Hyperthyroidism causes

Hyperthyroidism Microchapters
Patient Information
Overview
Classification
Differentiating hyperthyroidism from other diseases
Pathophysiology

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vignesh Ponnusamy, M.B.B.S. [2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Hyperthyroidism is the result of excess thyroid hormone production, causing an overactive metabolism and increased speed of all the body's processes.

Thyroid hormone generally controls the pace of all of the processes in the body. This pace is called one's metabolism. If there is too much thyroid hormone, every function of the body tends to speed up. The thyroid gland regulates the body temperature by secreting two hormones that control how quickly the body burns calories and energy. If the thyroid produces too much hormone, the condition is called hyperthyroidism, but if too little is produced, the result is hypothyroidism.

Causes

Major causes in humans are:

• Graves' disease
• Toxic thyroid adenoma
• Toxic multinodular goitre

Other causes of hyperthyroxinemia (high blood levels of thyroid hormones) are not to be confused with true hyperthyroidism and include subacute and other forms of thyroiditis (inflammation) and struma ovarii (a teratoma). Thyrotoxicosis (symptoms caused by hyperthyroxinemia) can occur in both hyperthyroidism and thyroiditis. When it causes acutely increased metabolism, it is sometimes called "thyroid storm", a life-threatening event characterized by tachycardia, hypertension, and fever.

Excess thyroid hormone from pills can also cause hyperthyroidism. Amiodarone, a heart medication, can sometimes cause hyperthyroidism. Hamburger toxicosis is a condition that occurs sporadically and is associated with ground beef contaminated with thyroid hormone.

Postpartum thyroiditis occurs in about 7% of women during the year after they give birth. PPT typically has several phases, the first of which is hyperthyroidism. Many times, the hyperthyroidism corrects itself within weeks or months without any treatment necessary.

Life Threatening Causes

• Adenocarcinoma
• Choriocarcinoma
• Metastatic follicular thyroid cancer
• Pituitary tumor
• Struma ovarii 
• Teratoma
• Testicular cancer
• Thyroid adenoma
• Thyroid carcinoma
• Thyroid nodule
• Thyroid tumor
• Thyrotropinoma
• Toxic adenoma
• Toxic thyroid adenoma
• Trophoblastic disease
• Tsh-producing pituitary adenoma

Common Causes

• Graves' disease
• Toxic thyroid adenoma
• Toxic multinodular goitre

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Hydatidiform mole
Drug Side Effect	Amiodarone , Atezolizumab, Levothyroxine and indinavir interaction, Nivolumab, Potassium iodide, Pramipexole, Sorafenib, Thyroxine
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Anterior pituitary hyperhormonotrophic syndrome, Autoimmune enteropathy, Autoimmune thyroid disease, Autonomous thyroid tissue , Choriocarcinoma, De quervain thyroiditis, Excessive replacement therapy, Exogenous thyroid hormone intake, Factitious thyroiditis , Graves' disease  , Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Jod-basedow thyrotoxicosis, Metastatic follicular thyroid cancer, Pituitary tumor, Polyendocrinopathy, Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, Postpartum thyroiditis, Suppurative thyroiditis, Thyroid adenoma, Thyroid carcinoma, Thyroid nodule, Thyroid stimulating globulin, Thyroid tumor, Thyroiditis, Thyrotropinoma, Toxic adenoma, Toxic multinodular goiter, Toxic thyroid adenoma, Tsh hypersecretion, Tsh-mediated hyperthyroidism, Tsh-producing pituitary adenoma
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Enteropathy
Genetic	Glutaricaciduria type 3, Ipex syndrome  , Mccune-albright syndrome  , Troell-junet syndrome
Hematologic	Diabetes mellitus
Iatrogenic	Excessive replacement therapy, Exogenous thyroid hormone intake, Intentional suppressive therapy, Iodine overuse
Infectious Disease	Hashitoxicosis, Thyrotoxicosis factitia
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Diabetes mellitus, Diarrhea
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Hyperemesis gravidarum, Teratoma, Trophoblastic disease
Oncologic	Adenocarcinoma, Choriocarcinoma, Metastatic follicular thyroid cancer, Pituitary tumor, Struma ovarii  , Teratoma, Testicular cancer, Thyroid adenoma, Thyroid carcinoma, Thyroid nodule, Thyroid tumor, Thyrotropinoma, Toxic adenoma, Toxic thyroid adenoma, Trophoblastic disease, Tsh-producing pituitary adenoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Iodine overuse
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Autoimmune enteropathy, Autoimmune thyroid disease, Autonomous thyroid tissue , Immune dysregulation, Intentional suppressive therapy, Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Testicular cancer
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Adenocarcinoma
• Amiodarone
• Anterior pituitary hyperhormonotrophic syndrome
• Atezolizumab
• Autoimmune enteropathy
• Autoimmune thyroid disease
• Autonomous thyroid tissue
• Choriocarcinoma
• De quervain thyroiditis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Diarrhea
• Enteropathy
• Excessive replacement therapy
• Exogenous thyroid hormone intake
• Factitious thyroiditis
• Glutaricaciduria type 3
• Graves' disease 
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Hashitoxicosis
• Hydatidiform mole
• Hyperemesis gravidarum
• Immune dysregulation
• Intentional suppressive therapy
• Iodine overuse 
• Ipex syndrome 
• Jod-basedow thyrotoxicosis
• Levothyroxine and indinavir interaction
• Mccune-albright syndrome 
• Metastatic follicular thyroid cancer
• Nivolumab
• Pituitary tumor
• Poems syndrome 
• Polyendocrinopathy
• Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
• Postpartum thyroiditis
• Potassium iodide
• Pramipexole
• Sorafenib
• Struma ovarii 
• Suppurative thyroiditis
• Teratoma
• Testicular cancer
• Thyroid adenoma
• Thyroid carcinoma
• Thyroid nodule
• Thyroid stimulating globulin
• Thyroid tumor
• Thyroiditis
• Thyrotoxicosis factitia
• Thyrotropinoma
• Thyroxine
• Toxic adenoma
• Toxic multinodular goiter
• Toxic thyroid adenoma
• Troell-junet syndrome
• Trophoblastic disease
• Tsh hypersecretion
• Tsh-mediated hyperthyroidism
• Tsh-producing pituitary adenoma