Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction common causes: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
===Congenital===
===Congenital===
===Common Causes===
* [[Rheumatic heart disease]] <ref name="pmid7720297">{{cite journal| author=Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S| title=Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I. | journal=Clin Cardiol | year= 1995 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-102 | pmid=7720297 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7720297  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14657067">{{cite journal| author=Hull MC, Morris CG, Pepine CJ, Mendenhall NP| title=Valvular dysfunction and carotid, subclavian, and coronary artery disease in survivors of hodgkin lymphoma treated with radiation therapy. | journal=JAMA | year= 2003 | volume= 290 | issue= 21 | pages= 2831-7 | pmid=14657067 | doi=10.1001/jama.290.21.2831 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14657067  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7484833">{{cite journal| author=Gotoh T, Kuroda T, Yamasawa M, Nishinaga M, Mitsuhashi T, Seino Y et al.| title=Correlation between lipoprotein(a) and aortic valve sclerosis assessed by echocardiography (the JMS Cardiac Echo and Cohort Study). | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1995 | volume= 76 | issue= 12 | pages= 928-32 | pmid=7484833 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7484833  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15226964">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nili M, Liban E, Levy MJ |title=Tricuspid stenosis due to intravenous leiomyomatosis--a call for caution: case report and review of the literature |journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=231–5 |date=June 1982 |pmid=15226964 |pmc=351617 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7720297">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S |title=Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I |journal=Clin Cardiol |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=97–102 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7720297 |doi=10.1002/clc.4960180212 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22964066">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khatib N, Blumenfeld Z, Bronshtein M |title=Early prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid stenosis |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=207 |issue=5 |pages=e6–8 |date=November 2012 |pmid=22964066 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.030 |url=}}</ref>
*Sometimes described are intravenous [[leiomyomatosis]], ventriculoatrial shunts causing TS.<ref name="pmid20824751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Akram Q, Saravanan D, Levy R |title=Valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis caused by a ventriculoatrial shunt |journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=722–5 |date=April 2011 |pmid=20824751 |doi=10.1002/ccd.22745 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]<ref name="pmid7720297">{{cite journal| author=Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S| title=Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I. | journal=Clin Cardiol | year= 1995 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-102 | pmid=7720297 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7720297  }} </ref> <ref name="CFIM">Toy, Eugene, et al. ''Case Files: Internal Medicine.'' McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2007. Page 43. ISBN 0071463038.</ref> <ref name="pmid18628928">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roberts WC, Ko JM |title=Some observations on mitral and aortic valve disease |journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=282–99 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18628928 |pmc=2446420 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2008.11928412 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19065003">{{cite journal| author=Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP et al.| title=Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. | journal=Eur J Echocardiogr | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-25 | pmid=19065003 | doi=10.1093/ejechocard/jen303 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19065003  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7720297">{{cite journal| author=Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S| title=Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I. | journal=Clin Cardiol | year= 1995 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-102 | pmid=7720297 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7720297  }} </ref> </ref> <ref name="pmid20824751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Akram Q, Saravanan D, Levy R |title=Valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis caused by a ventriculoatrial shunt |journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=722–5 |date=April 2011 |pmid=20824751 |doi=10.1002/ccd.22745 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Benign tumors]] like [[Atrial myxoma|atrial myxomas]] can cause functional TS<ref name="pmid26272962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Şaşkın H, Düzyol Ç, Özcan KS, Aksoy R |title=Right atrial myxoma mimicking tricuspid stenosis |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2015 |issue= |pages= |date=August 2015 |pmid=26272962 |pmc=4550937 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2015-210818 |url=}}</ref>. <ref name="pmid21365261">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muraru D, Badano LP, Sarais C, Soldà E, Iliceto S |title=Evaluation of tricuspid valve morphology and function by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography |journal=Curr Cardiol Rep |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=242–9 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21365261 |doi=10.1007/s11886-011-0176-3 |url=}}</ref>
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="lightsteelblue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="beige" ; border="1" | [[Congenital heart disease]], [[cardiac tumor]], saphenous vein bypass graft aneurysm,<ref name="pmidPMID: 27217436">{{cite journal| author=Jellis CL, Navia JL, Flamm SD, Rodriguez LL| title=Severe Functional Tricuspid Stenosis Secondary to a Giant Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Aneurysm. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 21 | pages= 2099-102 | pmid=PMID: 27217436 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.014772 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27217436  }} </ref> [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[endomyocardial fibrosis]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[myxoma]], [[rheumatic heart disease]]
|-
| bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Methysergide]]
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Pacemaker|Pacemaker infection]], [[pacemaker|pacemaker leads]]<ref name="pmid16800373">{{cite journal| author=Taira K, Suzuki A, Fujino A, Watanabe T, Ogyu A, Ashikawa K| title=Tricuspid valve stenosis related to subvalvular adhesion of pacemaker lead: a case report. | journal=J Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 47 | issue= 6 | pages= 301-6 | pmid=16800373 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16800373  }} </ref>, device closure of right coronary arteriovenous fistula.<ref name="pmidPMID: 26603866">{{cite journal| author=Changchien C, Lin MT, Wang CC, Liu HM, Wang CC, Chiu SN et al.| title=Neonatal tricuspid stenosis caused by device closure of a large coronary fistula. | journal=EuroIntervention | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= 7 | pages= e1 | pmid=PMID: 26603866 | doi=10.4244/EIJV11I7A162 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26603866  }} </ref>
