Pineal yolk sac tumor: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Pineal]] [[yolk sac]] [[tumor]] is a rare type of [[Extra-axial hematoma|extra gonadal yolk sac tumor]]. They make up a small fraction of all [[Intracranial abscess / granuloma|intracranial]] [[germ cell tumor]]s and an even small fraction of [[pineal]] masses overall.Pure [[Pineal body|pineal]] [[Endodermal sinus tumor|yolk sac tumors]] secrete [[AFP]].On microscopic [[histopathological]] analysis, [[Pineal yolk sac tumors|pineal yolk sac tumor]] is characterized by poorly differentiated [[Endothelial|endothelial-]][[Likelihood|like]], [[cuboidal]], or columnar cells with prominent nucleoli and significant mitotic activity.[[Pineal yolk sac tumors|Pineal yolk sac tumor]] is demonstrated by positivity to [[tumor markers]] such as [[AFP]], [[cytokeratin]], and [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin|AAT]].In upto 50% of cases, these tumors co-exist with other [[Germ cell tumor classification|germ cell tumors]] | |||
[[Pineal yolk sac tumors|Pineal yolk sac tumor]] may be associated with [[Down syndrome]].Common [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[Pineal yolk sac tumors|pineal yolk sac tumor]] includes [[obstructive hydrocephalus]].[[Prognosis]] of [[Pineal yolk sac tumors|pineal yolk sac tumor]] is generally poor.[[Symptoms]] of [[Pineal yolk sac tumors|pineal yolk sac tumor]] include [[headache]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[weakness]], [[confusion]], and [[somnolence]].Head [[CT scan]] and brain [[MRI]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [[Pineal yolk sac tumors|pineal yolk sac tumor]].On head CT scan, [[Pineal yolk sac tumors|pineal yolk sac tumor]] is characterized by a [[Hypo-functioning thyroid|hypodense]], [[Hetero-oligomer|heterogenous]] mass in the [[Pineal gland|pineal]] region with signs of [[obstructive hydrocephalus]].On brain MRI, [[Pineal gland|pineal]] yolk sac tumor is characterized by [[Hypo-functioning thyroid|hypointensity]] on [[T1|T1-weighted images]] and [[Hyper IgM syndrome|hyperintensity on T2-weighted images]].There may be enhancement after contrast administration.[[Biopsy]] is generally done to confirm the [[diagnosis]] of [[pineal]] yolk sac tumor. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
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| colspan="2" |pineal glandular tissue | | colspan="2" |pineal glandular tissue | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[pineocytoma]] (WHO grade | |[[pineocytoma]] (WHO grade ɪ ) [[Pineal body|pineal paranchymal tomur]] of intermediate diffrentiation(WHO grade ɪɪ or ɪɪɪ) | ||
[[pineoblastoma]](WHO grade | [[pineoblastoma]](WHO grade ɪv) [[Papilla|papillary tumor]] of pineal region | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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==Differentiating Intracranial Germ cell Tumors from Other Diseases== | ==Differentiating Intracranial Germ cell Tumors from Other Diseases== | ||
*[[ | *[[Intra-abdominal abscess|Intracranial germcell tumors]] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[Compressive myelopathies|compressive]] [[syndrome]] ,rise of [[intracranial pressure]] , such as other brain tumors and every disease who can rise [[ICP]].<ref name="pmid23640020">{{cite journal| author=Fang AS, Meyers SP| title=Magnetic resonance imaging of pineal region tumours. | journal=Insights Imaging | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 369-82 | pmid=23640020 | doi=10.1007/s13244-013-0248-6 | pmc=3675249 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23640020 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Primary peritoneal cancer|Extra gonadal Germ cell tumors]] should be in differential diagnosis of [[Pineal body|pineal]] germ cell tumors.<ref name="pmid23559987">{{cite journal| author=Mufti ST, Jamal A| title=Primary intracranial germ cell tumors. | journal=Asian J Neurosurg | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 197-202 | pmid=23559987 | doi=10.4103/1793-5482.106652 | pmc=3613642 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23559987 }} </ref> | *[[Primary peritoneal cancer|Extra gonadal Germ cell tumors]] should be in differential diagnosis of [[Pineal body|pineal]] [[Germ cell neoplasm|germ cell]] tumors.<ref name="pmid23559987">{{cite journal| author=Mufti ST, Jamal A| title=Primary intracranial germ cell tumors. | journal=Asian J Neurosurg | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 197-202 | pmid=23559987 | doi=10.4103/1793-5482.106652 | pmc=3613642 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23559987 }} </ref> | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
