Waldenström's macroglobulinemia causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 18:29, 15 August 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2], Roukoz A. Karam, M.D.[3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]

Overview

The exact cause of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia has not been identified; however, the disease has been highly-associated with somatic mutations in MYD88and CXR4 genes. In addition, less possible common cause of the disease includes chromosomal abnormalities.

Causes

Genetic Causes

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is most probably caused by a somatic mutation in the MYD88 gene (seen in 90% of cases) or CXR4 gene (seen in 30% of cases)^[1]^[2]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia may include:^[3]^[4]

Chromosomal abnormalities: to see the list of all cytogenetic abnormalities, click here
- Deletions of 6q23 and 13q14
- Gains of 3q13-q28, 6p and 18q

References

↑ Steven P. Treon, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Yangsheng Zhou, Xia Liu, Yang Cao, Patricia Sheehy, Robert J. Manning, Christopher J. Patterson, Christina Tripsas, Luca Arcaini, Geraldine S. Pinkus, Scott J. Rodig, Aliyah R. Sohani, Nancy Lee Harris, Jason M. Laramie, Donald A. Skifter, Stephen E. Lincoln & Zachary R. Hunter (2012). "MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". The New England journal of medicine. 367 (9): 826–833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200710. PMID 22931316. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Zachary R. Hunter, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Yangsheng Zhou, Xia Liu, Yang Cao, Robert J. Manning, Christina Tripsas, Christopher J. Patterson, Patricia Sheehy & Steven P. Treon (2014). "The genomic landscape of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is characterized by highly recurring MYD88 and WHIM-like CXCR4 mutations, and small somatic deletions associated with B-cell lymphomagenesis". Blood. 123 (11): 1637–1646. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-09-525808. PMID 24366360. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Ngo VN, Young RM, Schmitz R, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Lim KH, Kohlhammer H, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Shaffer AL, Romesser P, Wright G, Powell J, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Staudt LM (2011). "Oncogenically active MYD88 mutations in human lymphoma". Nature. 470 (7332): 115–9. doi:10.1038/nature09671. PMID 21179087.
↑ Roelandt F. J. Schop, W. Michael Kuehl, Scott A. Van Wier, Gregory J. Ahmann, Tammy Price-Troska, Richard J. Bailey, Syed M. Jalal, Ying Qi, Robert A. Kyle, Philip R. Greipp & Rafael Fonseca (2002). "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia neoplastic cells lack immunoglobulin heavy chain locus translocations but have frequent 6q deletions". Blood. 100 (8): 2996–3001. doi:10.1182/blood.V100.8.2996. PMID 12351413. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[:0-1] Steven P. Treon, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Yangsheng Zhou, Xia Liu, Yang Cao, Patricia Sheehy, Robert J. Manning, Christopher J. Patterson, Christina Tripsas, Luca Arcaini, Geraldine S. Pinkus, Scott J. Rodig, Aliyah R. Sohani, Nancy Lee Harris, Jason M. Laramie, Donald A. Skifter, Stephen E. Lincoln & Zachary R. Hunter (2012). "MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". The New England journal of medicine. 367 (9): 826–833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200710. PMID 22931316. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[2] Zachary R. Hunter, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Yangsheng Zhou, Xia Liu, Yang Cao, Robert J. Manning, Christina Tripsas, Christopher J. Patterson, Patricia Sheehy & Steven P. Treon (2014). "The genomic landscape of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is characterized by highly recurring MYD88 and WHIM-like CXCR4 mutations, and small somatic deletions associated with B-cell lymphomagenesis". Blood. 123 (11): 1637–1646. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-09-525808. PMID 24366360. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[UTDR-3] Ngo VN, Young RM, Schmitz R, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Lim KH, Kohlhammer H, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Shaffer AL, Romesser P, Wright G, Powell J, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Staudt LM (2011). "Oncogenically active MYD88 mutations in human lymphoma". Nature. 470 (7332): 115–9. doi:10.1038/nature09671. PMID 21179087.