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Infective endocarditis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Fabry disease]], [[Whipple's disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Carcinoid syndrome]], [[cardiac tumor]], [[intravenous leiomyomatous tumor]],<ref name="pmid15226964">{{cite journal| author=Nili M, Liban E, Levy MJ| title=Tricuspid stenosis due to intravenous leiomyomatosis--a call for caution: case report and review of the literature. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 1982 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 231-5 | pmid=15226964 | doi= | pmc=PMC351617 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15226964  }} </ref> [[metastatic tumor]], [[myxoma]]
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Amyloidosis]],<ref name="pmid24797117">{{cite journal| author=Kim KH, Park CH, Park HS, Kim YR, Choi EY| title=Amyloidosis-induced tricuspid stenosis mimicking rheumatic heart disease. | journal=Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging | year= 2014 | volume= 15 | issue= 10 | pages= 1167 | pmid=24797117 | doi=10.1093/ehjci/jeu075 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24797117  }} </ref> [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Cyst|Giant blood cyst]]
|-
|}
#[[Tetralogy of fallot]] <ref name="pmid1936027">{{cite journal| author=Horstkotte D, Niehues R, Strauer BE| title=Pathomorphological aspects, aetiology and natural history of acquired mitral valve stenosis. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1991 | volume= 12 Suppl B | issue=  | pages= 55-60 | pmid=1936027 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> Chronic turbulent flow through a deformed valve appears to cause these changes and as a result the valve looses it's normal morphology.<ref name="pmid8043061">{{cite journal| author=Marcus RH, Sareli P, Pocock WA, Barlow JB| title=The spectrum of severe rheumatic mitral valve disease in a developing country. Correlations among clinical presentation, surgical pathologic findings, and hemodynamic sequelae. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1994 | volume= 120 | issue= 3 | pages= 177-83 | pmid=8043061 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid16027271">{{cite journal| author=Carabello BA| title=Modern management of mitral stenosis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 3 | pages= 432-7 | pmid=16027271 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532498 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16027271  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid20435842">{{cite journal| author=Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO| title=Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 5 | pages= 483-500 | pmid=20435842 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2009.0706 | pmc=2861980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20435842  }} </ref>
#[[Tetralogy of fallot]] <ref name="pmid1936027">{{cite journal| author=Horstkotte D, Niehues R, Strauer BE| title=Pathomorphological aspects, aetiology and natural history of acquired mitral valve stenosis. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1991 | volume= 12 Suppl B | issue=  | pages= 55-60 | pmid=1936027 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> Chronic turbulent flow through a deformed valve appears to cause these changes and as a result the valve looses it's normal morphology.<ref name="pmid8043061">{{cite journal| author=Marcus RH, Sareli P, Pocock WA, Barlow JB| title=The spectrum of severe rheumatic mitral valve disease in a developing country. Correlations among clinical presentation, surgical pathologic findings, and hemodynamic sequelae. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1994 | volume= 120 | issue= 3 | pages= 177-83 | pmid=8043061 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid16027271">{{cite journal| author=Carabello BA| title=Modern management of mitral stenosis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 3 | pages= 432-7 | pmid=16027271 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532498 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16027271  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid20435842">{{cite journal| author=Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO| title=Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 5 | pages= 483-500 | pmid=20435842 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2009.0706 | pmc=2861980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20435842  }} </ref>
#[[Noonan syndrome]]
#[[Noonan syndrome]]
Line 16: Line 131:
===Acquired===
===Acquired===
#[[Carcinoid syndrome]] <ref name="pmid22973129">{{cite journal| author=Mohamed AL, Zain MM| title=Hoarseness of Voice in a Patient with Mitral Stenosis and Ortner's Syndrome. | journal=Malays J Med Sci | year= 2004 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-8 | pmid=22973129 | doi= | pmc=3433978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22973129  }} </ref>
#[[Carcinoid syndrome]] <ref name="pmid22973129">{{cite journal| author=Mohamed AL, Zain MM| title=Hoarseness of Voice in a Patient with Mitral Stenosis and Ortner's Syndrome. | journal=Malays J Med Sci | year= 2004 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-8 | pmid=22973129 | doi= | pmc=3433978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22973129  }} </ref>
#[[Rheumatic fever]]
#[[Rheumatic fever]] <ref name="pmid21737022">{{cite journal| author=Linefsky JP, O'Brien KD, Katz R, de Boer IH, Barasch E, Jenny NS et al.| title=Association of serum phosphate levels with aortic valve sclerosis and annular calcification: the cardiovascular health study. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 291-7 | pmid=21737022 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.073 | pmc=PMC3147295 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21737022  }} </ref>
#[[Homograft]] dysfunction<ref name="pmid17389281">{{cite journal| author=Inglessis I, Landzberg MJ| title=Interventional catheterization in adult congenital heart disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 1622-33 | pmid=17389281 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592428 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17389281  }} </ref>
#[[Homograft]] dysfunction<ref name="pmid17389281">{{cite journal| author=Inglessis I, Landzberg MJ| title=Interventional catheterization in adult congenital heart disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 1622-33 | pmid=17389281 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592428 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17389281  }} </ref>
#[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
#[[Pulmonary hypertension]] <ref name="pmid4272665">{{cite journal| author=Roberts WC| title=Valvular, subvalvular and supravalvular aortic stenosis: morphologic features. | journal=Cardiovasc Clin | year= 1973 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 97-126 | pmid=4272665 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4272665  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid26270071">{{cite journal| author=Lucena CM, Santos RP| title=Association between Aortic Valve Sclerosis and Adverse Cardiovascular Events. | journal=Arq Bras Cardiol | year= 2015 | volume= 105 | issue= 1 | pages= 99 | pmid=26270071 | doi=10.5935/abc.20150081 | pmc=4523295 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26270071  }} </ref>


