Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia}}
{{Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MC}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Several different Chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with acral erythema<ref name="pmid2061446">{{cite journal| author=Baack BR, Burgdorf WH| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1991 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 457-61 | pmid=2061446 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2061446  }}</ref>
Several different [[chemotherapeutic agents]] have been associated with palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE). Most frequently associated drugs include [[cytarabine]], [[docetaxel]], [[doxorubicin]], [[liposomal]]-encapsulated [[doxorubicin]], [[5-fluorouracil]], and [[capecitabine]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
Chemotherapy drugs that can cause this syndrome include:
[[Chemotherapy agent|Chemotherapy drugs]] that can cause this [[syndrome]] include: <ref name="pmid2061446">{{cite journal| author=Baack BR, Burgdorf WH| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1991 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 457-61 | pmid=2061446 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2061446  }}</ref>


'''Most frequently associated:'''  
'''Most Frequently Associated:'''


* Cytarabine (Cytosar-U) <ref name="pmid3977204">{{cite journal| author=Baer MR, King LE, Wolff SN| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and cytarabine. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 102 | issue= 4 | pages= 556 | pmid=3977204 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-556_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3977204  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12460237">{{cite journal| author=Crawford JH, Eikelboom JW, McQuillan A| title=Recurrent palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia following high-dose cytarabine treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=Eur J Haematol | year= 2002 | volume= 69 | issue= 5-6 | pages= 315-7 | pmid=12460237 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12460237  }} </ref>
*[[Cytarabine]] ([[Cytosar-U]]) <ref name="pmid3977204">{{cite journal| author=Baer MR, King LE, Wolff SN| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and cytarabine. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 102 | issue= 4 | pages= 556 | pmid=3977204 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-556_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3977204  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12460237">{{cite journal| author=Crawford JH, Eikelboom JW, McQuillan A| title=Recurrent palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia following high-dose cytarabine treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=Eur J Haematol | year= 2002 | volume= 69 | issue= 5-6 | pages= 315-7 | pmid=12460237 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12460237  }} </ref>
* Docetaxel(Docefrez, Taxotere) <ref name="pmid7857119">{{cite journal| author=Zimmerman GC, Keeling JH, Burris HA, Cook G, Irvin R, Kuhn J et al.| title=Acute cutaneous reactions to docetaxel, a new chemotherapeutic agent. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1995 | volume= 131 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-6 | pmid=7857119 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7857119  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15187308">{{cite journal| author=Katoh M, Kadota M, Nishimura Y| title=A case of docetaxel-induced erythrodysesthesia. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2004 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 403-6 | pmid=15187308 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15187308  }} </ref>
*[[Docetaxel]] (Docefrez, [[Taxotere]]) <ref name="pmid7857119">{{cite journal| author=Zimmerman GC, Keeling JH, Burris HA, Cook G, Irvin R, Kuhn J et al.| title=Acute cutaneous reactions to docetaxel, a new chemotherapeutic agent. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1995 | volume= 131 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-6 | pmid=7857119 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7857119  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15187308">{{cite journal| author=Katoh M, Kadota M, Nishimura Y| title=A case of docetaxel-induced erythrodysesthesia. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2004 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 403-6 | pmid=15187308 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15187308  }} </ref>
* Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) <ref name="pmid10025364">{{cite journal| author=Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK| title=Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs. | journal=Hum Exp Toxicol | year= 1999 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-26 | pmid=10025364 | doi=10.1177/096032719901800103 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10025364  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12808004">{{cite journal| author=Charrois GJ, Allen TM| title=Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity. | journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther | year= 2003 | volume= 306 | issue= 3 | pages= 1058-67 | pmid=12808004 | doi=10.1124/jpet.103.053413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12808004  }} </ref> and liposomal-encapsulated doxorubicin(Doxil) <ref name="pmid14520442">{{cite journal| author=D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N et al.| title=Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 89 | issue= 7 | pages= 1180-4 | pmid=14520442 | doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284 | pmc=2394291 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14520442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3160276">{{cite journal| author=Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ| title=Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 303-4 | pmid=3160276 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3160276  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9074848">{{cite journal| author=Coukell AJ, Spencer CM| title=Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. | journal=Drugs | year= 1997 | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 520-38 | pmid=9074848 | doi=10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9074848  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11401188">{{cite journal| author=Goram AL, Richmond PL| title=Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 751-63 | pmid=11401188 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11401188  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14998859">{{cite journal| author=Matsumura Y, Gotoh M, Muro K, Yamada Y, Shirao K, Shimada Y et al.| title=Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of MCC-465, a doxorubicin (DXR) encapsulated in PEG immunoliposome, in patients with metastatic stomach cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 517-25 | pmid=14998859 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdh092 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14998859  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15099971">{{cite journal| author=Molpus KL, Anderson LB, Craig CL, Puleo JG| title=The effect of regional cooling on toxicity associated with intravenous infusion of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian carcinoma. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 93 | issue= 2 | pages= 513-6 | pmid=15099971 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.02.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15099971  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9626479">{{cite journal| author=Vail DM, Chun R, Thamm DH, Garrett LD, Cooley AJ, Obradovich JE| title=Efficacy of pyridoxine to ameliorate the cutaneous toxicity associated with doxorubicin containing pegylated (Stealth) liposomes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial using a canine model. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 1998 | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages= 1567-71 | pmid=9626479 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9626479  }} </ref>