[4] Roelandt F. J. Schop, W. Michael Kuehl, Scott A. Van Wier, Gregory J. Ahmann, Tammy Price-Troska, Richard J. Bailey, Syed M. Jalal, Ying Qi, Robert A. Kyle, Philip R. Greipp & Rafael Fonseca (2002). "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia neoplastic cells lack immunoglobulin heavy chain locus translocations but have frequent 6q deletions". Blood. 100 (8): 2996–3001. doi:10.1182/blood.V100.8.2996. PMID 12351413. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Overview==
-The exact cause of Waldenström macroglobulinemia has not been identified; however, the diesease has been highly associated with [[somatic]] [[mutations]] in [[MYD88]] and CXR4 genes. In addition, possible less common causes of the disease include ''[[Chromosome abnormality|chromosomal abnormalities]]'' and [[Environmental factor|environmental factors]].
+The [[Exact test|exact]] [[Causes|cause]] of [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] has not been identified; however, the [[disease]] has been highly-[[Association (statistics)|associated]] with [[somatic]] [[mutations]] in [[MYD88]]<nowiki/>and CXR4 [[genes]]. In addition, less possible common [[Causes|cause]] of the [[disease]] includes ''[[Chromosome abnormality|chromosomal abnormalities]].''
 ==Causes==
 === Genetic Causes ===
-*Waldenström Macroglobulinemia is most probably caused by a [[somatic mutation]] in the [[MYD88]] gene (seen in 90% of cases) or CXR4 gene (seen in 30% of cases).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
+*[[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] is most probably [[Causes|caused]] by a [[somatic mutation]] in the [[MYD88]] [[gene]] (seen in 90% of cases) or CXR4 [[gene]] (seen in 30% of [[Case-based reasoning|cases]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
   | author = [[Steven P. Treon]], [[Lian Xu]], [[Guang Yang]], [[Yangsheng Zhou]], [[Xia Liu]], [[Yang Cao]], [[Patricia Sheehy]], [[Robert J. Manning]], [[Christopher J. Patterson]], [[Christina Tripsas]], [[Luca Arcaini]], [[Geraldine S. Pinkus]], [[Scott J. Rodig]], [[Aliyah R. Sohani]], [[Nancy Lee Harris]], [[Jason M. Laramie]], [[Donald A. Skifter]], [[Stephen E. Lincoln]] & [[Zachary R. Hunter]]
   | title = MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
@@ Line 34: / Line 33: @@
 === Less Common Causes ===
-Less common causes of Waldenström macroglobulinemia may include:<ref name="UTDR">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ngo VN, Young RM, Schmitz R, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Lim KH, Kohlhammer H, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Shaffer AL, Romesser P, Wright G, Powell J, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Staudt LM |title=Oncogenically active MYD88 mutations in human lymphoma |journal=Nature |volume=470 |issue=7332 |pages=115–9 |year=2011 |pmid=21179087 |doi=10.1038/nature09671 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+Less common [[causes]] of [[lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] may include:<ref name="UTDR">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ngo VN, Young RM, Schmitz R, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Lim KH, Kohlhammer H, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Shaffer AL, Romesser P, Wright G, Powell J, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Staudt LM |title=Oncogenically active MYD88 mutations in human lymphoma |journal=Nature |volume=470 |issue=7332 |pages=115–9 |year=2011 |pmid=21179087 |doi=10.1038/nature09671 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[Roelandt F. J. Schop]], [[W. Michael Kuehl]], [[Scott A. Van Wier]], [[Gregory J. Ahmann]], [[Tammy Price-Troska]], [[Richard J. Bailey]], [[Syed M. Jalal]], [[Ying Qi]], [[Robert A. Kyle]], [[Philip R. Greipp]] & [[Rafael Fonseca]]
   | title = Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia neoplastic cells lack immunoglobulin heavy chain locus translocations but have frequent 6q deletions
@@ Line 46: / Line 45: @@
   | pmid = 12351413
 }}</ref>
-*[[Chromosomal abnormalities]]: deletions of 6q23 and 13q14, and gains of 3q13-q28, 6p and 18q.
+*[[Chromosomal abnormalities]]: to see the list of all [[cytogenetic]] [[abnormalities]], click '''[[Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma pathophysiology#Cytogenetics|here]]'''
-*Personal and family history of [[autoimmune diseases]] with autoantibodies and chronic immune stimulation leads to 2-3 fold higher risk of developing WM, especially elevated risks are associated with following:
+**[[Deletion (genetics)|Deletions]] of 6q23 and 13q14
-**Hepatitis C virus infection (overall 20-30% increased risk for non-Hodgkin lymohoma and 3-fold increased risk for WM).<ref name="pmid18703425">{{cite journal| author=Kristinsson SY, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I, Landgren O| title=Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders among first-degree relatives of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients: a population-based study in Sweden. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 112 | issue= 8 | pages= 3052-6 | pmid=18703425 | doi=10.1182/blood-2008-06-162768 | pmc=2569164 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18703425  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18809818">{{cite journal| author=Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O| title=Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2008 | volume= 168 | issue= 17 | pages= 1903-9 | pmid=18809818 | doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4 | pmc=2670401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18809818  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18387498">{{cite journal| author=de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, Engels EA, Morton LM, Bracci PM et al.| title=Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2008 | volume= 6 | issue= 4 | pages= 451-8 | pmid=18387498 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011 | pmc=3962672 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18387498  }} </ref>