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*In 54% of cases diagnosis is delayed because of non-specific symptoms.<ref name="pmid30271875">{{cite journal| author=Fetcko K, Dey M| title=Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update. | journal=Med Res Arch | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=30271875 | doi=10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719 | pmc=6157918 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30271875 }} </ref> | *In 54% of cases diagnosis is delayed because of non-specific symptoms.<ref name="pmid30271875">{{cite journal| author=Fetcko K, Dey M| title=Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update. | journal=Med Res Arch | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=30271875 | doi=10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719 | pmc=6157918 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30271875 }} </ref> | ||
*The diagnosis of [[Cranial Electrobiological Stimulation|cranial germ cell tumors]] is based on the CT,MRI with gadolinium fundings and level of [[biomarkers]]([[HCG]],[[AFP]])of serum and csf.also [[histology]] need for diffrentiate type of GCTs.With normal biomarkers level ,for definitive diagnosis biopsy is requiered.<ref name="pmid30271875">{{cite journal| author=Fetcko K, Dey M| title=Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update. | journal=Med Res Arch | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=30271875 | doi=10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719 | pmc=6157918 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30271875 }} </ref> | *The diagnosis of [[Cranial Electrobiological Stimulation|cranial germ cell tumors]] is based on the CT,MRI with gadolinium fundings and level of [[biomarkers]]([[HCG]],[[AFP]])of serum and csf.also [[histology]] need for diffrentiate type of [[GCTs]].With normal [[Biomarkers of cardiac injury|biomarkers]] level ,for definitive diagnosis biopsy is requiered.<ref name="pmid30271875">{{cite journal| author=Fetcko K, Dey M| title=Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update. | journal=Med Res Arch | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=30271875 | doi=10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719 | pmc=6157918 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30271875 }} </ref> | ||
*In addition we should determine [[Immunoblotting|Immuno]][[histo]]<nowiki/>chemichal markers for diagnosis([[c-kit]]/[[CD117]],oct3/4,PLAP).<ref name="pmid30271875">{{cite journal| author=Fetcko K, Dey M| title=Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update. | journal=Med Res Arch | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=30271875 | doi=10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719 | pmc=6157918 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30271875 }} </ref> | *In addition we should determine [[Immunoblotting|Immuno]][[histo]]<nowiki/>chemichal markers for diagnosis([[c-kit]]/[[CD117]],oct3/4,PLAP).<ref name="pmid30271875">{{cite journal| author=Fetcko K, Dey M| title=Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update. | journal=Med Res Arch | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=30271875 | doi=10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719 | pmc=6157918 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30271875 }} </ref> | ||
===History and Symptoms== | ===History and Symptoms== | ||
* The most common symptoms of [[Intracranial germ cell tumor|intracranial germ cell tumors]] include [[Parinaud syndrome|parinaud syn]] (because of hydrocephalus or commpresion of [[tectal]] plate ). Common symptoms of | * The most common symptoms of [[Intracranial germ cell tumor|intracranial germ cell tumors]] include [[Parinaud syndrome|parinaud syn]] (because of hydrocephalus or commpresion of [[tectal]] plate ). Common symptoms of [[Intra-abdominal hypertension|intracranial]] GCTs include DI(due to [[hydrocephalus]]), [[ataxia]] and [[dysmetria]] if affecting superior [[cerebellar]] peduncles, precocious puberty,headache ,nausea,[[Occipital|ocolomotor]] or [[Facial|facia]]<nowiki/>l [[paresis]],[[seizure]].