*[[Doxorubicin]] ([[Adriamycin]]) and [[liposomal]]-encapsulated [[doxorubicin]] (Doxil) <ref name="pmid10025364">{{cite journal| author=Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK| title=Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs. | journal=Hum Exp Toxicol | year= 1999 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-26 | pmid=10025364 | doi=10.1177/096032719901800103 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10025364  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12808004">{{cite journal| author=Charrois GJ, Allen TM| title=Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity. | journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther | year= 2003 | volume= 306 | issue= 3 | pages= 1058-67 | pmid=12808004 | doi=10.1124/jpet.103.053413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12808004  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14520442">{{cite journal| author=D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N et al.| title=Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 89 | issue= 7 | pages= 1180-4 | pmid=14520442 | doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284 | pmc=2394291 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14520442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3160276">{{cite journal| author=Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ| title=Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 303-4 | pmid=3160276 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3160276  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9074848">{{cite journal| author=Coukell AJ, Spencer CM| title=Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. | journal=Drugs | year= 1997 | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 520-38 | pmid=9074848 | doi=10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9074848  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11401188">{{cite journal| author=Goram AL, Richmond PL| title=Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 751-63 | pmid=11401188 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11401188  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14998859">{{cite journal| author=Matsumura Y, Gotoh M, Muro K, Yamada Y, Shirao K, Shimada Y et al.| title=Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of MCC-465, a doxorubicin (DXR) encapsulated in PEG immunoliposome, in patients with metastatic stomach cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 517-25 | pmid=14998859 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdh092 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14998859  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15099971">{{cite journal| author=Molpus KL, Anderson LB, Craig CL, Puleo JG| title=The effect of regional cooling on toxicity associated with intravenous infusion of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian carcinoma. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 93 | issue= 2 | pages= 513-6 | pmid=15099971 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.02.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15099971  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9626479">{{cite journal| author=Vail DM, Chun R, Thamm DH, Garrett LD, Cooley AJ, Obradovich JE| title=Efficacy of pyridoxine to ameliorate the cutaneous toxicity associated with doxorubicin containing pegylated (Stealth) liposomes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial using a canine model. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 1998 | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages= 1567-71 | pmid=9626479 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9626479  }} </ref>
* 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU, Adrucil) <ref name="pmid2926468">{{cite journal| author=Lokich JJ, Ahlgren JD, Gullo JJ, Philips JA, Fryer JG| title=A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program Study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1989 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 425-32 | pmid=2926468 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1989.7.4.425 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2926468  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2345070">{{cite journal| author=Fabian CJ, Molina R, Slavik M, Dahlberg S, Giri S, Stephens R| title=Pyridoxine therapy for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 1990 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-63 | pmid=2345070 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2345070  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2066758">{{cite journal| author=Ardalan B, Chua L, Tian EM, Reddy R, Sridhar K, Benedetto P et al.| title=A phase II study of weekly 24-hour infusion with high-dose fluorouracil with leucovorin in colorectal carcinoma. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1991 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=2066758 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1991.9.4.625 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2066758  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7629773">{{cite journal| author=Banfield GK, Crate ID, Griffiths CL| title=Long-term sequelae of Palmar-Plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1995 | volume= 88 | issue= 6 | pages= 356P-357P | pmid=7629773 | doi= | pmc=1295248 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7629773  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3400123">{{cite journal| author=Bellmunt J, Navarro M, Hidalgo R, Solé LA| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with short-term continuous infusion (5 days) of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Tumori | year= 1988 | volume= 74 | issue= 3 | pages= 329-31 | pmid=3400123 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3400123  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9291822">{{cite journal| author=Chiara S, Nobile MT, Barzacchi C, Sanguineti O, Vincenti M, Di Somma C et al.| title=Hand-foot syndrome induced by high-dose, short-term, continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1997 | volume= 33 | issue= 6 | pages= 967-9 | pmid=9291822 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9291822  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8267382">{{cite journal| author=Comandone A, Bretti S, La Grotta G, Manzoni S, Bonardi G, Berardo R et al.| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysestasia syndrome associated with 5-fluorouracil treatment. | journal=Anticancer Res | year= 1993 | volume= 13 | issue= 5C | pages= 1781-3 | pmid=8267382 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8267382  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2817635">{{cite journal| author=Curran CF, Luce JK| title=Fluorouracil and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 111 | issue= 10 | pages= 858 | pmid=2817635 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-858_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2817635  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11304782">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, Cox J, Kocha W, Kuperminc M et al.| title=Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 8 | pages= 2282-92 | pmid=11304782 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.8.2282 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11304782  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9408159">{{cite journal| author=Iurlo A, Fornier M, Caldiera S, Bertoni F, Foa P| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome due to 5-fluorouracil therapy--an underestimated toxic event? | journal=Acta Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 653-4 | pmid=9408159 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9408159  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7699432">{{cite journal| author=Leo S, Tatulli C, Taveri R, Campanella GA, Carrieri G, Colucci G| title=Dermatological toxicity from chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil. | journal=J Chemother | year= 1994 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 423-6 | pmid=7699432 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7699432  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9817272">{{cite journal| author=Meta-Analysis Group In Cancer. Lévy E, Piedbois P, Buyse M, Pignon JP, Rougier P et al.| title=Toxicity of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: effect of administration schedule and prognostic factors. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 16 | issue= 11 | pages= 3537-41 | pmid=9817272 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1998.16.11.3537 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9817272  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10442356">{{cite journal| author=Macdonald JS| title=Toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Oncology (Williston Park) | year= 1999 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 Suppl 3 | pages= 33-4 | pmid=10442356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10442356  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2225317">{{cite journal| author=Mortimer JE, Anderson I| title=Weekly fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin: efficacy and treatment of cutaneous toxicity. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1990 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 449-52 | pmid=2225317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2225317  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11896096">{{cite journal| author=Sloan JA, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Vargas-Chanes D, Nair S, Cha SS et al.| title=Women experience greater toxicity with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 6 | pages= 1491-8 | pmid=11896096 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1491 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11896096  }} </ref>
