Endometrial cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Endometrial cancer}}
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Endometrial_cancer]]
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MD}}{{RAK}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Qurrat}}; {{MD}}{{RAK}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
In early stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from diseases that cause abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial thickening on ultrasound, such as [[endometrial hyperplasia]], [[endometrial polyp]] and submucosal uterine [[leiomyoma]]. In advanced stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from uterine [[sarcoma]] and uterine [[lymphoma]].
In early stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from diseases that cause [[abnormal uterine bleeding]] and [[endometrial]] thickening on [[ultrasound]], such as [[endometrial hyperplasia]], [[endometrial polyp]], and submucosal uterine [[leiomyoma]]. In advanced stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from [[uterine sarcoma]] and uterine [[lymphoma]].


==Differentiating Endometrial Cancer From Other Diseases==
==Differentiating Endometrial Cancer From Other Diseases==
* In early stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from diseases that cause abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial thickening on ultrasound, such as [[endometrial hyperplasia]], [[endometrial polyp]] and submucosal uterine [[leiomyoma]]. In advanced stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from uterine [[sarcoma]] and uterine [[lymphoma]].<ref name="pmid22217630">{{cite journal| author=Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C| title=Identifying women with suspected ovarian cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of algorithm. | journal=BMJ | year= 2011 | volume= 344 | issue=  | pages= d8009 | pmid=22217630 | doi=10.1136/bmj.d8009 | pmc=3251328 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22217630  }} </ref>
* In early stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from diseases that cause [[abnormal uterine bleeding]] and [[endometrial]] thickening on [[ultrasound]], such as [[endometrial hyperplasia]], [[endometrial polyp]], and submucosal uterine [[leiomyoma]]. In advanced stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from [[uterine sarcoma]] and uterine [[lymphoma]].<ref name="pmid22217630">{{cite journal| author=Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C| title=Identifying women with suspected ovarian cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of algorithm. | journal=BMJ | year= 2011 | volume= 344 | issue=  | pages= d8009 | pmid=22217630 | doi=10.1136/bmj.d8009 | pmc=3251328 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22217630  }} </ref>
{|
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! colspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
|-
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
Line 23: Line 23:
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bleeding
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bleeding
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic Pain/pressure/
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic Pain/pressure/
discomfort
discomfort
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdomino-pelvic examination
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
Line 35: Line 34:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MRI
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MRI
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine cancer|Endometrial]] [[Uterine cancer|cancer]]<ref name="pmid16055605">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=413–25 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16055605 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid195920792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB |title=Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=142–153 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19592079 |doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6822361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bokhman JV |title=Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=10–7 |date=February 1983 |pmid=6822361 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20628804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F |title=Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer |journal=Cancer Causes Control |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1851–6 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20628804 |pmc=2962676 |doi=10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8 |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine cancer|Endometrial]] [[Uterine cancer|cancer]]<ref name="pmid16055605">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=413–25 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16055605 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid195920792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB |title=Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=142–153 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19592079 |doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6822361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bokhman JV |title=Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=10–7 |date=February 1983 |pmid=6822361 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20628804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F |title=Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer |journal=Cancer Causes Control |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1851–6 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20628804 |pmc=2962676 |doi=10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Menorrhagia
* [[Menorrhagia]]
* [[Metrorrhagia]] in premenopausal women
* [[Metrorrhagia]] in [[premenopausal]] women
* Postcoital bleeding
* Postcoital [[bleeding]]
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Polyuria]] and [[dysuria]] (due to compression)
* [[Polyuria]] and [[dysuria]] (due to compression)
* [[Fatigue|Fatigue]]  
* [[Fatigue|Fatigue]]  
* [[Weight loss|Weight loss]]
* [[Weight loss|Weight loss]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarged uterus
* Enlarged fixed  [[uterus]]
* Vaginal bleeding
* [[Vaginal bleeding]]
* Vaginal discharge
* [[Vaginal discharge]]
* Lymphadenopathy
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
* Mesenteric nodules(metastasis)
* [[Mesentery|Mesenteric]] nodules ([[metastasis]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Anemia|↓]]
* Enlarged fixed uterus
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
* A thickened [[Endometrium|endometrial]] lining >4mm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* A thickened endometrial lining >4mm
* [[Endometrium|Endometrial]] thickening
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Lymph node]] involvement
* Endometrial thickening
* Pelvic [[metastasis]]
* Lymph node involvement
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Pelvic metastasis
* Atypical glandular cells
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Atypical glandular cells
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Malignant|Endometrial malignant cells]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Malignant|Endometrial malignant cells]]:
* Low grade Type I
* Low grade Type I
* High grade Type II
* High grade Type II
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Histologic diagnosis
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Biopsy]]
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine sarcoma|Uterine]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine sarcoma|Uterine]]
[[Leiomyosarcoma|leiomyosarcoma]]<ref name="pmid9291814">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nordal RR, Thoresen SO |title=Uterine sarcomas in Norway 1956-1992: incidence, survival and mortality |journal=Eur. J. Cancer |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=907–11 |date=May 1997 |pmid=9291814 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12144683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goto A, Takeuchi S, Sugimura K, Maruo T |title=Usefulness of Gd-DTPA contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI and serum determination of LDH and its isozymes in the differential diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma from degenerated leiomyoma of the uterus |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=354–61 |date=2002 |pmid=12144683 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8179071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bell SW, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR |title=Problematic uterine smooth muscle neoplasms. A clinicopathologic study of 213 cases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=535–58 |date=June 1994 |pmid=8179071 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20882892">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karpathiou G, Sivridis E, Giatromanolaki A |title=Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a diagnostic challenge |journal=Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=446–8 |date=2010 |pmid=20882892 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
