Coronavirus epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{Coronavirus}}
{{Coronavirus}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{sab}}, {{HK}}


<br />
==Overview==
==Overview==
Due to the lack of data, the exact [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence rate]] of coronavirus [[Infection|infections]] can not be approximated. From June 2012 to April 2018, [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes|MERS-CoV infection]] was [[Prevalence|prevalent]] in 2206 people globally.  
Due to the lack of data, the exact [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence rate]] of coronavirus [[Infection|infections]] can not be approximated. With 8,098 confirmed cases, the [[Case fatality rate|case fatality-rate]] of [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] was 9.6%. With 2465 laboratory-confirmed cases, the [[Case fatality rate|case fatality-rate]] of [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection|MERS]] was 34.4%. The [[Case fatality rate|case fatality-rate]] of [[2019-nCoV|SARS-CoV-2]] in the first 99 [[Patient|patients]] at a Wuhan hospital (the epicenter of the [[outbreak]]) has been found to be 11%.  


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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* From June 2012 to April 2018, [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes|MERS-CoV infection]] was [[Prevalence|prevalent]] in 2206 people globally.
* From June 2012 to April 2018, [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes|MERS-CoV infection]] was [[Prevalence|prevalent]] in 2206 people globally.
*To date, 100,330 confirmed cases of COVID-19 have emerged.
*For details on the real-time [[prevalence]] and spread of COVID-19, click [https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 here].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


=== Case-fatality rate ===
=== Case-fatality rate ===


* With 8,098 confirmed cases, the case fatality-rate of SARS was 9.6%.<ref name="pmid31953166">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E |title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China |journal=Int. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=91 |issue= |pages=264–266 |date=January 2020 |pmid=31953166 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 |url=}}</ref>
* With 8,098 confirmed cases, the [[Case fatality rate|case fatality-rate]] of [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] was 9.6%.<ref name="pmid31953166">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E |title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China |journal=Int. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=91 |issue= |pages=264–266 |date=January 2020 |pmid=31953166 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 |url=}}</ref>
* With 2465 laboratory-confirmed cases, the case fatality-rate of MERS was 34.4%.
* With 2465 laboratory-confirmed cases, the [[Case fatality rate|case fatality-rate]] of [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection|MERS]] was 34.4%.
* The case fatality-rate of 2019-nCoV has not yet been established.
* The [[Case fatality rate|case fatality-rate]] of COVID-19 in the first 99 [[Patient|patients]] at a Wuhan hospital (the epicenter of the [[outbreak]]) has been found to be 11%.<ref name="HuangWang2020">{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Chaolin|last2=Wang|first2=Yeming|last3=Li|first3=Xingwang|last4=Ren|first4=Lili|last5=Zhao|first5=Jianping|last6=Hu|first6=Yi|last7=Zhang|first7=Li|last8=Fan|first8=Guohui|last9=Xu|first9=Jiuyang|last10=Gu|first10=Xiaoying|last11=Cheng|first11=Zhenshun|last12=Yu|first12=Ting|last13=Xia|first13=Jiaan|last14=Wei|first14=Yuan|last15=Wu|first15=Wenjuan|last16=Xie|first16=Xuelei|last17=Yin|first17=Wen|last18=Li|first18=Hui|last19=Liu|first19=Min|last20=Xiao|first20=Yan|last21=Gao|first21=Hong|last22=Guo|first22=Li|last23=Xie|first23=Jungang|last24=Wang|first24=Guangfa|last25=Jiang|first25=Rongmeng|last26=Gao|first26=Zhancheng|last27=Jin|first27=Qi|last28=Wang|first28=Jianwei|last29=Cao|first29=Bin|title=Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China|journal=The Lancet|year=2020|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5}}</ref>
*In a different study comprising of 138 [[Patient|patients]] [[Infection|infected]] with COVID-19, the [[mortality]] has been established to be 4.3%.<ref name="WangHu2020">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Dawei|last2=Hu|first2=Bo|last3=Hu|first3=Chang|last4=Zhu|first4=Fangfang|last5=Liu|first5=Xing|last6=Zhang|first6=Jing|last7=Wang|first7=Binbin|last8=Xiang|first8=Hui|last9=Cheng|first9=Zhenshun|last10=Xiong|first10=Yong|last11=Zhao|first11=Yan|last12=Li|first12=Yirong|last13=Wang|first13=Xinghuan|last14=Peng|first14=Zhiyong|title=Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China|journal=JAMA|year=2020|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.1585}}</ref>


