Lipoid pneumonia causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Vaping is a common cause of [[lipoid pneumonia]]. Occupationally related [[lipoid pneumonia]] is seen in fire-eaters(caused by Kedran oil). Some trivial habits such as: Use of oil-based [[laxatives]], lip balm, lip gloss [[petroleum jelly]] play a role in [[lipoid pneumonia]] development. Siphoning various mineral oils such as [[diesel]] is another common risk factor especially in India may be another causetive factor. | |||
== Exogenous lipoid Pneumonia Causes == | == Exogenous lipoid Pneumonia Causes == | ||
=== Common Causes === | === Common Causes === | ||
*Vaping is a common cause of [[lipoid pneumonia]]<ref name="GondouinManzoni1996">{{cite journal|last1=Gondouin|first1=A.|last2=Manzoni|first2=Ph.|last3=Ranfaing|first3=E.|last4=Brun|first4=J.|last5=Cadranel|first5=J.|last6=Sadoun|first6=D.|last7=Cordier|first7=J.F.|last8=Depierre|first8=A.|last9=Dalphin|first9=J.C.|title=Exogenous lipid pneumonia: a retrospective multicentre study of 44 cases in France|journal=European Respiratory Journal|volume=9|issue=7|year=1996|pages=1463–1469|issn=00000000|doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09071463}}</ref><ref name="MeltzerGuranda2005">{{cite journal|last1=Meltzer|first1=E.|last2=Guranda|first2=L.|last3=Perelman|first3=M.|last4=Krupsky|first4=M.|last5=Vassilenko|first5=L.|last6=Sidi|first6=Y.|title=Lipoid pneumonia: A preventable form of drug-induced lung injury|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=16|issue=8|year=2005|pages=615–617|issn=09536205|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2005.06.014}}</ref><ref name="urlOutbreak of Electronic-Cigarette–Associated Acute Lipoid Pneumonia — North Carolina, July–August 2019 | MMWR">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6836e1.htm |title=Outbreak of Electronic-Cigarette–Associated Acute Lipoid Pneumonia — North Carolina, July–August 2019 | MMWR |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | * Vaping is a common cause of [[lipoid pneumonia]]:<ref name="GondouinManzoni1996">{{cite journal|last1=Gondouin|first1=A.|last2=Manzoni|first2=Ph.|last3=Ranfaing|first3=E.|last4=Brun|first4=J.|last5=Cadranel|first5=J.|last6=Sadoun|first6=D.|last7=Cordier|first7=J.F.|last8=Depierre|first8=A.|last9=Dalphin|first9=J.C.|title=Exogenous lipid pneumonia: a retrospective multicentre study of 44 cases in France|journal=European Respiratory Journal|volume=9|issue=7|year=1996|pages=1463–1469|issn=00000000|doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09071463}}</ref><ref name="MeltzerGuranda2005">{{cite journal|last1=Meltzer|first1=E.|last2=Guranda|first2=L.|last3=Perelman|first3=M.|last4=Krupsky|first4=M.|last5=Vassilenko|first5=L.|last6=Sidi|first6=Y.|title=Lipoid pneumonia: A preventable form of drug-induced lung injury|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=16|issue=8|year=2005|pages=615–617|issn=09536205|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2005.06.014}}</ref><ref name="urlOutbreak of Electronic-Cigarette–Associated Acute Lipoid Pneumonia — North Carolina, July–August 2019 | MMWR">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6836e1.htm |title=Outbreak of Electronic-Cigarette–Associated Acute Lipoid Pneumonia — North Carolina, July–August 2019 | MMWR |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
