<ref name="pmid256858692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM |title=Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=138–46 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25685869 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18092884">{{cite journal| author=Rosen DA, Hooton TM, Stamm WE, Humphrey PA, Hultgren SJ| title=Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection. | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2007 | volume= 4 | issue= 12 | pages= e329 | pmid=18092884 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329 | pmc=2140087 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18092884 }}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Delirium]]
| |
| * [[Headache]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Positive [[leukocyte esterase]] test and [[nitrite test]].
| |
| * Blood/urine cultures
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |CT and ultrasound:
| |
| * Enlarged kidneys
| |
| * Round swollen [[Kidney|kidneys]]
| |
| * Hypodense appearance
| |
| * [[Abscess|Abscesses]] may not be present
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cystitis]]<ref name="pmid16298166">{{cite journal| author=Franco AV| title=Recurrent urinary tract infections. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 861-73 | pmid=16298166 | doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16298166 }}</ref><ref name="pmid162981662">{{cite journal| author=Franco AV| title=Recurrent urinary tract infections. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 861-73 | pmid=16298166 | doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16298166 }}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Dyspareunia]]
| |
| * Supra pubic tenderness
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Pyuria]]: > 5-10 WBC/hpf or 27 [[WBC]]/microliter
| |
| * Positive [[leukocyte esterase]] test and [[nitrite test]].
| |
| * Positive urine/blood cultures
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Ultrasound:
| |
| * Presence of a gas in the bladder wall.
| |
| | |
| * Also help to detect the presence of a [[tumor]] or a [[Stone massage|stone]].
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Urine culture
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prostatitis]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[John N. Krieger]], [[Ulrich Dobrindt]], [[Donald E. Riley]] & [[Eric Oswald]]
| |
| | title = Acute Escherichia coli prostatitis in previously health young men: bacterial virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical outcomes
| |
| | journal = [[Urology]]
| |
| | volume = 77
| |
| | issue = 6
| |
| | pages = 1420–1425
| |
| | year = 2011
| |
| | month = June
| |
| | doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.059
| |
| | pmid = 21459419
| |
| }}</ref><ref name="pmid20704171">{{cite journal| author=Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR| title=Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 82 | issue= 4 | pages= 397-406 | pmid=20704171 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20704171 }}</ref>
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Body aches
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Increased [[leukocytes]] (>10 per high power field) on CBC
| |
| * Bacteria seen on [[urine culture]]
| |
| * Elevated [[C-reactive protein]]
| |
| * Transiently elevated [[PSA]] (prostate specific antigen) levels
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound:
| |
| * Focal hypoechoic region located in the peripheral part of the [[prostate]]
| |
| CT scan:
| |
| * Edema of the [[prostate gland]] with diffuse enlargement,.
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urethritis]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/-
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Urethral discharge
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * Mucoid, [[mucopurulent]], or [[purulent]] [[discharge]]
| |
| * [[Gram staining|Gram stain]] of urethral secretions demonstrating ≥2 [[WBC]] per field
| |
| * Positive leukocyte esterase test.
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| CT scan:
| |
| * Diffuse, circumferential urothelial wall thickening and contrast-enhancement
| |
| * Periureteric or perinephric fat stranding.
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Urine culture
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urogenital|Urogenital trauma]]
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inserted [[bladder]] or [[Ureteral disease|ureteral catheters]]
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * History of truma
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hematuria
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Retrograde Urethrography
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Retrograde Urethrography
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| Lower abdominal mass can be classified to the gynecological and non-gynecological causes.
| |
| Bladder cancer in the advanced cases can present as a bladder mass. Below table discusses lower abdominal mass causes:
| |
|
| |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist|2}}
| |
| {{WH}}
| |
| {{WS}}
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Disease]]
| |
| [[Category:Types of cancer]]
| |
| [[Category:Urology]]
| |
| [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
| |
| [[Category:Oncology]]
| |
| [[Category:Medicine]]
| |
| [[Category:Nephrology]]
| |
| [[Category:Surgery]]
| |