[[Leiomyosarcoma|leiomyosarcoma]]<ref name="pmid9291814">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nordal RR, Thoresen SO |title=Uterine sarcomas in Norway 1956-1992: incidence, survival and mortality |journal=Eur. J. Cancer |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=907–11 |date=May 1997 |pmid=9291814 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12144683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goto A, Takeuchi S, Sugimura K, Maruo T |title=Usefulness of Gd-DTPA contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI and serum determination of LDH and its isozymes in the differential diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma from degenerated leiomyoma of the uterus |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=354–61 |date=2002 |pmid=12144683 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8179071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bell SW, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR |title=Problematic uterine smooth muscle neoplasms. A clinicopathologic study of 213 cases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=535–58 |date=June 1994 |pmid=8179071 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20882892">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karpathiou G, Sivridis E, Giatromanolaki A |title=Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a diagnostic challenge |journal=Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=446–8 |date=2010 |pmid=20882892 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* May have menorrhagia
* May have [[menorrhagia]]
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Abdominal pain
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Urinary symptoms
* [[Urinary system|Urinary]] symptoms
* Abdominal distension
* [[Abdominal distension]]
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Abdominal distension]]
* Enlarged or normal sized [[uterus]]
* Enlarged or normal sized [[uterus]]
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
* Abdominal distention
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
* [[Lymphadenopathy|Lymphadenopathy]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
* [[Uterus|Uterine]] mass
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
* [[Lymph node]] metastases
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Uterine mass
* Shows details of [[Uterus|uterine]] mass boundaries, extent and spread
* Lymph node metastases
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Shows details of uterine mass boundaries, extent and spread
* Negative
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Negative
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Epithiloid shaped smooth muscle cells showing:  
* Epithiloid shaped [[Smooth muscle|smooth muscle cells]] showing:
* High [[mitotic index]]
:* High [[mitotic index]]
* [[Atypia|Cellular atypia]]
:* [[Atypia|Cellular atypia]]
* [[Coagulative necrosis]]
:* [[Coagulative necrosis]]
Two variants of [[leiomyosarcoma]]:
* Two variants of [[leiomyosarcoma]]:
* [[Leiomyosarcoma|Epithelioid leiomyosarcoma]]
:* [[Leiomyosarcoma|Epithelioid leiomyosarcoma]]
* Myxoid [[leiomyosarcoma]]  (bland features)
:* Myxoid [[leiomyosarcoma]]  (bland features)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Histologic diagnosis
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Biopsy]]
|-
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
Line 109: Line 110:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
Line 119: Line 119:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Uterine [[leiomyoma]]<ref name="pmid25901428">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart EA |title=Clinical practice. Uterine fibroids |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=372 |issue=17 |pages=1646–55 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25901428 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1411029 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11904599">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F |title=Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=409–15 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11904599 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12427815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Omary RA, Vasireddy S, Chrisman HB, Ryu RK, Pereles FS, Carr JC, Resnick SA, Nemcek AA, Vogelzang RL |title=The effect of pelvic MR imaging on the diagnosis and treatment of women with presumed symptomatic uterine fibroids |journal=J Vasc Interv Radiol |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1149–53 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12427815 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine leiomyoma]]<ref name="pmid25901428">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart EA |title=Clinical practice. Uterine fibroids |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=372 |issue=17 |pages=1646–55 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25901428 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1411029 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11904599">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F |title=Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=409–15 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11904599 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12427815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Omary RA, Vasireddy S, Chrisman HB, Ryu RK, Pereles FS, Carr JC, Resnick SA, Nemcek AA, Vogelzang RL |title=The effect of pelvic MR imaging on the diagnosis and treatment of women with presumed symptomatic uterine fibroids |journal=J Vasc Interv Radiol |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1149–53 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12427815 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* May have menorrhagia
* May have [[menorrhagia]]
* May have intermenstrual bleeding
* May have intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* [[Infertility|Infertility]]
* Obstetric complications
* [[Dysmenorrhea]] (most common symptoms)
* [[Dysmenorrhea]] (most common symptoms)
* Obstructive symptoms(due to urinary bladder and bowel compression)
* [[Infertility]]
* Dyspareunia
* [[Obstetric]] complications
* Obstructive symptoms (due to compression)
* [[Dyspareunia]]
* Torsion or degeneration
* Torsion or degeneration
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarged mobile uterus
* Enlarged mobile [[uterus]]
* Irregular contour
* Irregular contour
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Large fibroid uteri may cause [[abdominal distention]]
* Usually normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓ or Nl
* Large fibroid uteri may cause abdominal distention
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ or Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
* [[Transvaginal ultrasound]] shows:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Transvaginal ultrasound|US]] shows:
:* Hypoechoic, well-circumscribed round masses
* Hypoechoic, well-circumscribed round masses
:* Location of [[fibroid]]: Submucosal, intramural, subserosal, and cervical fibroids
[[Transvaginal ultrasound|US]] determines location of [[fibroid]]:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Leiomyoma|Submucosal myomas]]
* "Popcorn" calcification in the [[fibroid]] (degeneration)
* Intramural [[Leiomyoma|myomas]]
* Differentiaites between [[leiomyomas]], [[adenomyosis]] and [[adenomyomas]]
* Subserosal [[Leiomyoma|fibroids]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Cervical [[Leiomyoma|fibroids]]
* Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Determines:
* Normal appearing bundle of epithiloid shape [[smooth muscle cells]] with normal mitotic index
** Size
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
** Location
* Imaging and histologic analysis
** Numbers
* Shows "popcorn" calcification in the fibroid (degeneration)
* Differentiaites between leiomyomas, adenomyosisand adenomyomas
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal appearing bundle of epithiloid shape smooth muscle cells with normal mitotic index
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Imaging and histologic analysis