**E-cigarets and vapes use an oily juice as their source. | ** E-cigarets and vapes use an [[oily]] juice as their source. | ||
**Heating the [[oil]] makes the smoke. | ** Heating the [[oil]] makes the smoke. | ||
**They can be used as [[THC]] or other drug smoking material. | ** They can be used as [[THC]] or other drug smoking material. | ||
**There is a high association between [[THC]] or other highly concentrated oil juice material with [[lipoid pneumonia]]. | ** There is a high association between [[THC]] or other highly concentrated oil juice material with [[lipoid pneumonia]]. | ||
*Occupationally related lipoid pneumonia is seen in fire-eaters(caused by Kedran oil)<ref name="KitchenO'Brien2008">{{cite journal|last1=Kitchen|first1=J M|last2=O'Brien|first2=D E|last3=McLaughlin|first3=A M|title=Perils of fire eating|journal=Thorax|volume=63|issue=5|year=2008|pages=401–401|issn=0040-6376|doi=10.1136/thx.2007.090001}}</ref><ref name="Seaton2010">{{cite journal|last1=Seaton|first1=A.|title=Lipoid pneumonia in a fire breather|journal=Occupational Medicine|volume=60|issue=5|year=2010|pages=406–406|issn=0962-7480|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqq094}}</ref> | * Occupationally related [[lipoid pneumonia]] is seen in fire-eaters(caused by Kedran oil).<ref name="KitchenO'Brien2008">{{cite journal|last1=Kitchen|first1=J M|last2=O'Brien|first2=D E|last3=McLaughlin|first3=A M|title=Perils of fire eating|journal=Thorax|volume=63|issue=5|year=2008|pages=401–401|issn=0040-6376|doi=10.1136/thx.2007.090001}}</ref><ref name="Seaton2010">{{cite journal|last1=Seaton|first1=A.|title=Lipoid pneumonia in a fire breather|journal=Occupational Medicine|volume=60|issue=5|year=2010|pages=406–406|issn=0962-7480|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqq094}}</ref> | ||
=== Less common causes === | === Less common causes === | ||
*Some trivial habits such as<ref name="Spickard1994">{{cite journal|last1=Spickard|first1=Anderson|title=Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=154|issue=6|year=1994|pages=686|issn=0003-9926|doi=10.1001/archinte.1994.00420060122013}}</ref><ref name="HaddaKhilnani2009">{{cite journal|last1=Hadda|first1=Vijay|last2=Khilnani|first2=Gopi C|last3=Bhalla|first3=Ashu S|last4=Mathur|first4=Sandeep|title=Lipoid pneumonia presenting as non resolving community acquired pneumonia: a case report|journal=Cases Journal|volume=2|issue=1|year=2009|pages=9332|issn=1757-1626|doi=10.1186/1757-1626-2-9332}}</ref> | * Some trivial habits such as:<ref name="Spickard1994">{{cite journal|last1=Spickard|first1=Anderson|title=Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=154|issue=6|year=1994|pages=686|issn=0003-9926|doi=10.1001/archinte.1994.00420060122013}}</ref><ref name="HaddaKhilnani2009">{{cite journal|last1=Hadda|first1=Vijay|last2=Khilnani|first2=Gopi C|last3=Bhalla|first3=Ashu S|last4=Mathur|first4=Sandeep|title=Lipoid pneumonia presenting as non resolving community acquired pneumonia: a case report|journal=Cases Journal|volume=2|issue=1|year=2009|pages=9332|issn=1757-1626|doi=10.1186/1757-1626-2-9332}}</ref> | ||
**Use of oil-based [[laxatives]] | ** Use of oil-based [[laxatives]] | ||
**Lip balm | ** Lip balm | ||
**Lip gloss | ** Lip gloss | ||
**[[Petroleum jelly]] | ** [[Petroleum jelly]] | ||
*Siphoning various mineral oils such as [[diesel]] is another common risk factor especially in India. | * Siphoning various mineral oils such as [[diesel]] is another common risk factor especially in India. | ||
*Forceful animal fat feeding such as 'Ghee' is another common cause among Indians. | * Forceful animal fat feeding such as 'Ghee' is another common cause among Indians. | ||
*Exogenous [[lipid]] could be [[Aspirate|aspirated]] through these mechanisms | * Exogenous [[lipid]] could be [[Aspirate|aspirated]] through these mechanisms | ||
=== Genetic causes === | === Genetic causes === | ||
| Line 45: | Line 33: | ||
=== [[Aspiration]] causes === | === [[Aspiration]] causes === | ||
*Incompetent [[swallowing]] mechanism, such as in neurological disease (a common cause being [[Cerebrovascular accident|strokes]]) or while a person is [[Drunkenness|intoxicated]]. | * Incompetent [[swallowing]] mechanism, such as in neurological disease (a common cause being [[Cerebrovascular accident|strokes]]) or while a person is [[Drunkenness|intoxicated]]. | ||
*[[Iatrogenic]] causes such as [[general anaesthesia]] for an [[Surgery|operation]]. Patients are therefore instructed to be | * [[Iatrogenic]] causes such as [[general anaesthesia]] for an [[Surgery|operation]]. Patients are therefore instructed to be "not permitted orally" (NPO) for at least four hours before surgery. | ||