*[[5-Fluorouracil]] ([[5-FU]], [[Adrucil]]) <ref name="pmid2926468">{{cite journal| author=Lokich JJ, Ahlgren JD, Gullo JJ, Philips JA, Fryer JG| title=A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program Study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1989 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 425-32 | pmid=2926468 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1989.7.4.425 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2926468  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2345070">{{cite journal| author=Fabian CJ, Molina R, Slavik M, Dahlberg S, Giri S, Stephens R| title=Pyridoxine therapy for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 1990 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-63 | pmid=2345070 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2345070  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2066758">{{cite journal| author=Ardalan B, Chua L, Tian EM, Reddy R, Sridhar K, Benedetto P et al.| title=A phase II study of weekly 24-hour infusion with high-dose fluorouracil with leucovorin in colorectal carcinoma. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1991 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=2066758 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1991.9.4.625 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2066758  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7629773">{{cite journal| author=Banfield GK, Crate ID, Griffiths CL| title=Long-term sequelae of Palmar-Plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1995 | volume= 88 | issue= 6 | pages= 356P-357P | pmid=7629773 | doi= | pmc=1295248 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7629773  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3400123">{{cite journal| author=Bellmunt J, Navarro M, Hidalgo R, Solé LA| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with short-term continuous infusion (5 days) of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Tumori | year= 1988 | volume= 74 | issue= 3 | pages= 329-31 | pmid=3400123 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3400123  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9291822">{{cite journal| author=Chiara S, Nobile MT, Barzacchi C, Sanguineti O, Vincenti M, Di Somma C et al.| title=Hand-foot syndrome induced by high-dose, short-term, continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1997 | volume= 33 | issue= 6 | pages= 967-9 | pmid=9291822 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9291822  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8267382">{{cite journal| author=Comandone A, Bretti S, La Grotta G, Manzoni S, Bonardi G, Berardo R et al.| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysestasia syndrome associated with 5-fluorouracil treatment. | journal=Anticancer Res | year= 1993 | volume= 13 | issue= 5C | pages= 1781-3 | pmid=8267382 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8267382  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2817635">{{cite journal| author=Curran CF, Luce JK| title=Fluorouracil and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 111 | issue= 10 | pages= 858 | pmid=2817635 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-858_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2817635  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11304782">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, Cox J, Kocha W, Kuperminc M et al.| title=Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 8 | pages= 2282-92 | pmid=11304782 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.8.2282 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11304782  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9408159">{{cite journal| author=Iurlo A, Fornier M, Caldiera S, Bertoni F, Foa P| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome due to 5-fluorouracil therapy--an underestimated toxic event? | journal=Acta Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 653-4 | pmid=9408159 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9408159  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7699432">{{cite journal| author=Leo S, Tatulli C, Taveri R, Campanella GA, Carrieri G, Colucci G| title=Dermatological toxicity from chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil. | journal=J Chemother | year= 1994 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 423-6 | pmid=7699432 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7699432  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9817272">{{cite journal| author=Meta-Analysis Group In Cancer. Lévy E, Piedbois P, Buyse M, Pignon JP, Rougier P et al.| title=Toxicity of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: effect of administration schedule and prognostic factors. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 16 | issue= 11 | pages= 3537-41 | pmid=9817272 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1998.16.11.3537 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9817272  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10442356">{{cite journal| author=Macdonald JS| title=Toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Oncology (Williston Park) | year= 1999 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 Suppl 3 | pages= 33-4 | pmid=10442356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10442356  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2225317">{{cite journal| author=Mortimer JE, Anderson I| title=Weekly fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin: efficacy and treatment of cutaneous toxicity. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1990 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 449-52 | pmid=2225317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2225317  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11896096">{{cite journal| author=Sloan JA, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Vargas-Chanes D, Nair S, Cha SS et al.| title=Women experience greater toxicity with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 6 | pages= 1491-8 | pmid=11896096 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1491 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11896096  }} </ref>
* Capecitabine<sup>8,42-47</sup> (Xeloda)
*[[Capecitabine]] ([[Xeloda]]) <ref name="pmid15341880">{{cite journal| author=Lassere Y, Hoff P| title=Management of hand-foot syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine (Xeloda). | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S31-40 | pmid=15341880 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341880  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11697835">{{cite journal| author=Oshaughnessy JA, Blum J, Moiseyenko V, Jones SE, Miles D, Bell D et al.| title=Randomized, open-label, phase II trial of oral capecitabine (Xeloda) vs. a reference arm of intravenous CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) as first-line therapy for advanced/metastatic breast cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 9 | pages= 1247-54 | pmid=11697835 | doi=10.1023/a:1012281104865 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11697835  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11853000">{{cite journal| author=Abushullaih S, Saad ED, Munsell M, Hoff PM| title=Incidence and severity of hand-foot syndrome in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine: a single-institution experience. | journal=Cancer Invest | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-10 | pmid=11853000 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11853000  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10080589">{{cite journal| author=Blum JL, Jones SE, Buzdar AU, LoRusso PM, Kuter I, Vogel C et al.| title=Multicenter phase II study of capecitabine in paclitaxel-refractory metastatic breast cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 485-93 | pmid=10080589 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.485 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10080589  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12056707">{{cite journal| author=Cassidy J, Twelves C, Van Cutsem E, Hoff P, Bajetta E, Boyer M et al.| title=First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 566-75 | pmid=12056707 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdf089 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12056707  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15341878">{{cite journal| author=Sternberg CN, Reichardt P, Holland M| title=Development of and clinical experience with capecitabine (Xeloda) in the treatment of solid tumours. | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S4-15 | pmid=15341878 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341878  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11689577">{{cite journal| author=Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J, Allman D, Bajetta E, Boyer M et al.| title=Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 21 | pages= 4097-106 | pmid=11689577 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.21.4097 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11689577 }} </ref>
* Sorafenib <ref name="pmid21537373">{{cite journal| author=Farr KP, Safwat A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with chemotherapy and its treatment. | journal=Case Rep Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 229-35 | pmid=21537373 | doi=10.1159/000327767 | pmc=3085037 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537373 }} </ref>