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Uterine carcinosarcomas (Malignant mixed mullerian tumour (MMMT) of the uterus)<ref name="pmid27878502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaffer CL, San Juan BP, Lim E, Weinberg RA |title=EMT, cell plasticity and metastasis |journal=Cancer Metastasis Rev. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=645–654 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27878502 |doi=10.1007/s10555-016-9648-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27791010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao S, Bellone S, Lopez S, Thakral D, Schwab C, English DP, Black J, Cocco E, Choi J, Zammataro L, Predolini F, Bonazzoli E, Bi M, Buza N, Hui P, Wong S, Abu-Khalaf M, Ravaggi A, Bignotti E, Bandiera E, Romani C, Todeschini P, Tassi R, Zanotti L, Odicino F, Pecorelli S, Donzelli C, Ardighieri L, Facchetti F, Falchetti M, Silasi DA, Ratner E, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Mane S, Angioli R, Terranova C, Quick CM, Edraki B, Bilgüvar K, Lee M, Choi M, Stiegler AL, Boggon TJ, Schlessinger J, Lifton RP, Santin AD |title=Mutational landscape of uterine and ovarian carcinosarcomas implicates histone genes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=113 |issue=43 |pages=12238–12243 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27791010 |pmc=5087050 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1614120113 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14967435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Callister M, Ramondetta LM, Jhingran A, Burke TW, Eifel PJ |title=Malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of the uterus: analysis of patterns of failure, prognostic factors, and treatment outcome |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=786–96 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14967435 |doi=10.1016/S0360-3016(03)01561-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18562759">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teo SY, Babagbemi KT, Peters HE, Mortele KJ |title=Primary malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the uterus: findings on sonography, CT, and gadolinium-enhanced MRI |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=1 |pages=278–83 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18562759 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3281 |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Uterine carcinosarcomas (Malignant mixed mullerian tumour (MMMT) of the [[uterus]])<ref name="pmid27878502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaffer CL, San Juan BP, Lim E, Weinberg RA |title=EMT, cell plasticity and metastasis |journal=Cancer Metastasis Rev. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=645–654 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27878502 |doi=10.1007/s10555-016-9648-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27791010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao S, Bellone S, Lopez S, Thakral D, Schwab C, English DP, Black J, Cocco E, Choi J, Zammataro L, Predolini F, Bonazzoli E, Bi M, Buza N, Hui P, Wong S, Abu-Khalaf M, Ravaggi A, Bignotti E, Bandiera E, Romani C, Todeschini P, Tassi R, Zanotti L, Odicino F, Pecorelli S, Donzelli C, Ardighieri L, Facchetti F, Falchetti M, Silasi DA, Ratner E, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Mane S, Angioli R, Terranova C, Quick CM, Edraki B, Bilgüvar K, Lee M, Choi M, Stiegler AL, Boggon TJ, Schlessinger J, Lifton RP, Santin AD |title=Mutational landscape of uterine and ovarian carcinosarcomas implicates histone genes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=113 |issue=43 |pages=12238–12243 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27791010 |pmc=5087050 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1614120113 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14967435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Callister M, Ramondetta LM, Jhingran A, Burke TW, Eifel PJ |title=Malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of the uterus: analysis of patterns of failure, prognostic factors, and treatment outcome |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=786–96 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14967435 |doi=10.1016/S0360-3016(03)01561-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18562759">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teo SY, Babagbemi KT, Peters HE, Mortele KJ |title=Primary malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the uterus: findings on sonography, CT, and gadolinium-enhanced MRI |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=1 |pages=278–83 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18562759 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3281 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* May have menorrhagia
* May have [[menorrhagia]]
* May have intermenstrual bleeding
* May have intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Classical triad:
* Classical triad:
** Pain
** [[Pain]]
** Bleeding
** [[Bleeding]]
** Rapidly enlarging uterus
** Rapidly enlarging [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarged uterus
* Enlarged [[uterus]]
* pelvic mass  
* [[Pelvic mass]]
* Mass protruding through the cervical os
* Mass protruding through the [[cervical os]]
* Involvement of the cervix
* Involvement of the [[cervix]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
* Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
* May show distention if tumor size is large
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
* Enlarged [[uterine]] cavity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
* Hyperechoic mass in [[uterus]] and [[cervix]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarged uterine cavity
* Heterogenous bulky polypoid mass with intense enhancement
* Hyperechoic mass in uterus and cervix
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Heterogenous bulky polypoid mass with intense enhancement
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Biphasic:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biphasic (carcinoma/sarcoma combination) and contains:
:* High grade carcinomatous ([[epithelial]]) contents
* High grade carcinomatous (epithelial) contents
:* Stromal sarcomatous ([[connective tissue]])
* Stromal sarcomatous (connective tissue)
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Histologic diagnosis
* [[Biopsy]]
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cervical cancer|Cervical]] [[Cervical cancer|cancer]] with uterine invasion<ref name="urlPap and HPV Testing - National Cancer Institute">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/pap-hpv-testing-fact-sheet |title=Pap and HPV Testing - National Cancer Institute |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11041682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benedet JL, Bender H, Jones H, Ngan HY, Pecorelli S |title=FIGO staging classifications and clinical practice guidelines in the management of gynecologic cancers. FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology |journal=Int J Gynaecol Obstet |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=209–62 |date=August 2000 |pmid=11041682 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Cervical cancer]]<ref name="urlPap and HPV Testing - National Cancer Institute">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/pap-hpv-testing-fact-sheet |title=Pap and HPV Testing - National Cancer Institute |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11041682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benedet JL, Bender H, Jones H, Ngan HY, Pecorelli S |title=FIGO staging classifications and clinical practice guidelines in the management of gynecologic cancers. FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology |journal=Int J Gynaecol Obstet |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=209–62 |date=August 2000 |pmid=11041682 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Menorrhagia
* [[Menorrhagia]]
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
* Postcoital bleeding
* Postcoital [[bleeding]]
* Vaginal passage of bleeding
* [[Vaginal]] passage of [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Pressure-related [[bowel]] and [[bladder]] symptoms
* Copious malodorous vaginal discharge
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Pressure-related bowel and bladder symptoms
* Copious malodorous [[vaginal discharge]]
* Hematuria
* [[Hematuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarged uterus
* Enlarged [[uterus]]
* Concomitant cervical lesions
* Concomitant [[cervical]] lesions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal distention]]
* Abdominal distention
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |For cervical cancer diagnoses, imaging is not usually done rather it is used to see the metastasis. Ultrasound may be used to see tumor size, extent and parametrial invasion.
* To evaluate [[tumor]] size, extent and parametrial invasion
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |To evaluate tumor size and local extent and for its staging.
* Usually not needed for diagnosis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
Pap test is done simultaneously with HPV testing, if cervical cancer is suspected.
* To evaluate tumor size, local extent and staging
Abnormal pap test may show two type of abnormal cells:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Squamous cell carcinoma|Squamous cell carcinoma]]
* [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
** Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs)
:* Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs)
** High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs)
:* High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs)
* [[Adenocarcinoma|Adenocarcinoma]]
* [[Adenocarcinoma]]
** Atypical glandular cells (AGC)
:* Atypical glandular cells (AGC)
** Endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
:* Endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |If pap test shows abnormal results. [[Colposcopy]] and [[biopsy]] is done. Histologic types are
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]  