**Exogenous [[lipoid pneumonia]] could be an [[iatrogenic]] outcome of [[bronchoscopy]] with propylidone dye. | ** Exogenous [[lipoid pneumonia]] could be an [[iatrogenic]] outcome of [[bronchoscopy]] with propylidone dye. | ||
* Drug Side Effect: | * Drug Side Effect: | ||
**[[Blinatumomab]] | ** [[Blinatumomab]] | ||
**[[Belimumab]] | ** [[Belimumab]] | ||
**[[Boceprevir]] | ** [[Boceprevir]] | ||
**[[Ceritinib]] | ** [[Ceritinib]] | ||
**[[Dornase Alfa]] | ** [[Dornase Alfa]] | ||
**[[Enfuvirtide]] | ** [[Enfuvirtide]] | ||
**[[ | ** [[Ethanolamine oleate]] | ||
**[[Felbamate]] | ** [[Felbamate]] | ||
**[[Iloperidone]] | ** [[Iloperidone]] | ||
**[[ | ** [[Interferon alfacon-1]] | ||
**[[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]] | ** [[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]] | ||
== | == Endogenous lipoid Pneumonia Causes == | ||
=== | * Most common cause of endogenous [[lipoid pneumonia]] pre-existing conditions such as:<ref name="GaerteMeyer2002">{{cite journal|last1=Gaerte|first1=Scott C.|last2=Meyer|first2=Cristopher A.|last3=Winer-Muram|first3=Helen T.|last4=Tarver|first4=Robert D.|last5=Conces|first5=Dewey J.|title=Fat-containing Lesions of the Chest|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=22|issue=suppl_1|year=2002|pages=S61–S78|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.suppl_1.g02oc08s61}}</ref><ref name="AuLie2007">{{cite journal|last1=Au|first1=W.Y.|last2=Lie|first2=A.K.|last3=Cheng|first3=V.C.C.|last4=Cheng|first4=L.C.|last5=Wang|first5=E.P.|last6=Wong|first6=C.F.|title=Successful Lung Transplantation for Post-BMT Bronchiolitis Obliterans and Lipoid Pneumonia Associated with Atypical Mycobacterium and Aspergillosis Infection|journal=The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation|volume=26|issue=8|year=2007|pages=870–872|issn=10532498|doi=10.1016/j.healun.2007.05.015}}</ref><ref name="BerghausHaeckel2007">{{cite journal|last1=Berghaus|first1=Thomas M|last2=Haeckel|first2=Thomas|last3=Wagner|first3=Theodor|last4=von Scheidt|first4=Wolfgang|last5=Schwaiblmair|first5=Martin G|title=Endogenous lipoid pneumonia associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis|journal=The Lancet|volume=369|issue=9567|year=2007|pages=1140|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60530-3}}</ref><ref name="NicholsonWells2002">{{cite journal|last1=Nicholson|first1=Andrew G.|last2=Wells|first2=Athol U.|last3=Hooper|first3=James|last4=Hansell|first4=David M.|last5=Kelleher|first5=Andrea|last6=Morgan|first6=Cliff|title=Successful Treatment of Endogenous Lipoid Pneumonia due to Niemann–Pick Type B Disease with Whole-Lung Lavage|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=165|issue=1|year=2002|pages=128–131|issn=1073-449X|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.165.1.2103113}}</ref><ref name="ItohSegawa2009">{{cite journal|last1=Itoh|first1=Yasushi|last2=Segawa|first2=Hidekazu|last3=Kito|first3=Katsuyuki|last4=Hodohara|first4=Keiko|last5=Ishigaki|first5=Hirohito|last6=Sugihara|first6=Hiroyuki|last7=Fujiyama|first7=Yoshihide|last8=Ogasawara|first8=Kazumasa|title=Lipoid pneumonia with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia|journal=Pathology - Research and Practice|volume=205|issue=2|year=2009|pages=143–147|issn=03440338|doi=10.1016/j.prp.2008.07.013}}</ref><ref name="SpaldingCambria2009">{{cite journal|last1=Spalding|first1=Steven J|last2=Cambria|first2=Marnie|last3=Arkachaisri|first3=Thaschawee|title=Distinguishing Wegener's granulomatosis from necrotizing community acquired pneumonia: A case report and comparison of radiographic findings|journal=Pediatric Pulmonology|volume=44|issue=2|year=2009|pages=195–197|issn=87556863|doi=10.1002/ppul.20959}}</ref><ref name="pmid11208509">{{cite journal| author=Barta Z, Szabo GG, Bruckner G, Szegedi G| title=Endogenous lipoid pneumonia associated with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). | journal=Med Sci Monit | year= 2001 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 134-6 | pmid=11208509 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11208509 }}</ref> | ||
