Myelofibrosis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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[[Myelofibrosis]] must be differentiated from other [[Disease|diseases]] that cause diffuse [[bone]] [[sclerosis]], [[splenomegaly]], [[anemia]], [[leukopenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[leukocytosis]], [[thrombocytosis]], and [[Extramedullary hematopoiesis|extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)]] such as [[sickle cell disease]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[dysplasia|sclerosing bone dysplasia]], [[bone metastasis|osteoblastic metastases]], [[Paget's disease]], [[Acute myelogenous leukemia|acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)]], [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia|chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)]], [[Polycythemia vera|polycythemia vera (PV)]], [[myelodysplastic syndrome]], [[chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]], acute panmyelosis, [[acute megakaryoblastic leukemia]], [[cirrhosis]], [[Infection|infections]], [[neoplastic]] and [[Lipid storage disorder|lipid storage disorders]].<ref name="splenomegalydiffdiagnosisradio1">Splenomegaly. Dr Henry Knipe and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/''Italic text''articles/splenomegaly. Accessed on March 11, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23693053">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bae E, Park CJ, Cho YU, Seo EJ, Chi HS, Jang S, Lee KH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Suh JJ, Im HJ |title=Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis based on WHO 2008 criteria: acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis, primary myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=629–36 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23693053 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12101 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25124313">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=915–25 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25124313 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23703 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23349007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=141–50 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23349007 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23384 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24196613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aumann K, Frey AV, May AM, Hauschke D, Kreutz C, Marx JP, Timmer J, Werner M, Pahl HL |title=[Differential diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Quantitative NF-E2 immunohistochemistry for differentiating between essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis] |language=German |journal=Pathologe |volume=34 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=201–9 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24196613 |doi=10.1007/s00292-013-1824-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="myelofibrosisdiffdiagnsosiseradio1">Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref><ref name="Diffusebonysclerosisdifferentialdiagnosis1">Diffuse bony sclerosis: differential diagnosis. Dr Craig Hacking and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/diffuse-bony-sclerosis-differential-diagnosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref>
[[Myelofibrosis]] must be differentiated from other [[Disease|diseases]] that cause diffuse [[bone]] [[sclerosis]], [[splenomegaly]], [[anemia]], [[leukopenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[leukocytosis]], [[thrombocytosis]], and [[Extramedullary hematopoiesis|extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)]] such as [[sickle cell disease]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[dysplasia|sclerosing bone dysplasia]], [[bone metastasis|osteoblastic metastases]], [[Paget's disease]], [[Acute myelogenous leukemia|acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)]], [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia|chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)]], [[Polycythemia vera|polycythemia vera (PV)]], [[myelodysplastic syndrome]], [[chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]], acute panmyelosis, [[acute megakaryoblastic leukemia]], [[cirrhosis]], [[Infection|infections]], [[neoplastic]] and [[Lipid storage disorder|lipid storage disorders]].<ref name="splenomegalydiffdiagnosisradio1">Splenomegaly. Dr Henry Knipe and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/''Italic text''articles/splenomegaly. Accessed on March 11, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23693053">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bae E, Park CJ, Cho YU, Seo EJ, Chi HS, Jang S, Lee KH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Suh JJ, Im HJ |title=Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis based on WHO 2008 criteria: acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis, primary myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=629–36 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23693053 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12101 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25124313">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=915–25 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25124313 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23703 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23349007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=141–50 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23349007 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23384 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24196613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aumann K, Frey AV, May AM, Hauschke D, Kreutz C, Marx JP, Timmer J, Werner M, Pahl HL |title=[Differential diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Quantitative NF-E2 immunohistochemistry for differentiating between essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis] |language=German |journal=Pathologe |volume=34 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=201–9 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24196613 |doi=10.1007/s00292-013-1824-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="myelofibrosisdiffdiagnsosiseradio1">Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref><ref name="Diffusebonysclerosisdifferentialdiagnosis1">Diffuse bony sclerosis: differential diagnosis. Dr Craig Hacking and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/diffuse-bony-sclerosis-differential-diagnosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref>


==Differentiating Myeloproliferative Disorders==
==Differentiating Myeloproliferative Disorders from other Diseases==
'''<small>ABBREVIATIONS'''
'''<small>ABBREVIATIONS'''