* [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]  
* [[Adenocarcinoma]]  
* [[Adenocarcinoma]]  
* [[Cervical cancer|Adenosquamous tumors]]
* Adenosquamous cervical tumors
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Histologic diagnosis
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Colposcopy]] and [[biopsy]]
|-
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
Line 232: Line 227:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
Line 242: Line 236:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metastasis]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Metastasis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Menorrhagia
* [[Menorrhagia]]
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Obstetric complications
* [[Obstetric]] complications
* [[Dysmenorrhea]] (most common symptoms)
* [[Dysmenorrhea]] (most common symptoms)
* Obstructive symptoms (due to urinary bladder and bowel compression)
* Obstructive symptoms (due to [[urinary bladder]] and [[bowel]] compression)
* Dyspareunia
* [[Dyspareunia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarged uterus
* Enlarged [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal distention]]
* Abdominal distention
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Enlarged [[uterine]] cavity
* Enlarged uterine cavity
* Hyperechoic mass in [[uterus]] and [[cervix]]
* Hyperechoic mass in uterus and cervix
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Shows involvement of uterus, lymph nodes, parmetrial area and surrounding area.
* Shows involvement of [[uterus]], [[lymph nodes]], parmetrial area, and surrounding area
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Is normal or may  show malignant metastatic cells.
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Although biopsy of the metastatic lesions to the uterus is not recommended however, it shows the malignant cells of the primary site.
* Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy and histology of the primary site of the tumor
* May show malignant [[metastatic cells]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Not recommended
* It may show the [[malignant]] cells of the primary site
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Biopsy]] and [[histopathology]] analysis of the primary site of the [[tumor]]
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometrial polyp|Endometrial]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Endometrial polyp]]<ref name="pmid15252313">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim KR, Peng R, Ro JY, Robboy SJ |title=A diagnostically useful histopathologic feature of endometrial polyp: the long axis of endometrial glands arranged parallel to surface epithelium |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1057–62 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15252313 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21783430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salim S, Won H, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Campbell N, Abbott J |title=Diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps: a critical review of the literature |journal=J Minim Invasive Gynecol |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=569–81 |date=2011 |pmid=21783430 |doi=10.1016/j.jmig.2011.05.018 |url=}}</ref>
[[Endometrial polyp|polyp]]<ref name="pmid15252313">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim KR, Peng R, Ro JY, Robboy SJ |title=A diagnostically useful histopathologic feature of endometrial polyp: the long axis of endometrial glands arranged parallel to surface epithelium |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1057–62 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15252313 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21783430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salim S, Won H, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Campbell N, Abbott J |title=Diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps: a critical review of the literature |journal=J Minim Invasive Gynecol |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=569–81 |date=2011 |pmid=21783430 |doi=10.1016/j.jmig.2011.05.018 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Menorrhagia]]
* Menorrhagia
* Intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Postmenopausal [[bleeding]]
* Postmenopausal bleeding
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Endometrial polyp prolapses (will be visible on speculum examination protruding through cervical os)
* Endometrial polyp prolapses (visible on speculum examination protruding through [[cervical os]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Normal sized uterus with smooth surface
* Normal sized [[uterus]] with smooth surface
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + or Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Incidentally found on [[pelvic ultrasound]] (most common)
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* MRI will show [[polyp]] size and dimension in detail
* Not required for [[diagnosis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Normal
* Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
* Localized hyperplastic growth of [[endometrial glands]] and [[stroma]] around a [[vessel]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + or Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Incidentally on pelvic ultrasound (most common)
* [[Imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |MRI will show polyp size and dimension in detail but it is usually is not required for its diagnoses.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy and histopathology analysis will show localized hyperplastic growth of endometrial glands and stroma around a vessel.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Imaging
* Histologic evaluation  
* Histologic evaluation  
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometrial hyperplasia|Endometrial]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Endometrial hyperplasia]]<ref name="pmid25797956">{{cite journal |vauthors=Emons G, Beckmann MW, Schmidt D, Mallmann P |title=New WHO Classification of Endometrial Hyperplasias |journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=135–136 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25797956 |pmc=4361167 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1396256 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17917566">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wright TC, Massad LS, Dunton CJ, Spitzer M, Wilkinson EJ, Solomon D |title=2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with abnormal cervical screening tests |journal=J Low Genit Tract Dis |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=201–22 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17917566 |doi=10.1097/LGT.0b013e3181585870 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18061866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Espindola D, Kennedy KA, Fischer EG |title=Management of abnormal uterine bleeding and the pathology of endometrial hyperplasia |journal=Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=717–37, ix |date=December 2007 |pmid=18061866 |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2007.09.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15097798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Montgomery BE, Daum GS, Dunton CJ |title=Endometrial hyperplasia: a review |journal=Obstet Gynecol Surv |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=368–78 |date=May 2004 |pmid=15097798 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
[[Endometrial hyperplasia|hyperpalsia]]<ref name="pmid25797956">{{cite journal |vauthors=Emons G, Beckmann MW, Schmidt D, Mallmann P |title=New WHO Classification of Endometrial Hyperplasias |journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=135–136 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25797956 |pmc=4361167 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1396256 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17917566">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wright TC, Massad LS, Dunton CJ, Spitzer M, Wilkinson EJ, Solomon D |title=2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with abnormal cervical screening tests |journal=J Low Genit Tract Dis |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=201–22 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17917566 |doi=10.1097/LGT.0b013e3181585870 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18061866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Espindola D, Kennedy KA, Fischer EG |title=Management of abnormal uterine bleeding and the pathology of endometrial hyperplasia |journal=Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=717–37, ix |date=December 2007 |pmid=18061866 |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2007.09.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15097798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Montgomery BE, Daum GS, Dunton CJ |title=Endometrial hyperplasia: a review |journal=Obstet Gynecol Surv |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=368–78 |date=May 2004 |pmid=15097798 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Menorrhagia]]
* Menorrhagia
* Intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Postmenopausal [[bleeding]]
* Postmenopausal bleeding
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Normal sized uterus with smooth surface
* Normal sized [[uterus with smooth surface]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
* Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
* Determines [[endometrial]] thickness
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Determines endometrial thickness
* Rules out other abnormalities
* Rules out other abnormalities
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Thick endometrial lining  
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abnormal glandular or endometrial cells on pap smear
* Thick [[endometrial]] lining
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Endometrial sampling is used (gold standard) for the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia.
* Abnormal glandular or [[endometrial]] cells on [[pap smear]]
* Biopsy and histology may show two types:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
** Non-neoplastic changes:
* Non-neoplastic changes:
*** Disordered endometrial growth
:* Disordered [[endometrial]] growth
*** Benign hyperplasia
:* Benign hyperplasia
*** Simple hyperplasia
:* Simple hyperplasia
*** Complex hyperplasias without atypia
:* Complex hyperplasia without atypia
* Precancerous changes:
* Precancerous changes:
** Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasms  
:* Endometrial intraepithelial [[neoplasms]]
** Atypical complex hyperplasia
:* Atypical complex hyperplasia
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
Histologic diagnosis
* [[Endometrial]] sampling
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Adenomyoma|Uterine]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Adenomyosis|Uterine adenomyosis]]<ref name="pmid4608783">{{cite journal |vauthors=McElin TW, Bird CC |title=Adenomyosis of the uterus |journal=Obstet Gynecol Annu |volume=3 |issue= |pages=425–41 |date=1974 |pmid=4608783 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22442261">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maheshwari A, Gurunath S, Fatima F, Bhattacharya S |title=Adenomyosis and subfertility: a systematic review of prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and fertility outcomes |journal=Hum. Reprod. Update |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=374–92 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22442261 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dms006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10517452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Byun JY, Kim SE, Choi BG, Ko GY, Jung SE, Choi KH |title=Diffuse and focal adenomyosis: MR imaging findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=19 Spec No |issue= |pages=S161–70 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10517452 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.19.suppl_1.g99oc03s161 |url=}}</ref>
[[Adenomyoma|adenomyoma]]<ref name="pmid4608783">{{cite journal |vauthors=McElin TW, Bird CC |title=Adenomyosis of the uterus |journal=Obstet Gynecol Annu |volume=3 |issue= |pages=425–41 |date=1974 |pmid=4608783 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22442261">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maheshwari A, Gurunath S, Fatima F, Bhattacharya S |title=Adenomyosis and subfertility: a systematic review of prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and fertility outcomes |journal=Hum. Reprod. Update |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=374–92 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22442261 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dms006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10517452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Byun JY, Kim SE, Choi BG, Ko GY, Jung SE, Choi KH |title=Diffuse and focal adenomyosis: MR imaging findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=19 Spec No |issue= |pages=S161–70 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10517452 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.19.suppl_1.g99oc03s161 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Dysmenorrhea]]
* [[Dysmenorrhea|Dysmenorrhea]]
* Subfertility
* Subfertility
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Diffusely enlarged tender boggy uterus with smooth surface  
* Diffusely enlarged tender boggy [[uterus]] with smooth surface  
* Uterus may develop masses
* [[Uterus]] may develop masses
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
* Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Snow storm appearance in diffuse adenomyosis
* Snow storm appearance in diffuse adenomyosis
* Shows a uterine mass in case of adenomas
* Shows a [[uterine mass]] in case of [[adenoma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Identifies diffuse or focal adenomyosis from leiomyoma
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Mostly normal may show glandular cells in cervical cytology
* Identifies diffuse or focal [[adenomyosis]] from [[leiomyoma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Endometrial glands in myometrium of uterus
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Mostly normal may show glandular cells in [[cervical]] [[cytology]]
* Imaging
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Histologic
* [[Endometrial]] glands in [[myometrium]] of [[uterus]]
diagnosis
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Imaging]]
* [[Histologic]] diagnosis
|-
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
Line 360: Line 357:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
Line 370: Line 366:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hematometra|Hematometra]] (blood within the uterine cavity)
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Hematometra]] ([[blood]] within the [[uterine]] cavity)
<ref name="pmid17630156">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCausland AM, McCausland VM |title=Long-term complications of endometrial ablation: cause, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention |journal=J Minim Invasive Gynecol |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=399–406 |date=2007 |pmid=17630156 |doi=10.1016/j.jmig.2007.04.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20606801">{{cite journal |vauthors=U Nayak A, Swarup A, G S J, N S |title=Hematometra and acute abdomen |journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=191–2 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20606801 |pmc=2884455 |doi=10.4103/0974-2700.62117 |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid17630156">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCausland AM, McCausland VM |title=Long-term complications of endometrial ablation: cause, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention |journal=J Minim Invasive Gynecol |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=399–406 |date=2007 |pmid=17630156 |doi=10.1016/j.jmig.2007.04.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20606801">{{cite journal |vauthors=U Nayak A, Swarup A, G S J, N S |title=Hematometra and acute abdomen |journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=191–2 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20606801 |pmc=2884455 |doi=10.4103/0974-2700.62117 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +  
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Cramping cyclic [[pain]]
* Acute pain abdomen
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Cramping in pelvis
* [[Dysmenorrhea]]
* Cyclic pain
* [[Amenorrhea]]
* Dysmenorrhea
* [[Hypotension]]
* Amenorrhea
* [[Vasovagal syncope]]
* Hypotension
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Vasovagal syncopy
* Firm and enlarged [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Adenaxal [[tenderness]]
* Firm and enlarged uterus
* [[Pelvic examination]] may be restricted due to [[pain]]
* Adenaxal tenderness
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
* Pelvic examination may be restricted by pain
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Echogenic fluid in the [[uterine]] cavity occluding [[cervical os]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Not required
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Normal
* Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
* [[Biopsy]] is not required for diagnosis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Echogenic fluid in the uterine cavity occluding cervical os
* [[Ultrasound]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |MRI is not required for the diagnoses
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy is not required for the diagnoses