=== Age ===
=== Age ===


* Patients of all age groups can develop the disease.
*[[Patient|Patients]] of all age groups can develop the [[disease]].
*In multiple cohorts of [[Patient|patients]] [[Hospitalization|hospitalized]] with confirmed COVID-19, the [[median]] age is established to range from 49 to 56 years.<ref name="pmid31986264">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B |title=Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China |journal=Lancet |volume=395 |issue=10223 |pages=497–506 |date=February 2020 |pmid=31986264 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32007143">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L |title=Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study |journal=Lancet |volume=395 |issue=10223 |pages=507–513 |date=February 2020 |pmid=32007143 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32031570">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z |title=Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China |journal=JAMA |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=February 2020 |pmid=32031570 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.1585 |url=}}</ref>
 
=== Race ===
 
* Coronavirus [[Infection|infections]] affect all [[Race|races]].
 
=== Gender ===
 
* Coronavirus [[Infection|infections]] affect men and women equally.
*In a recent study, [[2019-nCoV|SARS-CoV-2]] has been found to have [[Infection|infected]] males more than females.<ref name="LiGuan20202">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Qun|last2=Guan|first2=Xuhua|last3=Wu|first3=Peng|last4=Wang|first4=Xiaoye|last5=Zhou|first5=Lei|last6=Tong|first6=Yeqing|last7=Ren|first7=Ruiqi|last8=Leung|first8=Kathy S.M.|last9=Lau|first9=Eric H.Y.|last10=Wong|first10=Jessica Y.|last11=Xing|first11=Xuesen|last12=Xiang|first12=Nijuan|last13=Wu|first13=Yang|last14=Li|first14=Chao|last15=Chen|first15=Qi|last16=Li|first16=Dan|last17=Liu|first17=Tian|last18=Zhao|first18=Jing|last19=Liu|first19=Man|last20=Tu|first20=Wenxiao|last21=Chen|first21=Chuding|last22=Jin|first22=Lianmei|last23=Yang|first23=Rui|last24=Wang|first24=Qi|last25=Zhou|first25=Suhua|last26=Wang|first26=Rui|last27=Liu|first27=Hui|last28=Luo|first28=Yinbo|last29=Liu|first29=Yuan|last30=Shao|first30=Ge|last31=Li|first31=Huan|last32=Tao|first32=Zhongfa|last33=Yang|first33=Yang|last34=Deng|first34=Zhiqiang|last35=Liu|first35=Boxi|last36=Ma|first36=Zhitao|last37=Zhang|first37=Yanping|last38=Shi|first38=Guoqing|last39=Lam|first39=Tommy T.Y.|last40=Wu|first40=Joseph T.|last41=Gao|first41=George F.|last42=Cowling|first42=Benjamin J.|last43=Yang|first43=Bo|last44=Leung|first44=Gabriel M.|last45=Feng|first45=Zijian|title=Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|year=2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001316}}</ref>
 
=== Region ===
 
* Majority of the cases of [[SARS-CoV]] [[infection]] were reported in China before spreading to 29 other countries.<ref name="pmid319531662">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E |title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China |journal=Int. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=91 |issue= |pages=264–266 |date=January 2020 |pmid=31953166 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 |url=}}</ref>
* Majority of the cases of [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection|MERS-CoV infection]] were reported in the Middle East (mainly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) before spreading to 27 other countries.
* Majority of the cases of COVID-19 have been reported in China and the disease has spread to 67 countries (including the United States) so far.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/locations-confirmed-cases.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
**For more real-time details regarding the spread of COVID-19, click [https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 here].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