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==Differential diagnosis==
 
[[Myelofibrosis]] must be differentiated from other [[Disease|diseases]] that cause diffuse [[bone]] [[sclerosis]], [[anemia]], [[leukopenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[leukocytosis]], or [[thrombocytosis]]. They are presented in the table below.<ref name="pmid23693053">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bae E, Park CJ, Cho YU, Seo EJ, Chi HS, Jang S, Lee KH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Suh JJ, Im HJ |title=Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis based on WHO 2008 criteria: acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis, primary myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=629–36 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23693053 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12101 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25124313">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=915–25 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25124313 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23703 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23349007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=141–50 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23349007 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23384 |url=}}</ref><ref name="myelofibrosisdiffdiagnsosiseradio1">Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref><ref name="Diffusebonysclerosisdifferentialdiagnosis1">Diffuse bony sclerosis: differential diagnosis. Dr Craig Hacking and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/diffuse-bony-sclerosis-differential-diagnosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref>
'''[[Myelofibrosis]] must be differentiated from other [[Disease|diseases]] that cause diffuse [[bone]] [[sclerosis]], [[anemia]], [[leukopenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[leukocytosis]], or [[thrombocytosis]]:'''<ref name="pmid23693053">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bae E, Park CJ, Cho YU, Seo EJ, Chi HS, Jang S, Lee KH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Suh JJ, Im HJ |title=Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis based on WHO 2008 criteria: acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis, primary myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=629–36 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23693053 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12101 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25124313">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=915–25 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25124313 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23703 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23349007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=141–50 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23349007 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23384 |url=}}</ref><ref name="myelofibrosisdiffdiagnsosiseradio1">Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref><ref name="Diffusebonysclerosisdifferentialdiagnosis1">Diffuse bony sclerosis: differential diagnosis. Dr Craig Hacking and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/diffuse-bony-sclerosis-differential-diagnosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref>


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[[Myelofibrosis]] must also be differentiated from other [[Disease|diseases]] that cause [[splenomegaly]] and/or [[Extramedullary hematopoiesis|extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)]]. They are presented in the table below.<ref name="splenomegalydiffdiagnosisradio1">Splenomegaly. Dr Henry Knipe and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/''Italic text''articles/splenomegaly. Accessed on March 11, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid24196613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aumann K, Frey AV, May AM, Hauschke D, Kreutz C, Marx JP, Timmer J, Werner M, Pahl HL |title=[Differential diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Quantitative NF-E2 immunohistochemistry for differentiating between essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis] |language=German |journal=Pathologe |volume=34 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=201–9 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24196613 |doi=10.1007/s00292-013-1824-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="myelofibrosisdiffdiagnsosiseradio1">Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref>
 
'''[[Myelofibrosis]] must also be differentiated from other [[Disease|diseases]] that cause [[splenomegaly]] and/or [[Extramedullary hematopoiesis|extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)]]:'''<ref name="splenomegalydiffdiagnosisradio1">Splenomegaly. Dr Henry Knipe and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/''Italic text''articles/splenomegaly. Accessed on March 11, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid24196613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aumann K, Frey AV, May AM, Hauschke D, Kreutz C, Marx JP, Timmer J, Werner M, Pahl HL |title=[Differential diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Quantitative NF-E2 immunohistochemistry for differentiating between essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis] |language=German |journal=Pathologe |volume=34 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=201–9 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24196613 |doi=10.1007/s00292-013-1824-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="myelofibrosisdiffdiagnsosiseradio1">Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016</ref>


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Latest revision as of 15:18, 12 November 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hannan Javed, M.D.[2] Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[3] Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [4], Sujit Routray, M.D. [5]Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[6]

Overview

Myelofibrosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause diffuse bone sclerosis, splenomegaly, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) such as sickle cell disease, hyperthyroidism, sclerosing bone dysplasia, osteoblastic metastases, Paget's disease, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, acute panmyelosis, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, cirrhosis, infections, neoplastic and lipid storage disorders.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Differentiating Myeloproliferative Disorders from other Diseases

ABBREVIATIONS

N/A: Not available, NL: Normal, FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, PUD: Peptic ulcer disease, EPO: Erythropoietin, LFTs: Liver function tests, RFTs: Renal function tests, LAP: Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, LAD: Leukocyte alkaline dehydrgenase, WBCs: White blood cells.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical examination CBC & Peripheral smear Bone marrow biopsy Other investigations
WBCs Hb Plat-
elets
Leuko-cytes Blasts Left
shift 		Baso-
phils 		Eosino-
phils 		Mono-
cytes 		Others
Chronic myeloid leukemia
(CML), BCR-ABL1+[8][9] 		↑ <2% + ↑ ↑ ↑ N/A ↓ NL
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL)[10][11][12] ↑ Minimal + NL NL NL ↓ ↓
Polycythemia vera
(PV)[13][14][15][16]
  • Constitutional
 NL or ↑ None - ↑ or ↓ NL or ↑ NL ↑↑ NL
  • Hypercellularity for age with tri-lineage growth
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)[17][18][19][20] ↓ Erythroblasts - Absent NL NL ↓ ↓
  • Variable with fibrosis or hypercellularity
Essential thrombocythemia (ET)[21][22][23]