**Endogenous lipid pneumonia is a direct consequence of [[bronchial]] obstruction: | |||
*** The main reason is [[non-small cell carcinoma]]. | |||
** Endogenous [[lipid pneumonia]] can occure as manifestation of [[infection]] or other diseases with no [[obstruction]]. | |||
** Endogenous [[lipoid pneumonia]] has been observed in association with [[Lung|pulmonary]] [[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis|alveolar proteinosis]]. | |||
***[[Alveolar proteinosis]] is filling the [[alveoli]] with protein and [[lipid]] resembling [[Pulmonary surfactant|surfactant]]. | |||
*** It manifest as ground-glass capacities and crazy-paving pattern on CT scan | |||
**[[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-pick]] disease | |||
**[[Sclerosing cholangitis]] | |||
**[[Bronchiolitis obliterans|Bronchiolitis oblitera]] | |||
** Nercotizing granulomatosis | |||
**[[Connective tissue disease]] | |||
[[File:PMC5065644 gr2.png|center|thumb|Ground-glass attenuation in alveolar proteinosis of lipoid pneumonia.(Tomoaki Hoshino et al)<ref name="KatsumiTominaga2016">{{cite journal|last1=Katsumi|first1=Hidenori|last2=Tominaga|first2=Masaki|last3=Tajiri|first3=Morihiro|last4=Shimizu|first4=Shigeki|last5=Sakazaki|first5=Yuki|last6=Kinoshita|first6=Takashi|last7=Okamoto|first7=Masaki|last8=Kawayama|first8=Tomotaka|last9=Hoshino|first9=Tomoaki|title=A case of lipoid pneumonia caused by inhalation of vaporized paraffin from burning candles|journal=Respiratory Medicine Case Reports|volume=19|year=2016|pages=166–168|issn=22130071|doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2016.10.001}}</ref>]] | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
| Line 75: | Line 74: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | |bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| petroleum jelly | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| Line 87: | Line 86: | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| Oil based luxatives | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| Line 115: | Line 114: | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | | '''Iatrogenic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| Oil based prescriptions | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| Line 139: | Line 138: | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Oncologic''' | | '''Oncologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| solid tumors | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| Line 179: | Line 178: | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Miscellaneous''' | | '''Miscellaneous''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | |bgcolor="Beige"| Vaping with oily juice | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
* | * | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Latest revision as of 23:57, 29 October 2019
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Lipoid pneumonia Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Lipoid pneumonia causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lipoid pneumonia causes |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Lipoid pneumonia causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ramyar Ghandriz MD[2]
Overview
Vaping is a common cause of lipoid pneumonia. Occupationally related lipoid pneumonia is seen in fire-eaters(caused by Kedran oil). Some trivial habits such as: Use of oil-based laxatives, lip balm, lip gloss petroleum jelly play a role in lipoid pneumonia development. Siphoning various mineral oils such as diesel is another common risk factor especially in India may be another causetive factor.