<ref name="pmid30271875">{{cite journal| author=Fetcko K, Dey M| title=Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update. | journal=Med Res Arch | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=30271875 | doi=10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719 | pmc=6157918 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30271875 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23640020">{{cite journal| author=Fang AS, Meyers SP| title=Magnetic resonance imaging of pineal region tumours. | journal=Insights Imaging | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 369-82 | pmid=23640020 | doi=10.1007/s13244-013-0248-6 | pmc=3675249 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23640020 }} </ref> | ||
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===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== | ===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== | ||
*There are no [[Echocardiography for diagnosis of atrial fibrillation|echocardiography]]/[[ultrasound]] findings associated with Pineal yolk sac tumors. | *There are no [[Echocardiography for diagnosis of atrial fibrillation|echocardiography]]/[[ultrasound]] findings associated with [[Pineal body|Pineal]] yolk sac tumors. | ||
===CT scan=== | ===CT scan=== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:38, 18 October 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Niloofarsadaat Eshaghhosseiny, MD[2]Sujit Routray, M.D. [3]
Synonyms and keywords: Pineal yolk sac tumors; Pineal yolk sac tumour; Pineal yolk sac tumours; Pineal endodermal sinus tumor; Pineal endodermal sinus tumors; Pineal endodermal sinus tumour; Pineal endodermal sinus tumours; Pineal yolk sac carcinoma; Pineal yolk sac carcinomas; Pineal gland tumor; Germ cell tumor; Brain tumor
Overview
Pineal yolk sac tumor is a rare type of extra gonadal yolk sac tumor. They make up a small fraction of all intracranial germ cell tumors and an even small fraction of pineal masses overall.Pure pineal yolk sac tumors secrete AFP.On microscopic histopathological analysis, pineal yolk sac tumor is characterized by poorly differentiated endothelial-like, cuboidal, or columnar cells with prominent nucleoli and significant mitotic activity.Pineal yolk sac tumor is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers such as AFP, cytokeratin, and AAT.In upto 50% of cases, these tumors co-exist with other germ cell tumors Pineal yolk sac tumor may be associated with Down syndrome.Common complication of pineal yolk sac tumor includes obstructive hydrocephalus.Prognosis of pineal yolk sac tumor is generally poor.Symptoms of pineal yolk sac tumor include headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness, confusion, and somnolence.Head CT scan and brain MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of pineal yolk sac tumor.On head CT scan, pineal yolk sac tumor is characterized by a hypodense, heterogenous mass in the pineal region with signs of obstructive hydrocephalus.On brain MRI, pineal yolk sac tumor is characterized by hypointensity on T1-weighted images and hyperintensity on T2-weighted images.There may be enhancement after contrast administration.Biopsy is generally done to confirm the diagnosis of pineal yolk sac tumor.
Historical Perspective
- Tumors of brainstaim as well as pineal gland,were unoperable until late of 20th century.[1]
- Dr Cushing reported one of the first case in 1904.[1]
- Dr Horsley in 1905 was the first who did direct surgical intervention,and in 1913 Dr Oppenhein and Krause resected pineal tumor sucssesfully.[1]
- There are only two case Reports of pineal yolk sac tumor that are associated with Down's syndrome in English literature.[2]
Classification
- There is so many classification system for pure pineal tumors.[3]
- The most current system is for World Health Organization(WHO).[3]
- Louis and associates edited classification of Central Nervous System tumors and published in 2007.[3]
Adapted from WHO:
| TUMOR | FREQUENCY | ORIGIN | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GERMCELL TOMURS | 60% | Rest of germ cells | |
| Germinoma MATURE TERATOMAMATURE TERATOMATERATOMA with Malignant Transformstion Yolk sac tomur
(endodermal sinus tumor) Embryonal carcinoma Choriocarcinoma |
|||
| PINEAL PARANCHIMAL TUMORS | 30% | pineal glandular tissue | |
| pineocytoma (WHO grade ɪ ) pineal paranchymal tomur of intermediate diffrentiation(WHO grade ɪɪ or ɪɪɪ)
pineoblastoma(WHO grade ɪv) papillary tumor of pineal region |
|||