'''Less frequently associated:'''
'''Less Frequently Associated:'''


* Cisplatin<sup>48</sup>
*[[Cisplatin]] <ref name="pmid9892931">{{cite journal| author=Vakalis D, Ioannides D, Lazaridou E, Mattheou-Vakali G, Teknetzis A| title=Acral erythema induced by chemotherapy with cisplatin. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 1998 | volume= 139 | issue= 4 | pages= 750-1 | pmid=9892931 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9892931  }} </ref>
* Cyclophosphamide<sup>49</sup>
*[[Cyclophosphamide]] <ref name="pmid2025579">{{cite journal| author=Morgan M, Dodds A, Atkinson K, Szer J, Downs K, Biggs J| title=The toxicity of busulphan and cyclophosphamide as the preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 1991 | volume= 77 | issue= 4 | pages= 529-34 | pmid=2025579 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2025579  }} </ref>
* Daunorubicin and liposomal daunorubicin<sup>50</sup>
*[[Daunorubicin]] and [[liposomal]] [[daunorubicin]] <ref name="pmid11034047">{{cite journal| author=Hui YF, Cortes JE| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with liposomal daunorubicin. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 10 | pages= 1221-3 | pmid=11034047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11034047  }} </ref>
* Doxifluridine
* Doxifluridine
* Etoposide<sup>51-54</sup>
*[[Etoposide]] <ref name="pmid15526203">{{cite journal| author=Marigny K, Aubin F, Burgot G, Le Gall E, Gandemer V| title=Particular cutaneous side effects with etoposide-containing courses: is VP16 or etoposide phosphate responsible? | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 2005 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 244-50 | pmid=15526203 | doi=10.1007/s00280-004-0858-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15526203  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8490845">{{cite journal| author=Murphy CP, Harden EA, Herzig RH| title=Dose-related cutaneous toxicities with etoposide. | journal=Cancer | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 10 | pages= 3153-5 | pmid=8490845 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3153::aid-cncr2820711042>3.0.co;2-# | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/ eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8490845  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8194170">{{cite journal| author=Portal I, Cardenal F, Garcia-del-Muro X| title=Etoposide-related acral erythema. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1994 | volume= 34 | issue= 2 | pages= 181 | pmid=8194170 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8194170  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid1547875">{{cite journal| author=Schey SA, Cooper J, Summerhayes M| title=The "handfoot syndrome" occurring with chronic administration of etoposide. | journal=Eur J Haematol | year= 1992 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 118-9 | pmid=1547875 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1547875  }} </ref>
* Floxuridine<sup>55</sup>     (FUDF)
*[[Floxuridine]] (FUDF) <ref name="pmid2956430">{{cite journal| author=Neuss MN, Akwari OE, Stevenson DF, Goodwin BJ| title=Painful palmar and plantar erythema associated with hepatic artery infusion of 5-fluoro-2'deoxyuridine. | journal=J Natl Med Assoc | year= 1987 | volume= 79 | issue= 6 | pages= 669-71 | pmid=2956430 | doi= | pmc=2625536 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2956430  }} </ref>
* Hydroxyurea<sup>56,57</sup>     (hydroxycarbamide)
*[[Hydroxyurea]] ([[hydroxycarbamide]]) <ref name="pmid11298103">{{cite journal| author=Vassallo C, Passamonti F, Merante S, Ardigò M, Nolli G, Mangiacavalli S et al.| title=Muco-cutaneous changes during long-term therapy with hydroxyurea in chronic myeloid leukaemia. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2001 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 141-8 | pmid=11298103 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11298103  }} </ref>
* 6-Mercaptopurine<sup>9</sup>
*[[Mercaptopurine|6-Mercaptopurine]] <ref name="pmid2947543">{{cite journal| author=Cox GJ, Robertson DB| title=Toxic erythema of palms and soles associated with high-dose mercaptopurine chemotherapy. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1986 | volume= 122 | issue= 12 | pages= 1413-4 | pmid=2947543 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2947543  }} </ref>
* Methotrexate<sup>58-63</sup>
*[[Methotrexate]] <ref name="pmid10233654">{{cite journal| author=Azurdia RM, Clark RE, Friedmann PS| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema (CIAE) with bullous reaction. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 64-6 | pmid=10233654 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10233654  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3496002">{{cite journal| author=Hansen RM, Quebbeman EJ, Ritch PS, Frick J, Anderson T| title=Continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion and pulse methotrexate/leucovorin for colorectal adenocarcinoma. A report of excessive toxicity. | journal=Am J Clin Oncol | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-8 | pmid=3496002 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3496002  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8624164">{{cite journal| author=Hellier I, Bessis D, Sotto A, Margueritte G, Guilhou JJ| title=High-dose methotrexate-induced bullous variant of acral erythema. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1996 | volume= 132 | issue= 5 | pages= 590-1 | pmid=8624164 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8624164  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10369634">{{cite journal| author=Ikeda H, Kawano H, Kitaura T, Kimura A, Kihira K| title=Acral erythema associated with high-dose methotrexate infusion. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 1999 | volume= 33 | issue= 5 | pages= 646 | pmid=10369634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369634  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11990316">{{cite journal| author=Morrell DS, Challgren E, Eapen M, Esterly NB| title=Bullous acral erythema secondary to high-dose methotrexate. | journal=J Pediatr Hematol Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 240 | pmid=11990316 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11990316  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15805003">{{cite journal| author=Postovsky S, Ben Arush MW| title=Acral erythema caused by high-dose methotrexate therapy in patients with osteogenic sarcoma. | journal=Pediatr Hematol Oncol | year= 2005 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= 167-73 | pmid=15805003 | doi=10.1080/08880010590907320 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15805003  }} </ref>