Exogenous lipoid Pneumonia Causes
Common Causes
- Vaping is a common cause of lipoid pneumonia:[1][2][3]
- E-cigarets and vapes use an oily juice as their source.
- Heating the oil makes the smoke.
- They can be used as THC or other drug smoking material.
- There is a high association between THC or other highly concentrated oil juice material with lipoid pneumonia.
- Occupationally related lipoid pneumonia is seen in fire-eaters(caused by Kedran oil).[4][5]
Less common causes
- Some trivial habits such as:[6][7]
- Use of oil-based laxatives
- Lip balm
- Lip gloss
- Petroleum jelly
- Siphoning various mineral oils such as diesel is another common risk factor especially in India.
- Forceful animal fat feeding such as 'Ghee' is another common cause among Indians.
- Exogenous lipid could be aspirated through these mechanisms
Genetic causes
- There is no reported genetic causes for exogenous lipoid pneumonia.[8]
Aspiration causes
- Incompetent swallowing mechanism, such as in neurological disease (a common cause being strokes) or while a person is intoxicated.
- Iatrogenic causes such as general anaesthesia for an operation. Patients are therefore instructed to be "not permitted orally" (NPO) for at least four hours before surgery.
- Exogenous lipoid pneumonia could be an iatrogenic outcome of bronchoscopy with propylidone dye.
- Drug Side Effect:
Endogenous lipoid Pneumonia Causes
- Most common cause of endogenous lipoid pneumonia pre-existing conditions such as:[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
- Endogenous lipid pneumonia is a direct consequence of bronchial obstruction:
- The main reason is non-small cell carcinoma.
- Endogenous lipid pneumonia can occure as manifestation of infection or other diseases with no obstruction.
- Endogenous lipoid pneumonia has been observed in association with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
- Alveolar proteinosis is filling the alveoli with protein and lipid resembling surfactant.
- It manifest as ground-glass capacities and crazy-paving pattern on CT scan
- Niemann-pick disease
- Sclerosing cholangitis
- Bronchiolitis oblitera
- Nercotizing granulomatosis
- Connective tissue disease
- Endogenous lipid pneumonia is a direct consequence of bronchial obstruction:
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | petroleum jelly |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Oil based luxatives |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Oil based prescriptions |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | solid tumors |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Vaping with oily juice |
References
- ↑ Gondouin, A.; Manzoni, Ph.; Ranfaing, E.; Brun, J.; Cadranel, J.; Sadoun, D.; Cordier, J.F.; Depierre, A.; Dalphin, J.C. (1996). "Exogenous lipid pneumonia: a retrospective multicentre study of 44 cases in France". European Respiratory Journal. 9 (7): 1463–1469. doi:10.1183/09031936.96.09071463. ISSN 0000-0000.
- ↑ Meltzer, E.; Guranda, L.; Perelman, M.; Krupsky, M.; Vassilenko, L.; Sidi, Y. (2005). "Lipoid pneumonia: A preventable form of drug-induced lung injury". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 16 (8): 615–617. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2005.06.014. ISSN 0953-6205.
- ↑ "Outbreak of Electronic-Cigarette–Associated Acute Lipoid Pneumonia — North Carolina, July–August 2019 | MMWR".