| TOMURS OF SUPPORTIVE AND ADJUCENT STRUCTURES | 10% | |
|---|---|---|
| ASTROCYTOMAGlioma (glioblastoma or oligodendroglioma)Medulloepithelioma | Glial cells | |
| Ependymomachoroid plexus papilloma | Ependymal lining | |
| MENINGIOMA | Arachnoid cells | |
| HemangiomaHemangiopericytoma or | vascular cells | |
| NON-NEOPLASTIC TUMOR LIKE CONDITIONS | < 1% | |
| Arachnoid cysts | Arachnoid cells | |
| Degenerative cysts(pineal cysts) | Glial cells | |
| Cysticercosis | parasites | |
| Arteriovenous malformations | vascularization | |
| Cavernomas Aneurysms of the vein Galen | ||
| METASTASES | <.,1% | Absence of blood - |
| Lung (most common),breast,stomach,kidney,melanoma | ||
Pathophysiology
- The exact pathogenesis of extragonadal germ cell tumors is not fully understood.[4]
- It is thought that extragonadal germ cell tumors is the result of arresting erroneously of precursos germ cells in midline migration during emberiogenesis.[4]
- The other theory is that EGGCTs are metastases of undiagnosed primary GCTs. [4]
Causes
- The intracranial GCTs are resulting of many mutations of MAPK/PI3K/mTOR pathway.[5]
Differentiating Intracranial Germ cell Tumors from Other Diseases
- Intracranial germcell tumors must be differentiated from other diseases that cause compressive syndrome ,rise of intracranial pressure , such as other brain tumors and every disease who can rise ICP.[6]
- Extra gonadal Germ cell tumors should be in differential diagnosis of pineal germ cell tumors.[7]
Epidemiology and Demographics
- The incidence of pineal tumor is approximately [1%] of all intracranial tumors.[3]
- The incidence of pineal tumor is 0,06 -0,07 per 100,000 persons per year.[3]
- Patients of all age groups may develop pineal yolk sac tumor,But is more common in children(3-8%)and also in Japenes population.[3]
- There is no racial predilection to pineal tumors.[3]
- pineal tumors affect men more than women.[8]
- The majority of pineal tumor cases are reported in Japenes population.[3]
Risk Factors
- There are no established risk factors for pineal yolk sac tumor.
Screening
- There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for pineal yolk sac tumors.
=Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
- The 5 year survival rate of patients with intracranial germ cell tumors is approximately 80%.[9]
- We can classified intracranial germ cell tumors to three main groups; good,intermediate and bad.[10]
- pineal yolk sac tumor is in the poor prognosis classification.[10]
- Factors that make poor prognosis is ;female ,age greater than 18,non germinoma GCTs.[9]
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
- In 54% of cases diagnosis is delayed because of non-specific symptoms.[9]
- The diagnosis of cranial germ cell tumors is based on the CT,MRI with gadolinium fundings and level of biomarkers(HCG,AFP)of serum and csf.also histology need for diffrentiate type of GCTs.With normal biomarkers level ,for definitive diagnosis biopsy is requiered.[9]
- In addition we should determine Immunohistochemichal markers for diagnosis(c-kit/CD117,oct3/4,PLAP).[9]
=History and Symptoms
- The most common symptoms of intracranial germ cell tumors include parinaud syn (because of hydrocephalus or commpresion of tectal plate ). Common symptoms of intracranial GCTs include DI(due to hydrocephalus), ataxia and dysmetria if affecting superior cerebellar peduncles, precocious puberty,headache ,nausea,ocolomotor or facial paresis,seizure.[9][6]
Physical Examination
- Common physical examination findings of intracranial GTCs include papillary edema,gate disturbance,
facial nerve parasia.[6]
Laboratory Findings
- An elevated concentration of serum/CSF HCG,AFP is diagnostic of Germ cell tumors.[6]
Electrocardiogram
- There are no ECG findings associated with intracranial GCTs.
X-ray
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with Pineal yolk sac tumors.
CT scan
- Brain CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of intracranial Germ cell tumors. Findings on CT scan suggestive of cranial yolk sac tumors include irregular mass,may have multi cysts, and solid component has calcifications,also in plain CT is iso-low density mass with heterogenous enhancement.[11]
.
=MRI
- Brain MRIT2-based may be helpful in the diagnosis of cranial germ celltumors. Findings on MRI T2 based diagnostic of intracranial GCTs include hyperintense to normal paranchyma.[12]
Other Imaging Findings
- There are no other imaging findings associated with cranial GCTs.