==Overview==
==Overview==

Latest revision as of 15:05, 6 April 2020

Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Anatomy of Pulmonary Valve

Classification

Pulmonary valve stenosis
Pulmonary subvalvular stenosis
Pulmonary supravalvular stenosis
Pulmonary atresia

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

Cardiac Catheterization

Pulmonary Angiography

Treatment

Indications For Surgery

Surgery

Pre-Operative A/P

Post-Operative A/P

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Special Scenarios

Pulmonary artery conduits/Prosthetic Valves

Double-Chambered Right Ventricle

Case Studies

Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Causes

Congenital

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Congenital heart disease, cardiac tumor, saphenous vein bypass graft aneurysm,[12] Ebstein's anomaly, endomyocardial fibrosis, infective endocarditis, myxoma, rheumatic heart disease
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Methysergide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Carcinoid syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Pacemaker infection, pacemaker leads[13], device closure of right coronary arteriovenous fistula.[14]
Infectious Disease Infective endocarditis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Fabry disease, Whipple's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Carcinoid syndrome, cardiac tumor, intravenous leiomyomatous tumor,[4] metastatic tumor, myxoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Amyloidosis,[15] systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Giant blood cyst
  1. Tetralogy of fallot [16] Chronic turbulent flow through a deformed valve appears to cause these changes and as a result the valve looses it's normal morphology.[17] [18] [19]
  2. Noonan syndrome
  3. Leopard syndrome
  4. William's syndrome
  5. Alagille syndrome
  6. Congenital rubella syndrome