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Gestational trophoblastic disease|Gestational trophoblastic disease]]<ref name="pmid8035373">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bakri YN, Berkowitz RS, Khan J, Goldstein DP, von Sinner W, Jabbar FA |title=Pulmonary metastases of gestational trophoblastic tumor. Risk factors for early respiratory failure |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=175–8 |date=March 1994 |pmid=8035373 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20728069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lurain JR |title=Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease, and management of hydatidiform mole |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=203 |issue=6 |pages=531–9 |date=December 2010 |pmid=20728069 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2010.06.073 |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Gestational trophoblastic disease]]<ref name="pmid8035373">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bakri YN, Berkowitz RS, Khan J, Goldstein DP, von Sinner W, Jabbar FA |title=Pulmonary metastases of gestational trophoblastic tumor. Risk factors for early respiratory failure |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=175–8 |date=March 1994 |pmid=8035373 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20728069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lurain JR |title=Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease, and management of hydatidiform mole |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=203 |issue=6 |pages=531–9 |date=December 2010 |pmid=20728069 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2010.06.073 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* May have menorrhagia
* May have [[menorrhagia]]
* May have intermenstrual bleeding
* May have intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Metastatic symptoms in case of cancer:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Pulmonary symptoms
* [[Pulmonary]] [[metastasis]]:
** Dyspnea
** [[Dyspnea]]
** Chest pain
** [[Chest pain]]
** Cough
** [[Cough]]
** Hemoptysis
** [[Hemoptysis]]
* Vaginal metastases
* [[Vaginal]] [[metastasis]]:
** Vaginal bleeding
** [[Vaginal bleeding]]
** Purulent vaginal discharge
** Purulent [[vaginal discharge]]
* Central nervous system metastases
* [[Central nervous system]] metastasis:
** Asymptomatic
** Asymptomatic
** Neurologic signs
** Neurologic signs
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Irregularly sized boggy enlarged uterus
* Irregularly sized boggy enlarged [[uterus]]
* Adnexal fullness
* [[Adnexal]] fullness
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal distention]]
* Abdominal distention
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dilated grape like structures  
* US shows dilated grape like structures  
* Diffuse hydropic swelling
* Diffuse hydropic swelling
* Multiples echoes
* Multiples echoes
* Cystic spaces invading edometrium and myometrium (in case of invasive disease)
* Cystic spaces invading [[edometrium]] and [[myometrium]] (in case of invasive disease)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |MRI defines the extent of primary lesion, invasion and distant metastasis
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Pap smear shows trophoblasric cells
* MRI defines the extent of primary lesion, invasion and distant [[metastasis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy and histologic analysis confirms the diagnoses depending on the type of lesion benign or malignant it may sow dilated grape like villous structures or invasive malignant lesions
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Trophoblastic cells
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Dilated grape like villous structures  
* Invasive [[malignant]] lesions
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Imaging
* Imaging
* Histologic
* Histologic diagnosis
diagnosis
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Abortion|Incomplete abortion]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Abortion|Incomplete abortion]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
* Vaginal bleeding
* [[Vaginal bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Abdominal pain/ cramps
* [[Abdominal pain]]/cramps
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarges uterus
* Enlarges [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal distention]]
* Abdominal distention
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |N/↓
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/[[Anemia|↓]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +↓
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +↓
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Uterus shows fetus with absent cardiac activity in lower part of uterus
* [[Uterus]] shows [[fetus]] with absent [[cardiac activity]] in lower part of [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |MRI is not required for the diagnoses
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Pap smear is not done for the diagnoses
* Not required for the diagnosis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Suction biopsy and histology shows fetal and placental tissues
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Not required for the diagnosis
* Imaging
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Histologic
* Suction [[biopsy]] and [[histology]] shows [[fetal]] and [[placental tissues]]
diagnosis
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Imaging  
* Histologic diagnosis
|-
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pregnancy
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Pregnancy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Absent menstrual cycle
* Absent menstrual cycle
* May have intermenstrual bleeding
* May have intermenstrual [[bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Nausea
* [[Nausea]]
* Fatigue
* [[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarged gravid uterus
* Enlarged gravid [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal distention]]
* Abdominal distention
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | –
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fetus inside uterine cavity
* [[Fetus]] inside [[uterine]] cavity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not needed once ultrasound determines pregnancy
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal or may show cervical cells
* Not needed once [[ultrasound]] determines [[pregnancy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Not needed once ultrasound
* Normal or may show cervical cells
* May show Fetal tissues
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Imaging ([[Transvaginal ultrasound]])
* Not needed once [[ultrasound]] determines [[pregnancy]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Transvaginal ultrasound]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Uterine [[lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid22217630" /><ref name="pmid22220150">{{cite journal |vauthors=Samama M, van Poelgeest M |title=Primary malignant lymphoma of the uterus: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Case Rep Oncol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=560–3 |date=September 2011 |pmid=22220150 |pmc=3251245 |doi=10.1159/000334852 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17389178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shen CJ, Tsai EM, Tsai KB, Wu CH, Hsu SC |title=Primary T-cell lymphoma of the uterine corpus |journal=Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=138–41 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17389178 |doi=10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70388-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18317217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heeren JH, Croonen AM, Pijnenborg JM |title=Primary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the female genital tract: a case report and literature review |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=243–6 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18317217 |doi=10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181569a0a |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Menorrhagia]]
* Abnormal [[uterine bleeding]]
** Post-coital bleeding
** Intermenstrual bleeding
** [[Postmenopausal bleeding]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Urinary bladder|Bladder]] obstruction
* [[Abdominal pain]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Abdominal distension]]
* [[Abdominal mass]] protruding into [[abdomen]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
*Show [[Pelvic masses|pelvic mass]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Shows [[Pelvic masses|pelvic mass]] , its extent in the [[uterus]], and involvement of surrounding [[lymph nodes]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* May show [[Malignant|malignant cells]] mostly non-specific
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Histology]] may show [[Lymphoma|primary malignant lymphomas]]
* [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|Non-Hodgkin lymphomas]], [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma|diffuse large B-cell lymphomas]] (most common)
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
*[[Laparoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
|-
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
Line 487: Line 519:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal examination
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B-HCG
Line 501: Line 532:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
Line 506: Line 538:
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Differential diagnosis]]
[[Category:Differential diagnosis]]