==Recent Outbreaks==
==Recent Outbreaks==


=== 2019-nCoV ===
=== SARS-CoV-2 ===


==== Global ====
==== Global ====


* An outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City was initially reported to WHO on December 31, 2019. Chinese health authorities have confirmed more than 40 infections with a novel coronavirus as the cause of the outbreak. Reportedly, most patients had epidemiological links to a large seafood and animal market. The market was closed on January 1, 2020. Currently, Chinese health authorities report no community spread of this virus, and no transmission among healthcare personnel caring for outbreak patients. No additional cases of infection with 2019-nCoV have been identified in China since January 3, 2020.
* Majority of the cases of COVID-19 have been reported in China and the disease has spread to 67 countries (including the United States) so far.<ref name=":0" />
 
* On January 13, 2020 public health officials in Thailand confirmed detection of a human infection with 2019-nCoV in a traveler from Wuhan, China. This was the first confirmed case of 2019-nCoV documented outside China. On January 17, 2020 a second case was confirmed in Thailand, also in a returned traveler from Wuhan City. On January 15, 2020 health officials in Japan confirmed 2019-nCoV infection in a returned traveler from Wuhan City. These persons had onset dates after January 3, 2020. These cases did not report visiting the large seafood and animal market to which many cases in China have been linked.
 
* On January 11, 2020, CDC updated the level 1 travel health notice (“practice usual precautions”) for Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China with additional information (originally issued on January 6, 2020)


[[Image:CDC coronavirus confirmed cases.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Globally confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV]]
[[File:Outbreak-coronavirus-world.png|thumb|left|400px|Globally confirmed cases of COVID-19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/locations-confirmed-cases.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>]]
<br style="clear:left">
<br style="clear:left">


==== USA ====
=== Status in the United States ===
Patients Under Investigation (PUI) in the United States*†
 
''As of 1/31/2020''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+People under Investigation (PUI) in the United States
|+
!Positive
!Total Cases
|6
!43
|-
|-
!Negative
!Total hospitalized
|114
!17
|-
|-
!Pending
!Total deaths
|121
!2
|-
|-
!Total
!States reporting cases
|241
!10
|}
|}


=== SARS Coronavirus ===
*
* These data represent cases detected and tested in the United States through U.S. public health surveillance systems since January 21, 2020. It does not include people who returned to the U.S. via State Department-chartered flights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*For details on the real-time [[prevalence]] and spread of COVID-19 in the United States, click [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html here].


* According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8,098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak. Of these, 774 died. In the United States, only eight people had laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV infection. All of these people had traveled to other parts of the world where SARS was spreading. SARS did not spread more widely in the community in the United States. See an update on SARS cases in the United States and worldwide as of December 2003.
<br />
 
== References ==
* During the 2003 epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), CDC and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) developed surveillance criteria to identify persons with SARS. The surveillance case definition changed throughout the epidemic as understanding of the clinical, laboratory, and transmission characteristics of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) increased. On June 26, CSTE adopted a position statement to add SARS-CoV disease to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS). The position statement included criteria for defining a SARS case for national reporting. On November 3, CSTE issued a new interim position statement* with a revised SARS case definition. This report summarizes the new U.S. surveillance case definition for SARS and updates reported cases of SARS worldwide and in the United States.
* During November 2002--July 2003, a total of 8,098 probable SARS cases were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) from 29 countries, including 29 cases from the United States; 774 SARS-related deaths (case-fatality rate: 9.6%) were reported, none of which occurred in the United States. Eight U.S. cases had serologic evidence of SARS-CoV infection; these eight cases have been described previously. A total of 156 reported U.S. SARS cases from the 2003 epidemic remain under investigation, with 137 (88%) cases classified according to previous surveillance criteria as suspect SARS and 19 (12%) classified as probable SARS. Because convalescent serum specimens have not been obtained from the 19 probable and 137 suspect cases that remain under investigation, whether these persons had SARS-CoV disease is unknown.
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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{{WH}}