NL or ↑

None

-

↓ or absent

NL

NL

  • N/A

↓

↑↑

  • Normal/Hypercellular
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia,
not otherwise specified
(NOS)[24][25][26][27] 		↑ Present + ↑ ↑↑ ↑ ↓ ↓
MPN,
unclassifiable 		↑ Variable ± ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↓ ↑
  • N/A
Mastocytosis[28][29][30][31]
  • Constitutional
 ↑ None - NL ↑ NL ↓ ↓ or ↑
Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms
with eosinophilia and rearrangement
of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1,
or with PCM1-JAK2[32][33][34][35] 		↑ NL - NL ↑ ↑
  • None
 NL ↓
  • FISH shows t(8;13) and t(8;22)
B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma[36][37] NL or ↑ >25% N/A ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↓ ↓
Myelodysplastic syndromes
(MDS)[38][39] 		↓ Variable - ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
  • Leukemia transformation
  • Acquired pseudo-Pelger-Huët anomaly
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
and related neoplasms[40][41] 		NL or ↑ ↑ N/A ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↓ ↓

with dysplasia

Blastic plasmacytoid
dendritic cell neoplasm[42][43][44][45] 		NL ↑ NL NL NL ↓ ↓
Myelodysplastic
/myeloproliferative
neoplasms (MDS/MPN) 		Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)[46]
[47][48]
 ↑ < 20% NL ↑ ↑↑ ↓ ↓
  • Overlapping of both, MDS and MPN
  • Absolute monocytosis > 1 × 109/L (defining feature)
  • MD-CMML:WBC ≤ 13 × 109/L (FAB)
  •  MP-CMML:WBC > 13 × 109/L (FAB)
Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML), BCR-ABL1-[49][50] ↑ <20% + <2% of WBCs N/A N/A
  • N/A
 ↓ ↓
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)[51][52] ↑ ↑ N/A N/A N/A ↑ ↓ ↓
MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T)[53][54][55]
  • Variable
 NL or ↑ NL - NL N/A N/A ↓ ↑
T-lymphoblastic leukemia/
lymphoma
T-lymphoblastic leukemia/
lymphoma[56][57][58] 		↑ >25% blasts (Leukemia)

<25% blasts (Lymphoma)

± ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓
  • ↑ LDH
  • Positive for TdT
 ↓ ↓
  • Hypercelluarity with increased T cells precursors
Provisional entity: Natural killer (NK) cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymph[59] ↑ ↑ ± ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↓ ↓
  • N/A
Provisional entity: Early T-cell precursor lymphoblastic leukemia[60][61] ↑ ↑ ± ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↓ ↓
  • Hypercelluarity with increased T cells precursors


Myelofibrosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause diffuse bone sclerosis, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, or thrombocytosis:[2][3][4][6][7]

Type of diseases Diseases
Hematological
Metabolic bone disorders
Congenital
Malignancy
Other


Myelofibrosis must also be differentiated from other diseases that cause splenomegaly and/or extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH):[1][5][6]

Type of diseases Diseases
Hematological causes Anemia

Neoplastic/proliferative/redistribution of hematopoesis

* = may cause massive splenomegaly

Hemodynamic
Infections Viral

Bacterial

Fungal

Parasitic disease

Storage/metabolic/infiltrative disorders
Neoplastic
Trauma
Connective tissue disorders