* Mitotane<sup>1</sup>
*[[Mitotane]] <ref name="pmid4276191">{{cite journal| author=Zuehlke RL| title=Erythematous eruption of the palms and soles associated with mitotane therapy. | journal=Dermatologica | year= 1974 | volume= 148 | issue= 2 | pages= 90-2 | pmid=4276191 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4276191  }} </ref>
* Paclitaxel<sup>64-67</sup> (Taxol)
*[[Paclitaxel]] ([[Taxol]]) <ref name="pmid12582404">{{cite journal| author=Kupfer I, Balguerie X, Courville P, Chinet P, Joly P| title=Scleroderma-like cutaneous lesions induced by paclitaxel: a case study. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 279-81 | pmid=12582404 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2003.30 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12582404  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12065868">{{cite journal| author=Mavroudis D, Kouroussis Ch, Kakolyris S, Agelaki S, Kalbakis K, Androulakis N et al.| title=Phase I study of paclitaxel (taxol) and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (caelyx) administered every 2 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. | journal=Oncology | year= 2002 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-22 | pmid=12065868 | doi=10.1159/000059568 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12065868  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11895894">{{cite journal| author=Toppmeyer D, Seidman AD, Pollak M, Russell C, Tkaczuk K, Verma S et al.| title=Safety and efficacy of the multidrug resistance inhibitor Incel (biricodar; VX-710) in combination with paclitaxel for advanced breast cancer refractory to paclitaxel. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2002 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 670-8 | pmid=11895894 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11895894  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11432617">{{cite journal| author=Villalona-Calero MA, Blum JL, Jones SE, Diab S, Elledge R, Khoury P et al.| title=A phase I and pharmacologic study of capecitabine and paclitaxel in breast cancer patients. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 605-14 | pmid=11432617 | doi=10.1023/a:1011181010669 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11432617  }} </ref>
* Tegafur<sup>68-70</sup>
*[[Tegafur]] <ref name="pmid9059686">{{cite journal| author=Bastida J, Díaz-Cascajo C, Borghi S| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema due to Tegafur. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1997 | volume= 77 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-3 | pmid=9059686 | doi=10.2340/00015555777273 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9059686  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7887678">{{cite journal| author=Jucglà A, Sais G, Navarro M, Peyri J| title=Palmoplantar keratoderma secondary to chronic acral erythema due to tegafur. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1995 | volume= 131 | issue= 3 | pages= 364-5 | pmid=7887678 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7887678  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9059693">{{cite journal| author=Rios-Buceta L, Buezo GF, Peñas PF, Dauden E, Fernandez-Herrera J, Garcia-Diez A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome and other cutaneous side-effects after treatment with Tegafur. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1997 | volume= 77 | issue= 1 | pages= 80-1 | pmid=9059693 | doi=10.2340/00015555778081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9059693  }} </ref>
* Vinorelbine<sup>71-74</sup>
*[[Vinorelbine]] <ref name="pmid9486588">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Valero V, Ibrahim N, Willey J, Hortobagyi GN| title=Hand-foot syndrome following prolonged infusion of high doses of vinorelbine. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 965-9 | pmid=9486588 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980301)82:5<965::aid-cncr23>3.0.co;2-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9486588  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11843256">{{cite journal| author=Laack E, Mende T, Knuffmann C, Hossfeld DK| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with short infusions of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and vinorelbine. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 12 | pages= 1761-3 | pmid=11843256 | doi=10.1023/a:1013575816870 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11843256  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12864942">{{cite journal| author=Lorusso V, Crucitta E, Silvestris N, Guida M, Misino A, Latorre A et al.| title=A phase I study of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine in advanced breast cancer. | journal=Clin Breast Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 138-41 | pmid=12864942 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12864942  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9731914">{{cite journal| author=Rosner F| title=Hand-foot syndrome following prolonged infusion of high doses of vinorelbine. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 83 | issue= 5 | pages= 1054-5 | pmid=9731914 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1054::aid-cncr40>3.0.co;2-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9731914  }} </ref>
* Idarubicin (Idamycin)
*[[Idarubicin]] ([[Idamycin]])
* Vemurafenib<sup>75</sup> (Zelboraf)
*[[Vemurafenib]] (Zelboraf) <ref name="pmid23457002">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Duvic M, Hauschild A, Prieto VG, Robert C, Schadendorf D et al.| title=Analysis of dermatologic events in vemurafenib-treated patients with melanoma. | journal=Oncologist | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 3 | pages= 314-22 | pmid=23457002 | doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0333 | pmc=3607529 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23457002  }} </ref>
* 6-thioguanine<sup>76</sup>
*[[Thioguanine|6-thioguanine]] <ref name="pmid7769838">{{cite journal| author=Powell BL, Lyerly ES, Motsinger CP, Cruz JM, Chorley HM, Hurd DD et al.| title=Phase I study of continuous infusion 6-thioguanine in patients with acute leukemia. | journal=Leukemia | year= 1995 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 770-3 | pmid=7769838 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7769838  }} </ref>