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2], Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Due to the lack of data, the exact incidence rate of coronavirus infections can not be approximated. With 8,098 confirmed cases, the case fatality-rate of SARS was 9.6%. With 2465 laboratory-confirmed cases, the case fatality-rate of MERS was 34.4%. The case fatality-rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the first 99 patients at a Wuhan hospital (the epicenter of the outbreak) has been found to be 11%.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

Prevalance

  • From June 2012 to April 2018, MERS-CoV infection was prevalent in 2206 people globally.
  • To date, 100,330 confirmed cases of COVID-19 have emerged.
  • For details on the real-time prevalence and spread of COVID-19, click here.[1]

Case-fatality rate

Age

Race

Gender

Region

  • Majority of the cases of SARS-CoV infection were reported in China before spreading to 29 other countries.[9]
  • Majority of the cases of MERS-CoV infection were reported in the Middle East (mainly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) before spreading to 27 other countries.
  • Majority of the cases of COVID-19 have been reported in China and the disease has spread to 67 countries (including the United States) so far.[10]
    • For more real-time details regarding the spread of COVID-19, click here.[11]

Recent Outbreaks

SARS-CoV-2

Global

  • Majority of the cases of COVID-19 have been reported in China and the disease has spread to 67 countries (including the United States) so far.[10]
Globally confirmed cases of COVID-19[12]


Status in the United States

Total Cases 43
Total hospitalized 17
Total deaths 2
States reporting cases 10
  • These data represent cases detected and tested in the United States through U.S. public health surveillance systems since January 21, 2020. It does not include people who returned to the U.S. via State Department-chartered flights.[13]
  • For details on the real-time prevalence and spread of COVID-19 in the United States, click here.


References

  1. ↑ https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E (January 2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". Int. J. Infect. Dis. 91: 264–266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. PMID 31953166.
  3. ↑ Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun; Yu, Ting; Xia, Jiaan; Wei, Yuan; Wu, Wenjuan; Xie, Xuelei; Yin, Wen; Li, Hui; Liu, Min; Xiao, Yan; Gao, Hong; Guo, Li; Xie, Jungang; Wang, Guangfa; Jiang, Rongmeng; Gao, Zhancheng; Jin, Qi; Wang, Jianwei; Cao, Bin (2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. ISSN 0140-6736.
  4. ↑ Wang, Dawei; Hu, Bo; Hu, Chang; Zhu, Fangfang; Liu, Xing; Zhang, Jing; Wang, Binbin; Xiang, Hui; Cheng, Zhenshun; Xiong, Yong; Zhao, Yan; Li, Yirong; Wang, Xinghuan; Peng, Zhiyong (2020). "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585. ISSN 0098-7484.
  5. ↑ Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B (February 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMID 31986264.
  6. ↑ Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L (February 2020). "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study". Lancet. 395 (10223): 507–513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. PMID 32007143 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z (February 2020). "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMID 32031570 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Li, Qun; Guan, Xuhua; Wu, Peng; Wang, Xiaoye; Zhou, Lei; Tong, Yeqing; Ren, Ruiqi; Leung, Kathy S.M.; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Wong, Jessica Y.; Xing, Xuesen; Xiang, Nijuan; Wu, Yang; Li, Chao; Chen, Qi; Li, Dan; Liu, Tian; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Man; Tu, Wenxiao; Chen, Chuding; Jin, Lianmei; Yang, Rui; Wang, Qi; Zhou, Suhua; Wang, Rui; Liu, Hui; Luo, Yinbo; Liu, Yuan; Shao, Ge; Li, Huan; Tao, Zhongfa; Yang, Yang; Deng, Zhiqiang; Liu, Boxi; Ma, Zhitao; Zhang, Yanping; Shi, Guoqing; Lam, Tommy T.Y.; Wu, Joseph T.; Gao, George F.; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Yang, Bo; Leung, Gabriel M.; Feng, Zijian (2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. ISSN 0028-4793.
  9. ↑ Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E (January 2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". Int. J. Infect. Dis. 91: 264–266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. PMID 31953166.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/locations-confirmed-cases.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/locations-confirmed-cases.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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