=Other Diagnostic Studies
- Immunohistochemichal markers and histological features may be helpful in the diagnosis of cranial GCTs. Findings suggestive of yolk sac tumor include reticular /microcytic,psudopapillary/endodermal sinus,glandular and solid patterns.[4]
Treatment
- The mainstay of therapy for pineal yolk sac tumor is radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Sometimes, surgical resection may be done.[13]
| Management Options of Penial Gland tumors | |
|---|---|
| CSF diversion |
|
| Surgical resection |
|
| Radiation |
|
| Stereotactic radiosurgery |
|
| Chemotherapy as part of multimodality therapy |
|
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shahinian H, Ra Y (2013). "Fully endoscopic resection of pineal region tumors". J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 74 (3): 114–7. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1338165. PMC 3712663. PMID 24436899.
- ↑ Tan HW, Ty A, Goh SG, Wong MC, Hong A, Chuah KL (2004). "Pineal yolk sac tumour with a solid pattern: a case report in a Chinese adult man with Down's syndrome". J Clin Pathol. 57 (8): 882–4. doi:10.1136/jcp.2004.016659. PMC 1770394. PMID 15280413.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Ji J, Gu C, Zhang M, Zhang H, Wang H, Qu Y; et al. (2019). "Pineal region metastasis with intraventricular seeding: A case report and literature review". Medicine (Baltimore). 98 (34): e16652. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016652. PMC 6716749 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 31441839. - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Ronchi A, Cozzolino I, Montella M, Panarese I, Zito Marino F, Rossetti S; et al. (2019). "Extragonadal germ cell tumors: Not just a matter of location. A review about clinical, molecular and pathological features". Cancer Med. doi:10.1002/cam4.2195. PMID 31568647.
- ↑ Takami H, Fukuoka K, Fukushima S, Nakamura T, Mukasa A, Saito N; et al. (2019). "Integrated Clinical, Histopathological, and Molecular Data Analysis of 190 Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors from the iGCT Consortium". Neuro Oncol. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noz139. PMID 31420671.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Fang AS, Meyers SP (2013). "Magnetic resonance imaging of pineal region tumours". Insights Imaging. 4 (3): 369–82. doi:10.1007/s13244-013-0248-6. PMC 3675249. PMID 23640020.
- ↑ Mufti ST, Jamal A (2012). "Primary intracranial germ cell tumors". Asian J Neurosurg. 7 (4): 197–202. doi:10.4103/1793-5482.106652. PMC 3613642. PMID 23559987.
- ↑ Al-Hussaini M, Sultan I, Abuirmileh N, Jaradat I, Qaddoumi I (2009). "Pineal gland tumors: experience from the SEER database". J Neurooncol. 94 (3): 351–8. doi:10.1007/s11060-009-9881-9. PMC 2804886. PMID 19373436.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Fetcko K, Dey M (2018). "Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update". Med Res Arch. 6 (3). doi:10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719. PMC 6157918. PMID 30271875.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Uda H, Uda T, Nakajo K, Tanoue Y, Okuno T, Koh S; et al. (2019). "Adult-Onset Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Composed Mainly of Yolk Sac Tumor Around the Pineal Gland: A Case Report and Review of the Literature". World Neurosurg. 132: 87–92. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.079. PMID 31470154.
- ↑ Fujimaki T, Matsutani M, Funada N, Kirino T, Takakura K, Nakamura O; et al. (1994). "CT and MRI features of intracranial germ cell tumors". J Neurooncol. 19 (3): 217–26. doi:10.1007/bf01053275. PMID 7807172.
- ↑ Morana G, Alves CA, Tortora D, Finlay JL, Severino M, Nozza P; et al. (2018). "T2*-based MR imaging (gradient echo or susceptibility-weighted imaging) in midline and off-midline intracranial germ cell tumors: a pilot study". Neuroradiology. 60 (1): 89–99. doi:10.1007/s00234-017-1947-3. PMID 29128947.
- ↑ Davaus T, Gasparetto EL, Carvalho Neto Ad, Jung JE, Bleggi-Torres LF (2007). "Pineal yolk sac tumor: correlation between neuroimaging and pathological findings". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 65 (2A): 283–5. PMID 17607429.