+**[[Gain|Gains]] of 3q13-q28, 6p and 18q
-**HIV.<ref name="pmid18809818">{{cite journal| author=Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O| title=Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2008 | volume= 168 | issue= 17 | pages= 1903-9 | pmid=18809818 | doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4 | pmc=2670401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18809818  }} </ref>
-**Rickettsiosis.<ref name="pmid18809818">{{cite journal| author=Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O| title=Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2008 | volume= 168 | issue= 17 | pages= 1903-9 | pmid=18809818 | doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4 | pmc=2670401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18809818  }} </ref>
-**Sjogren syndrome.<ref name="pmid20181958">{{cite journal| author=Kristinsson SY, Koshiol J, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I et al.| title=Immune-related and inflammatory conditions and risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2010 | volume= 102 | issue= 8 | pages= 557-67 | pmid=20181958 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djq043 | pmc=2857799 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20181958  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18263783">{{cite journal| author=Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J et al.| title=Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 111 | issue= 8 | pages= 4029-38 | pmid=18263783 | doi=10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974 | pmc=2288717 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18263783  }} </ref>
-**Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.<ref name="pmid20181958">{{cite journal| author=Kristinsson SY, Koshiol J, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I et al.| title=Immune-related and inflammatory conditions and risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2010 | volume= 102 | issue= 8 | pages= 557-67 | pmid=20181958 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djq043 | pmc=2857799 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20181958  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18263783">{{cite journal| author=Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J et al.| title=Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 111 | issue= 8 | pages= 4029-38 | pmid=18263783 | doi=10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974 | pmc=2288717 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18263783  }} </ref>
-**Sarcoidosis.<ref name="pmid16985251">{{cite journal| author=Landgren O, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH et al.| title=Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Scandinavia. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2006 | volume= 98 | issue= 18 | pages= 1321-30 | pmid=16985251 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djj361 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985251  }} </ref>
-**SLE.<ref name="pmid18263783">{{cite journal| author=Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J et al.| title=Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 111 | issue= 8 | pages= 4029-38 | pmid=18263783 | doi=10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974 | pmc=2288717 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18263783  }} </ref>
-*Hay fever.
-*[[Environmental factor|Environmental factors]]:
-**According to some recent studies, exposure to following environmental factors seems to have association with the development of WM:<ref name="pmid20308603">{{cite journal| author=Royer RH, Koshiol J, Giambarresi TR, Vasquez LG, Pfeiffer RM, McMaster ML| title=Differential characteristics of Waldenström macroglobulinemia according to patterns of familial aggregation. | journal=Blood | year= 2010 | volume= 115 | issue= 22 | pages= 4464-71 | pmid=20308603 | doi=10.1182/blood-2009-10-247973 | pmc=2881498 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20308603  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25174029">{{cite journal| author=Vajdic CM, Landgren O, McMaster ML, Slager SL, Brooks-Wilson A, Smith A et al.| title=Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue= 48 | pages= 87-97 | pmid=25174029 | doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu002 | pmc=4155457 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25174029  }} </ref>
-***Occupational (Farming).
-***[[Pesticides]].
-***Paint.
-***Rubber dyes.
-***Benzene.
-***Coal dust.
-***Leather manufacturing.
-***Wood dust.
-***Organic solvents.
 ==References==