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Splenomegaly. Dr Henry Knipe and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/Italic textarticles/splenomegaly. Accessed on March 11, 2016
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bae E, Park CJ, Cho YU, Seo EJ, Chi HS, Jang S, Lee KH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Suh JJ, Im HJ (December 2013). "Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis based on WHO 2008 criteria: acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis, primary myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis". Int J Lab Hematol. 35 (6): 629–36. doi:10.1111/ijlh.12101. PMID 23693053.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tefferi A (September 2014). "Primary myelofibrosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 89 (9): 915–25. doi:10.1002/ajh.23703. PMID 25124313.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tefferi A (February 2013). "Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 88 (2): 141–50. doi:10.1002/ajh.23384. PMID 23349007.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Aumann K, Frey AV, May AM, Hauschke D, Kreutz C, Marx JP, Timmer J, Werner M, Pahl HL (November 2013). "[Differential diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Quantitative NF-E2 immunohistochemistry for differentiating between essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis]". Pathologe (in German). 34 Suppl 2: 201–9. doi:10.1007/s00292-013-1824-8. PMID 24196613.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Diffuse bony sclerosis: differential diagnosis. Dr Craig Hacking and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/diffuse-bony-sclerosis-differential-diagnosis. Accessed on March 10, 2016
  8. ↑ Savage DG, Szydlo RM, Goldman JM (January 1997). "Clinical features at diagnosis in 430 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia seen at a referral centre over a 16-year period". Br. J. Haematol. 96 (1): 111–6. PMID 9012696.
  9. ↑ Thompson PA, Kantarjian HM, Cortes JE (October 2015). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in 2015". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1440–54. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.010. PMC 5656269. PMID 26434969.
  10. ↑ Szuber N, Tefferi A (February 2018). "Chronic neutrophilic leukemia: new science and new diagnostic criteria". Blood Cancer J. 8 (2): 19. doi:10.1038/s41408-018-0049-8. PMC 5811432. PMID 29440636.
  11. ↑ Maxson JE, Tyner JW (February 2017). "Genomics of chronic neutrophilic leukemia". Blood. 129 (6): 715–722. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-695981. PMC 5301820. PMID 28028025.
  12. ↑ Menezes J, Cigudosa JC (2015). "Chronic neutrophilic leukemia: a clinical perspective". Onco Targets Ther. 8: 2383–90. doi:10.2147/OTT.S49688. PMC 4562747. PMID 26366092.
  13. ↑ Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P, Tefferi A (March 2018). "Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: algorithmic approach". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 25 (2): 112–119. doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000402. PMID 29194068.
  14. ↑ Pillai AA, Babiker HM. PMID 30252337. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ Tefferi A, Barbui T (January 2019). "Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management". Am. J. Hematol. 94 (1): 133–143. doi:10.1002/ajh.25303. PMID 30281843.
  16. ↑ Rumi E, Cazzola M (February 2017). "Diagnosis, risk stratification, and response evaluation in classical myeloproliferative neoplasms". Blood. 129 (6): 680–692. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-695957. PMC 5335805. PMID 28028026.
  17. ↑ Cervantes F, Correa JG, Hernandez-Boluda JC (May 2016). "Alleviating anemia and thrombocytopenia in myelofibrosis patients". Expert Rev Hematol. 9 (5): 489–96. doi:10.1586/17474086.2016.1154452. PMID 26891375.
  18. ↑ Hoffman, Ronald (2018). Hematology : basic principles and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323357623.
  19. ↑ Michiels JJ, Bernema Z, Van Bockstaele D, De Raeve H, Schroyens W (March 2007). "Current diagnostic criteria for the chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF)". Pathol. Biol. 55 (2): 92–104. doi:10.1016/j.patbio.2006.06.002. PMID 16919893.
  20. ↑ Hoffman, Ronald (2018). Hematology : basic principles and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323357623.
  21. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-04-083501 Check |pmid= value (help).