Latest revision as of 21:34, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Qurrat-ul-ain Abid, M.D.[2]; Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [3]Roukoz A. Karam, M.D.[4]

Overview

In early stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from diseases that cause abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial thickening on ultrasound, such as endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyp, and submucosal uterine leiomyoma. In advanced stages endometrial cancer must be differentiated from uterine sarcoma and uterine lymphoma.

Differentiating Endometrial Cancer From Other Diseases

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Pap Smear Histopathology
Bleeding Pelvic Pain/pressure/

discomfort

Other Abdomino-pelvic examination Hb B-HCG CA-125 Ultrasound MRI
Endometrial cancer[2][3][4][5] ± ↓ – +
  • Atypical glandular cells
 Endometrial malignant cells
  • Low grade Type I
  • High grade Type II
Uterine

leiomyosarcoma[6][7][8][9]

± ↓ – +
  • Shows details of uterine mass boundaries, extent and spread
  • Negative
Diseases Bleeding Pelvic Pain/pressure/

discomfort

Other Pelvic examination Hb B-HCG CA-125 Ultrasound MRI Pap Smear Histopathology Gold standard
Uterine leiomyoma[10][11][12] + ↓ or Nl – –
  • Hypoechoic, well-circumscribed round masses
  • Location of fibroid: Submucosal, intramural, subserosal, and cervical fibroids
  • Normal
  • Imaging and histologic analysis
Uterine carcinosarcomas (Malignant mixed mullerian tumour (MMMT) of the uterus)[13][14][15][16] ± ↓ – +
  • Heterogenous bulky polypoid mass with intense enhancement
  • Biphasic:
Cervical cancer[17][18] ±

Pressure-related bowel and bladder symptoms

↓ – ±
  • To evaluate tumor size, extent and parametrial invasion
  • Usually not needed for diagnosis
  • To evaluate tumor size, local extent and staging
  • Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs)
  • High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs)
  • Atypical glandular cells (AGC)
  • Endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
Diseases Bleeding Pelvic Pain/pressure/

discomfort

Other Pelvic examination Hb B-HCG CA-125 Ultrasound MRI Pap Smear Histopathology Gold standard
Metastasis ± ↓ – –
  • Not recommended
  • It may show the malignant cells of the primary site
Endometrial polyp[19][20] –
  • Asymptomatic
  • Endometrial polyp prolapses (visible on speculum examination protruding through cervical os)
  • Normal sized uterus with smooth surface
 ↓ – + or Nl
  • MRI will show polyp size and dimension in detail
  • Not required for diagnosis
  • Normal
Endometrial hyperplasia[21][22][23][24] –
  • Asymptomatic
 ↓ – +
  • Determines endometrial thickness
  • Rules out other abnormalities
  • Non-neoplastic changes:
  • Disordered endometrial growth
  • Benign hyperplasia
  • Simple hyperplasia
  • Complex hyperplasia without atypia
  • Precancerous changes:
  • Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasms
  • Atypical complex hyperplasia
Uterine adenomyosis[25][26][27] – ±
  • Diffusely enlarged tender boggy uterus with smooth surface
  • Uterus may develop masses
 ↓ – +
Diseases Bleeding Pelvic Pain/pressure/

discomfort

Other Pelvic examination Hb B-HCG CA-125 Ultrasound MRI Pap Smear Histopathology Gold standard
Hematometra (blood within the uterine cavity)

[28][29]

– +

Cramping cyclic pain

↓ – –
  • Not required
  • Normal
  • Biopsy is not required for diagnosis
Gestational trophoblastic disease[30][31] + ↓ ± +
  • Dilated grape like structures
  • Diffuse hydropic swelling
  • Multiples echoes
  • Cystic spaces invading edometrium and myometrium (in case of invasive disease)
  • MRI defines the extent of primary lesion, invasion and distant metastasis
  • Trophoblastic cells
  • Dilated grape like villous structures
  • Invasive malignant lesions
  • Imaging
  • Histologic diagnosis
Incomplete abortion + N/↓ ± +↓
  • Not required for the diagnosis
  • Not required for the diagnosis
  • Imaging
  • Histologic diagnosis
Pregnancy
  • Absent menstrual cycle
  • May have intermenstrual bleeding
 + – + –
  • Normal or may show cervical cells
Uterine lymphoma[1][32][33][34] + ↓ - -
Diseases Bleeding Pelvic Pain/pressure/

discomfort

Other Pelvic examination Hb B-HCG CA-125 Ultrasound MRI Pap Smear Histopathology Gold standard