- ↑ Kitchen, J M; O'Brien, D E; McLaughlin, A M (2008). "Perils of fire eating". Thorax. 63 (5): 401–401. doi:10.1136/thx.2007.090001. ISSN 0040-6376.
- ↑ Seaton, A. (2010). "Lipoid pneumonia in a fire breather". Occupational Medicine. 60 (5): 406–406. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq094. ISSN 0962-7480.
- ↑ Spickard, Anderson (1994). "Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia". Archives of Internal Medicine. 154 (6): 686. doi:10.1001/archinte.1994.00420060122013. ISSN 0003-9926.
- ↑ Hadda, Vijay; Khilnani, Gopi C; Bhalla, Ashu S; Mathur, Sandeep (2009). "Lipoid pneumonia presenting as non resolving community acquired pneumonia: a case report". Cases Journal. 2 (1): 9332. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-2-9332. ISSN 1757-1626.
- ↑ Lu M, Yan W, Zhu X, Zhu H (2019). "[Exogenous lipoid pneumonia induced by long-term usage of compound menthol nasal drops: a case report]". Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 51 (2): 359–361. PMID 30996383.
- ↑ Gaerte, Scott C.; Meyer, Cristopher A.; Winer-Muram, Helen T.; Tarver, Robert D.; Conces, Dewey J. (2002). "Fat-containing Lesions of the Chest". RadioGraphics. 22 (suppl_1): S61–S78. doi:10.1148/radiographics.22.suppl_1.g02oc08s61. ISSN 0271-5333.
- ↑ Au, W.Y.; Lie, A.K.; Cheng, V.C.C.; Cheng, L.C.; Wang, E.P.; Wong, C.F. (2007). "Successful Lung Transplantation for Post-BMT Bronchiolitis Obliterans and Lipoid Pneumonia Associated with Atypical Mycobacterium and Aspergillosis Infection". The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 26 (8): 870–872. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2007.05.015. ISSN 1053-2498.
- ↑ Berghaus, Thomas M; Haeckel, Thomas; Wagner, Theodor; von Scheidt, Wolfgang; Schwaiblmair, Martin G (2007). "Endogenous lipoid pneumonia associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis". The Lancet. 369 (9567): 1140. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60530-3. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Nicholson, Andrew G.; Wells, Athol U.; Hooper, James; Hansell, David M.; Kelleher, Andrea; Morgan, Cliff (2002). "Successful Treatment of Endogenous Lipoid Pneumonia due to Niemann–Pick Type B Disease with Whole-Lung Lavage". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 165 (1): 128–131. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.165.1.2103113. ISSN 1073-449X.
- ↑ Itoh, Yasushi; Segawa, Hidekazu; Kito, Katsuyuki; Hodohara, Keiko; Ishigaki, Hirohito; Sugihara, Hiroyuki; Fujiyama, Yoshihide; Ogasawara, Kazumasa (2009). "Lipoid pneumonia with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia". Pathology - Research and Practice. 205 (2): 143–147. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2008.07.013. ISSN 0344-0338.
- ↑ Spalding, Steven J; Cambria, Marnie; Arkachaisri, Thaschawee (2009). "Distinguishing Wegener's granulomatosis from necrotizing community acquired pneumonia: A case report and comparison of radiographic findings". Pediatric Pulmonology. 44 (2): 195–197. doi:10.1002/ppul.20959. ISSN 8755-6863.
- ↑ Barta Z, Szabo GG, Bruckner G, Szegedi G (2001). "Endogenous lipoid pneumonia associated with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD)". Med Sci Monit. 7 (1): 134–6. PMID 11208509.
- ↑ Katsumi, Hidenori; Tominaga, Masaki; Tajiri, Morihiro; Shimizu, Shigeki; Sakazaki, Yuki; Kinoshita, Takashi; Okamoto, Masaki; Kawayama, Tomotaka; Hoshino, Tomoaki (2016). "A case of lipoid pneumonia caused by inhalation of vaporized paraffin from burning candles". Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 19: 166–168. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2016.10.001. ISSN 2213-0071.