  22. ↑ Daniel A. Arber, Attilio Orazi, Robert Hasserjian, Jurgen Thiele, Michael J. Borowitz, Michelle M. Le Beau, Clara D. Bloomfield, Mario Cazzola & James W. Vardiman (2016). "The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia". Blood. 127 (20): 2391–2405. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544. PMID 27069254. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ A. Tefferi, R. Fonseca, D. L. Pereira & H. C. Hoagland (2001). "A long-term retrospective study of young women with essential thrombocythemia". Mayo Clinic proceedings. 76 (1): 22–28. doi:10.4065/76.1.22. PMID 11155408. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Vidyadharan S, Joseph B, Nair SP (2016). "Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia Presenting Predominantly with Cutaneous Manifestations". Indian J Dermatol. 61 (4): 437–9. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.185716. PMC 4966405. PMID 27512192.
  25. ↑ Hofmans M, Delie A, Vandepoele K, Van Roy N, Van der Meulen J, Philippé J, Moors I (2018). "A case of chronic eosinophilic leukemia with secondary transformation to acute myeloid leukemia". Leuk Res Rep. 9: 45–47. doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2018.04.001. PMC 5993353. PMID 29892549.
  26. ↑ Yamada Y, Rothenberg ME, Cancelas JA (2006). "Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the hypereosinophilic syndrome/chronic eosinophilic leukemia". Transl Oncogenomics. 1: 53–63. PMC 3642145. PMID 23662039.
  27. ↑ Kim TH, Gu HJ, Lee WI, Lee J, Yoon HJ, Park TS (September 2016). "Chronic eosinophilic leukemia with FIP1L1-PDGFRA rearrangement". Blood Res. 51 (3): 204–206. doi:10.5045/br.2016.51.3.204. PMID 27722133.
  28. ↑ Carter MC, Metcalfe DD, Komarow HD (February 2014). "Mastocytosis". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 34 (1): 181–96. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2013.09.001. PMC 3863935. PMID 24262698.
  29. ↑ Macri A, Cook C. PMID 29494109. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. ↑ Lladó AC, Mihon CE, Silva M, Galzerano A (2014). "Systemic mastocytosis - a diagnostic challenge". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 36 (3): 226–9. doi:10.1016/j.bjhh.2014.03.003. PMC 4109736. PMID 25031064.
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  32. ↑ Kumar, Kirthi R.; Chen, Weina; Koduru, Prasad R.; Luu, Hung S. (2015). "Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasm With Abnormalities of FGFR1 Presenting With Trilineage Blasts and RUNX1 Rearrangement". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 143 (5): 738–748. doi:10.1309/AJCPUD6W1JLQQMNA. ISSN 1943-7722.
  33. ↑ Paolo Strati, Guilin Tang, Dzifa Y. Duose, Saradhi Mallampati, Rajyalakshmi Luthra, Keyur P. Patel, Mohammad Hussaini, Abu-Sayeef Mirza, Rami S. Komrokji, Stephen Oh, John Mascarenhas, Vesna Najfeld, Vivek Subbiah, Hagop Kantarjian, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Srdan Verstovsek & Naval Daver (2018). "Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangement". Leukemia & lymphoma. 59 (7): 1672–1676. doi:10.1080/10428194.2017.1397663. PMID 29119847. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Ximena Montenegro-Garreaud, Roberto N. Miranda, Alexandra Reynolds, Guilin Tang, Sa A. Wang, Mariko Yabe, Wei Wang, Lianghua Fang, Carlos E. Bueso-Ramos, Pei Lin, L. Jeffrey Medeiros & Xinyan Lu (2017). "Myeloproliferative neoplasms with t(8;22)(p11.2;q11.2)/BCR-FGFR1: a meta-analysis of 20 cases shows cytogenetic progression with B-lymphoid blast phase". Human pathology. 65: 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2017.05.008. PMID 28551329. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Paola Villafuerte-Gutierrez, Montserrat Lopez Rubio, Pilar Herrera & Eva Arranz (2018). "A Case of Myeloproliferative Neoplasm with BCR-FGFR1 Rearrangement: Favorable Outcome after Haploidentical Allogeneic Transplantation". Case reports in hematology. 2018: 5724960. doi:10.1155/2018/5724960. PMID 30647980.
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  37. ↑ Zhang X, Rastogi P, Shah B, Zhang L (September 2017). "B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: new insights into genetics, molecular aberrations, subclassification and targeted therapy". Oncotarget. 8 (39): 66728–66741. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19271. PMC 5630450. PMID 29029550.
  38. ↑ Germing U, Kobbe G, Haas R, Gattermann N (November 2013). "Myelodysplastic syndromes: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 110 (46): 783–90. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0783. PMC 3855821. PMID 24300826.
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  40. ↑ Islam A, Catovsky D, Goldman JM, Galton DA (September 1985). "Bone marrow biopsy changes in acute myeloid leukaemia. I: Observations before chemotherapy". Histopathology. 9 (9): 939–57. PMID 3864727.