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2011). "Identifying women with suspected ovarian cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of algorithm". BMJ. 344: d8009. doi:10.1136/bmj.d8009. PMC 3251328. PMID 22217630.
  2. ↑ "ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer". Obstet Gynecol. 106 (2): 413–25. August 2005. PMID 16055605.
  3. ↑ Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB (October 2009). "Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review". Gynecol. Oncol. 115 (1): 142–153. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011. PMID 19592079.
  4. ↑ Bokhman JV (February 1983). "Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma". Gynecol. Oncol. 15 (1): 10–7. PMID 6822361.
  5. ↑ Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F (November 2010). "Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer". Cancer Causes Control. 21 (11): 1851–6. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8. PMC 2962676. PMID 20628804.
  6. ↑ Nordal RR, Thoresen SO (May 1997). "Uterine sarcomas in Norway 1956-1992: incidence, survival and mortality". Eur. J. Cancer. 33 (6): 907–11. PMID 9291814.
  7. ↑ Goto A, Takeuchi S, Sugimura K, Maruo T (2002). "Usefulness of Gd-DTPA contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI and serum determination of LDH and its isozymes in the differential diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma from degenerated leiomyoma of the uterus". Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. 12 (4): 354–61. PMID 12144683.
  8. ↑ Bell SW, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR (June 1994). "Problematic uterine smooth muscle neoplasms. A clinicopathologic study of 213 cases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 18 (6): 535–58. PMID 8179071.
  9. ↑ Karpathiou G, Sivridis E, Giatromanolaki A (2010). "Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a diagnostic challenge". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 31 (4): 446–8. PMID 20882892.
  10. ↑ Stewart EA (April 2015). "Clinical practice. Uterine fibroids". N. Engl. J. Med. 372 (17): 1646–55. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1411029. PMID 25901428.
  11. ↑ Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F (March 2002). "Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186 (3): 409–15. PMID 11904599.
  12. ↑ Omary RA, Vasireddy S, Chrisman HB, Ryu RK, Pereles FS, Carr JC, Resnick SA, Nemcek AA, Vogelzang RL (November 2002). "The effect of pelvic MR imaging on the diagnosis and treatment of women with presumed symptomatic uterine fibroids". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 13 (11): 1149–53. PMID 12427815.
  13. ↑ Chaffer CL, San Juan BP, Lim E, Weinberg RA (December 2016). "EMT, cell plasticity and metastasis". Cancer Metastasis Rev. 35 (4): 645–654. doi:10.1007/s10555-016-9648-7. PMID 27878502.
  14. ↑ Zhao S, Bellone S, Lopez S, Thakral D, Schwab C, English DP, Black J, Cocco E, Choi J, Zammataro L, Predolini F, Bonazzoli E, Bi M, Buza N, Hui P, Wong S, Abu-Khalaf M, Ravaggi A, Bignotti E, Bandiera E, Romani C, Todeschini P, Tassi R, Zanotti L, Odicino F, Pecorelli S, Donzelli C, Ardighieri L, Facchetti F, Falchetti M, Silasi DA, Ratner E, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Mane S, Angioli R, Terranova C, Quick CM, Edraki B, Bilgüvar K, Lee M, Choi M, Stiegler AL, Boggon TJ, Schlessinger J, Lifton RP, Santin AD (October 2016). "Mutational landscape of uterine and ovarian carcinosarcomas implicates histone genes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 (43): 12238–12243. doi:10.1073/pnas.1614120113. PMC 5087050. PMID 27791010.
  15. ↑ Callister M, Ramondetta LM, Jhingran A, Burke TW, Eifel PJ (March 2004). "Malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of the uterus: analysis of patterns of failure, prognostic factors, and treatment outcome". Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 58 (3): 786–96. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(03)01561-X. PMID 14967435.
  16. ↑ Teo SY, Babagbemi KT, Peters HE, Mortele KJ (July 2008). "Primary malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the uterus: findings on sonography, CT, and gadolinium-enhanced MRI". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191 (1): 278–83. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3281. PMID 18562759.
  17. ↑ "Pap and HPV Testing - National Cancer Institute".
  18. ↑ Benedet JL, Bender H, Jones H, Ngan HY, Pecorelli S (August 2000). "FIGO staging classifications and clinical practice guidelines in the management of gynecologic cancers. FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology". Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 70 (2): 209–62. PMID 11041682.
  19. ↑ Kim KR, Peng R, Ro JY, Robboy SJ (August 2004). "A diagnostically useful histopathologic feature of endometrial polyp: the long axis of endometrial glands arranged parallel to surface epithelium". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 28 (8): 1057–62. PMID 15252313.
  20. ↑ Salim S, Won H, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Campbell N, Abbott J (2011). "Diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps: a critical review of the literature". J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 18 (5): 569–81. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2011.05.018. PMID 21783430.
  21. ↑ Emons G, Beckmann MW, Schmidt D, Mallmann P (February 2015). "New WHO Classification of Endometrial Hyperplasias". Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 75 (2): 135–136. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1396256. PMC 4361167. PMID 25797956.
  22. ↑ Wright TC, Massad LS, Dunton CJ, Spitzer M, Wilkinson EJ, Solomon D (October 2007). "2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with abnormal cervical screening tests". J Low Genit Tract Dis. 11 (4): 201–22. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e3181585870. PMID 17917566.
  23. ↑ Espindola D, Kennedy KA, Fischer EG (December 2007). "Management of abnormal uterine bleeding and the pathology of endometrial hyperplasia". Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 34 (4): 717–37, ix. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2007.09.001. PMID 18061866.
  24. ↑ Montgomery BE, Daum GS, Dunton CJ (May 2004). "Endometrial hyperplasia: a review". Obstet Gynecol Surv. 59 (5): 368–78. PMID 15097798.
  25. ↑ McElin TW, Bird CC (1974). "Adenomyosis of the uterus". Obstet Gynecol Annu. 3: 425–41. PMID 4608783.
  26. ↑ Maheshwari A, Gurunath S, Fatima F, Bhattacharya S (July 2012). "Adenomyosis and subfertility: a systematic review of prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and fertility outcomes". Hum. Reprod. Update. 18 (4): 374–92. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms006. PMID 22442261.
  27. ↑ Byun JY, Kim SE, Choi BG, Ko GY, Jung SE, Choi KH (October 1999). "Diffuse and focal adenomyosis: MR imaging findings". Radiographics. 19 Spec No: S161–70. doi:10.1148/radiographics.19.suppl_1.g99oc03s161. PMID 10517452.
  28. ↑ McCausland AM, McCausland VM (2007). "Long-term complications of endometrial ablation: cause, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention". J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 14 (4): 399–406. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2007.04.004. PMID 17630156.
  29. ↑ U Nayak A, Swarup A, G S J, N S (April 2010). "Hematometra and acute abdomen". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 3 (2): 191–2. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.62117. PMC 2884455. PMID 20606801. Vancouver style error: name (help)
  30. ↑ Bakri YN, Berkowitz RS, Khan J, Goldstein DP, von Sinner W, Jabbar FA (March 1994). "Pulmonary metastases of gestational trophoblastic tumor. Risk factors for early respiratory failure". J Reprod Med. 39 (3): 175–8. PMID 8035373.
  31. ↑ Lurain JR (December 2010). "Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease, and management of hydatidiform mole". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 203 (6): 531–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.06.073. PMID 20728069.
  32. ↑ Samama M, van Poelgeest M (September 2011). "Primary malignant lymphoma of the uterus: a case report and review of the literature". Case Rep Oncol. 4 (3): 560–3. doi:10.1159/000334852. PMC 3251245. PMID 22220150.
  33. ↑ Shen CJ, Tsai EM, Tsai KB, Wu CH, Hsu SC (March 2007). "Primary T-cell lymphoma of the uterine corpus". Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 23 (3): 138–41. doi:10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70388-2. PMID 17389178.
  34. ↑ Heeren JH, Croonen AM, Pijnenborg JM (April 2008). "Primary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the female genital tract: a case report and literature review". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 27 (2): 243–6. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181569a0a. PMID 18317217.
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