'''[[Targeted therapy|Targeted Therapy]] Drugs Causing PPE:'''


Commonly associated chemotherapeutic agents are listed below:
*[[Axitinib]] (Inlyta) <ref name="pmid23345001">{{cite journal| author=Fischer A, Wu S, Ho AL, Lacouture ME| title=The risk of hand-foot skin reaction to axitinib, a novel VEGF inhibitor: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 787-97 | pmid=23345001 | doi=10.1007/s10637-013-9927-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23345001  }} </ref>


* Most frequently associated with Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin), 5-Flurouracil, and Cytarabine<ref name="pmid17350337">{{cite journal| author=Webster-Gandy JD, How C, Harrold K| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE): a literature review with commentary on experience in a cancer centre. | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2007 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 238-46 | pmid=17350337 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2006.10.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17350337  }}</ref>.
*[[Cabozantinib]] (Cabometyx, Cometriq) <ref name="pmid26009777">{{cite journal| author=Belum VR, Serna-Tamayo C, Wu S, Lacouture ME| title=Incidence and risk of hand-foot skin reaction with cabozantinib, a novel multikinase inhibitor: a meta-analysis. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-15 | pmid=26009777 | doi=10.1111/ced.12694 | pmc=5066302 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26009777 }} </ref>
* Methotrexate - even low dose used to treat ALL<ref name="pmid1441532">{{cite journal| author=Wysocki M, Nowaczyk-Michalak A, Pilecki O, Kurylak A, Balcar-Boroń A, Trybuś L| title=[Burgdorf's reaction (painful acral erythema) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following medium-dose methotrexate therapy]. | journal=Wiad Lek | year= 1992 | volume= 45 | issue= 11-12 | pages= 462-4 | pmid=1441532 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1441532  }}</ref>
* Mitotane<ref name="pmid4276191">{{cite journal| author=Zuehlke RL| title=Erythematous eruption of the palms and soles associated with mitotane therapy. | journal=Dermatologica | year= 1974 | volume= 148 | issue= 2 | pages= 90-2 | pmid=4276191 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4276191  }}</ref>
* PLD, Docetaxel, Capecitabine, vinorelbine, gemcitabine and Sorafenib<ref name="pmid21537373">{{cite journal| author=Farr KP, Safwat A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with chemotherapy and its treatment. | journal=Case Rep Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 229-35 | pmid=21537373 | doi=10.1159/000327767 | pmc=3085037 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537373 }}</ref>