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  42. ↑ F. Julia, T. Petrella, M. Beylot-Barry, M. Bagot, D. Lipsker, L. Machet, P. Joly, O. Dereure, M. Wetterwald, M. d'Incan, F. Grange, J. Cornillon, G. Tertian, E. Maubec, P. Saiag, S. Barete, I. Templier, F. Aubin & S. Dalle (2013). "Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: clinical features in 90 patients". The British journal of dermatology. 169 (3): 579–586. doi:10.1111/bjd.12412. PMID 23646868. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ Livio Pagano, Caterina Giovanna Valentini, Alessandro Pulsoni, Simona Fisogni, Paola Carluccio, Francesco Mannelli, Monia Lunghi, Gianmatteo Pica, Francesco Onida, Chiara Cattaneo, Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Eros Di Bona, Elisabetta Todisco, Pellegrino Musto, Antonio Spadea, Alfonso D'Arco, Stefano Pileri, Giuseppe Leone, Sergio Amadori & Fabio Facchetti (2013). "Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with leukemic presentation: an Italian multicenter study". Haematologica. 98 (2): 239–246. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.072645. PMID 23065521. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Joseph D. Khoury (2018). "Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm". Current hematologic malignancy reports. 13 (6): 477–483. doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0489-z. PMID 30350260. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ Shinichiro Sukegawa, Mamiko Sakata-Yanagimoto, Ryota Matsuoka, Haruka Momose, Yusuke Kiyoki, Masayuki Noguchi, Naoya Nakamura, Rei Watanabe, Manabu Fujimoto, Yasuhisa Yokoyama, Hidekazu Nishikii, Takayasu Kato, Manabu Kusakabe, Naoki Kurita, Naoshi Obara, Yuichi Hasegawa & Shigeru Chiba (2018). "[Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm accompanied by chronic myelomonocytic leukemia successfully treated with azacitidine]". [[[Rinsho ketsueki] The Japanese journal of clinical hematology]]. 59 (12): 2567–2573. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.59.2567. PMID 30626790.
  46. ↑ Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (June 2016). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (6): 631–42. doi:10.1002/ajh.24396. PMID 27185207.
  47. ↑ Parikh SA, Tefferi A (June 2012). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 87 (6): 610–9. doi:10.1002/ajh.23203. PMID 22615103.
  48. ↑ Benton CB, Nazha A, Pemmaraju N, Garcia-Manero G (August 2015). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: Forefront of the field in 2015". Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 95 (2): 222–42. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.03.002. PMC 4859155. PMID 25869097.
  49. ↑ Dao KH, Tyner JW (2015). "What's different about atypical CML and chronic neutrophilic leukemia?". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015: 264–71. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.264. PMC 5266507. PMID 26637732.
  50. ↑ Muramatsu H, Makishima H, Maciejewski JP (February 2012). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and atypical chronic myeloid leukemia: novel pathogenetic lesions". Semin. Oncol. 39 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.11.004. PMC 3523950. PMID 22289493.
  51. ↑ Aricò M, Biondi A, Pui CH (July 1997). "Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia". Blood. 90 (2): 479–88. PMID 9226148.
  52. ↑ Hasle H (March 1994). "Myelodysplastic syndromes in childhood--classification, epidemiology, and treatment". Leuk. Lymphoma. 13 (1–2): 11–26. doi:10.3109/10428199409051647. PMID 8025513.
  53. ↑ Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (March 2017). "Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) and RARS with thrombocytosis (RARS-T): 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 92 (3): 297–310. doi:10.1002/ajh.24637. PMID 28188970.
  54. ↑ Alshaban A, Padilla O, Philipovskiy A, Corral J, McAlice M, Gaur S (2018). "Lenalidomide induced durable remission in a patient with MDS/MPN-with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis with associated 5q- syndrome". Leuk Res Rep. 10: 37–40. doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2018.08.001. PMID 30186759.
  55. ↑ Bouchla A, Papageorgiou SG, Tsakiraki Z, Glezou E, Pavlidis G, Stavroulaki G, Bazani E, Foukas P, Pappa V (2018). "Plasmablastic Lymphoma in an Immunocompetent Patient with MDS/MPN with Ring Sideroblasts and Thrombocytosis-A Case Report". Case Rep Hematol. 2018: 2525070. doi:10.1155/2018/2525070. PMC 6247723. PMID 30524760.
  56. ↑ You MJ, Medeiros LJ, Hsi ED (September 2015). "T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 144 (3): 411–22. doi:10.1309/AJCPMF03LVSBLHPJ. PMID 26276771.
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  60. ↑ Jain N, Lamb AV, O'Brien S, Ravandi F, Konopleva M, Jabbour E, Zuo Z, Jorgensen J, Lin P, Pierce S, Thomas D, Rytting M, Borthakur G, Kadia T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Khoury JD (April 2016). "Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ETP-ALL/LBL) in adolescents and adults: a high-risk subtype". Blood. 127 (15): 1863–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-08-661702. PMC 4915808. PMID 26747249.
  61. ↑ Haydu JE, Ferrando AA (July 2013). "Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 20 (4): 369–73. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3283623c61. PMC 3886681. PMID 23695450.

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