'''<big>Less Common Causes</big>'''<ref name="pmid10071309">{{cite journal| author=Susser WS, Whitaker-Worth DL, Grant-Kels JM| title=Mucocutaneous reactions to chemotherapy. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 367-98; quiz 399-400 | pmid=10071309 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10071309 }}</ref>
*[[Regorafenib]] (Stivarga)<ref name="pmid30763946">{{cite journal| author=Kobayashi K, Kawakami K, Yokokawa T, Aoyama T, Suzuki K, Wakatsuki T et al.| title=Association of Hand-Foot Skin Reaction with Regorafenib Efficacy in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. | journal=Oncology | year= 2019 | volume= 96 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-206 | pmid=30763946 | doi=10.1159/000495989 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30763946 }} </ref>


* Cisplatin
*[[Sorafenib]] ([[Nexavar]])<ref name="pmid24641872">{{cite journal| author=Velandia-Carrillo C, Wandurraga-Sánchez E, Gómez-Abreo D| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with use of sorafenib in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer: a case report. | journal=BMC Endocr Disord | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 26 | pmid=24641872 | doi=10.1186/1472-6823-14-26 | pmc=3994654 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24641872  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19558553">{{cite journal| author=Lee WJ, Lee JL, Chang SE, Lee MW, Kang YK, Choi JH et al.| title=Cutaneous adverse effects in patients treated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 161 | issue= 5 | pages= 1045-51 | pmid=19558553 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09290.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19558553  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18550575">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Reilly LM, Gerami P, Guitart J| title=Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 11 | pages= 1955-61 | pmid=18550575 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdn389 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18550575  }} </ref>
* Cyclophosphamide
 
* Daunorubicin
*[[Sunitinib]] ([[Sutent]]) <ref name="pmid24641872">{{cite journal| author=Velandia-Carrillo C, Wandurraga-Sánchez E, Gómez-Abreo D| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with use of sorafenib in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer: a case report. | journal=BMC Endocr Disord | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 26 | pmid=24641872 | doi=10.1186/1472-6823-14-26 | pmc=3994654 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24641872  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19558553">{{cite journal| author=Lee WJ, Lee JL, Chang SE, Lee MW, Kang YK, Choi JH et al.| title=Cutaneous adverse effects in patients treated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 161 | issue= 5 | pages= 1045-51 | pmid=19558553 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09290.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19558553  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18550575">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Reilly LM, Gerami P, Guitart J| title=Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 11 | pages= 1955-61 | pmid=18550575 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdn389 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18550575 }} </ref>
* Doxifluridine
* Etoposide
* Floxuridine
* Hydroxyurea
* Idarubicin
* Lomustine
* Melphalan
* Mercaptopurine
* Mitomycin
* Paclitaxel
* Suramin
* Troxacitabine<ref name="pmid11432895">{{cite journal| author=Hidalgo M, Siu LL, Nemunaitis J, Rizzo J, Hammond LA, Takimoto C et al.| title=Phase I and pharmacologic study of OSI-774, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 13 | pages= 3267-79 | pmid=11432895 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.13.3267 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11432895 }}</ref>
* Tegafur
* Vincristine


===Genetics===
*[[Pazopanib]] (Votrient)<ref name="pmid25988081">{{cite journal| author=Sundriyal D, Kumar N| title=Pazopanib induced hand-foot syndrome. | journal=Oxf Med Case Reports | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= 2 | pages= 206-7 | pmid=25988081 | doi=10.1093/omcr/omv013 | pmc=4370017 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25988081  }} </ref>
No genetic association has been found as of yet as the data on this condition is limited.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:08, 5 August 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mandana Chitsazan, M.D. [2]

Overview

Several different chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE). Most frequently associated drugs include cytarabine, docetaxel, doxorubicin, liposomal-encapsulated doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and capecitabine.

Causes

Chemotherapy drugs that can cause this syndrome include: [1]

Most Frequently Associated:

Less Frequently Associated:

Targeted Therapy Drugs Causing PPE:

References

  1. ↑ Baack BR, Burgdorf WH (1991). "Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema". J Am Acad Dermatol. 24 (3): 457–61. PMID 2061446.
  2. ↑ Baer MR, King LE, Wolff SN (1985). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and cytarabine". Ann Intern Med. 102 (4): 556. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-556_1. PMID 3977204.
  3. ↑ Crawford JH, Eikelboom JW, McQuillan A (2002). "Recurrent palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia following high-dose cytarabine treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Eur J Haematol. 69 (5–6): 315–7. PMID 12460237.
  4. ↑ Zimmerman GC, Keeling JH, Burris HA, Cook G, Irvin R, Kuhn J; et al. (1995). "Acute cutaneous reactions to docetaxel, a new chemotherapeutic agent". Arch Dermatol. 131 (2): 202–6. PMID 7857119.
  5. ↑ Katoh M, Kadota M, Nishimura Y (2004). "A case of docetaxel-induced erythrodysesthesia". J Dermatol. 31 (5): 403–6. PMID 15187308.
  6. ↑ Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK (1999). "Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs". Hum Exp Toxicol. 18 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1177/096032719901800103. PMID 10025364.
  7. ↑ Charrois GJ, Allen TM (2003). "Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 306 (3): 1058–67. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.053413. PMID 12808004.
  8. ↑ D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N; et al. (2003). "Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer". Br J Cancer. 89 (7): 1180–4. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284. PMC 2394291. PMID 14520442.
  9. ↑ Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ (1985). "Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes". Ann Intern Med. 103 (2): 303–4. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3. PMID 3160276.
  10. ↑ Coukell AJ, Spencer CM (1997). "Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma". Drugs. 53 (3): 520–38. doi:10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011. PMID 9074848.
  11. ↑ Goram AL, Richmond PL (2001). "Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity". Pharmacotherapy. 21 (6): 751–63. PMID 11401188.
  12. ↑ Matsumura Y, Gotoh M, Muro K, Yamada Y, Shirao K, Shimada Y; et al. (2004). "Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of MCC-465, a doxorubicin (DXR) encapsulated in PEG immunoliposome, in patients with metastatic stomach cancer". Ann Oncol. 15 (3): 517–25. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdh092. PMID 14998859.
  13. ↑ Molpus KL, Anderson LB, Craig CL, Puleo JG (2004). "The effect of regional cooling on toxicity associated with intravenous infusion of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian carcinoma". Gynecol Oncol. 93 (2): 513–6. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.02.019. PMID 15099971.
  14. ↑ Vail DM, Chun R, Thamm DH, Garrett LD, Cooley AJ, Obradovich JE (1998). "Efficacy of pyridoxine to ameliorate the cutaneous toxicity associated with doxorubicin containing pegylated (Stealth) liposomes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial using a canine model". Clin Cancer Res. 4 (6): 1567–71. PMID 9626479.
  15. ↑ Lokich JJ, Ahlgren JD, Gullo JJ, Philips JA, Fryer JG (1989). "A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program Study". J Clin Oncol. 7 (4): 425–32. doi:10.1200/JCO.1989.7.4.425. PMID 2926468.
  16. ↑ Fabian CJ, Molina R, Slavik M, Dahlberg S, Giri S, Stephens R (1990). "Pyridoxine therapy for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion". Invest New Drugs. 8 (1): 57–63. PMID 2345070.
  17. ↑ Ardalan B, Chua L, Tian EM, Reddy R, Sridhar K, Benedetto P; et al. (1991). "A phase II study of weekly 24-hour infusion with high-dose fluorouracil with leucovorin in colorectal carcinoma". J Clin Oncol. 9 (4): 625–30. doi:10.1200/JCO.1991.9.4.625. PMID 2066758.
  18. ↑ Banfield GK, Crate ID, Griffiths CL (1995). "Long-term sequelae of Palmar-Plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy". J R Soc Med. 88 (6): 356P–357P. PMC 1295248. PMID 7629773.
  19. ↑ Bellmunt J, Navarro M, Hidalgo R, Solé LA (1988). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with short-term continuous infusion (5 days) of 5-fluorouracil". Tumori. 74 (3): 329–31. PMID 3400123.
  20. ↑ Chiara S, Nobile MT, Barzacchi C, Sanguineti O, Vincenti M, Di Somma C; et al. (1997). "Hand-foot syndrome induced by high-dose, short-term, continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion". Eur J Cancer. 33 (6): 967–9. PMID 9291822.
  21. ↑ Comandone A, Bretti S, La Grotta G, Manzoni S, Bonardi G, Berardo R; et al. (1993). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysestasia syndrome associated with 5-fluorouracil treatment". Anticancer Res. 13 (5C): 1781–3. PMID 8267382.
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  67. ↑ Fischer A, Wu S, Ho AL, Lacouture ME (2013). "The risk of hand-foot skin reaction to axitinib, a novel VEGF inhibitor: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis". Invest New Drugs. 31 (3): 787–97. doi:10.1007/s10637-013-9927-x. PMID 23345001.
  68. ↑ Belum VR, Serna-Tamayo C, Wu S, Lacouture ME (2016). "Incidence and risk of hand-foot skin reaction with cabozantinib, a novel multikinase inhibitor: a meta-analysis". Clin Exp Dermatol. 41 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1111/ced.12694. PMC 5066302. PMID 26009777.
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  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Velandia-Carrillo C, Wandurraga-Sánchez E, Gómez-Abreo D (2014). "Hand-foot syndrome associated with use of sorafenib in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer: a case report". BMC Endocr Disord. 14: 26. doi:10.1186/1472-6823-14-26. PMC 3994654. PMID 24641872.
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  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Lacouture ME, Reilly LM, Gerami P, Guitart J (2008). "Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib". Ann Oncol. 19 (11): 1955–61. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn389. PMID 18550575.
  73. ↑ Sundriyal D, Kumar N (2015). "Pazopanib induced hand-foot syndrome". Oxf Med Case Reports. 2015 (2): 206–7. doi:10.1093/omcr/omv013. PMC 4370017. PMID 25988081.
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