Acquired

  1. Carcinoid syndrome [20]
  2. Rheumatic fever [21]
  3. Homograft dysfunction[22]
  4. Pulmonary hypertension [23] [24]

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
  • Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
  • [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

Common causes of [disease name] may include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]


OR


  • [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
  • [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]

Genetic Causes

  • [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes


Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:

  • Cause 1
  • Cause 2
  • Cause 3
  • Cause 4
  • Cause 5
  • Cause 6
  • Cause 7
  • Cause 8
  • Cause 9
  • Cause 10

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S (1995). "Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I." Clin Cardiol. 18 (2): 97–102. PMID 7720297.
  2. ↑ Hull MC, Morris CG, Pepine CJ, Mendenhall NP (2003). "Valvular dysfunction and carotid, subclavian, and coronary artery disease in survivors of hodgkin lymphoma treated with radiation therapy". JAMA. 290 (21): 2831–7. doi:10.1001/jama.290.21.2831. PMID 14657067.
  3. ↑ Gotoh T, Kuroda T, Yamasawa M, Nishinaga M, Mitsuhashi T, Seino Y; et al. (1995). "Correlation between lipoprotein(a) and aortic valve sclerosis assessed by echocardiography (the JMS Cardiac Echo and Cohort Study)". Am J Cardiol. 76 (12): 928–32. PMID 7484833.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nili M, Liban E, Levy MJ (June 1982). "Tricuspid stenosis due to intravenous leiomyomatosis--a call for caution: case report and review of the literature". Tex Heart Inst J. 9 (2): 231–5. PMC 351617. PMID 15226964.
  5. ↑ Khatib N, Blumenfeld Z, Bronshtein M (November 2012). "Early prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid stenosis". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 207 (5): e6–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.030. PMID 22964066.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Akram Q, Saravanan D, Levy R (April 2011). "Valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis caused by a ventriculoatrial shunt". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 77 (5): 722–5. doi:10.1002/ccd.22745. PMID 20824751.
  7. ↑ Toy, Eugene, et al. Case Files: Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2007. Page 43. ISBN 0071463038.
  8. ↑ Roberts WC, Ko JM (July 2008). "Some observations on mitral and aortic valve disease". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 21 (3): 282–99. doi:10.1080/08998280.2008.11928412. PMC 2446420. PMID 18628928.
  9. ↑ Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP; et al. (2009). "Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice". Eur J Echocardiogr. 10 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jen303. PMID 19065003.
  10. ↑ Şaşkın H, Düzyol Ç, Özcan KS, Aksoy R (August 2015). "Right atrial myxoma mimicking tricuspid stenosis". BMJ Case Rep. 2015. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-210818. PMC 4550937. PMID 26272962.
  11. ↑ Muraru D, Badano LP, Sarais C, Soldà E, Iliceto S (June 2011). "Evaluation of tricuspid valve morphology and function by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography". Curr Cardiol Rep. 13 (3): 242–9. doi:10.1007/s11886-011-0176-3. PMID 21365261.
  12. ↑ Jellis CL, Navia JL, Flamm SD, Rodriguez LL (2016). "Severe Functional Tricuspid Stenosis Secondary to a Giant Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Aneurysm". Circulation. 133 (21): 2099–102. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.014772. PMID 27217436 PMID: 27217436 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Taira K, Suzuki A, Fujino A, Watanabe T, Ogyu A, Ashikawa K (2006). "Tricuspid valve stenosis related to subvalvular adhesion of pacemaker lead: a case report". J Cardiol. 47 (6): 301–6. PMID 16800373.
  14. ↑ Changchien C, Lin MT, Wang CC, Liu HM, Wang CC, Chiu SN; et al. (2015). "Neonatal tricuspid stenosis caused by device closure of a large coronary fistula". EuroIntervention. 11 (7): e1. doi:10.4244/EIJV11I7A162. PMID 26603866 PMID: 26603866 Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. ↑ Kim KH, Park CH, Park HS, Kim YR, Choi EY (2014). "Amyloidosis-induced tricuspid stenosis mimicking rheumatic heart disease". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 15 (10): 1167. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeu075. PMID 24797117.
  16. ↑ Horstkotte D, Niehues R, Strauer BE (1991). "Pathomorphological aspects, aetiology and natural history of acquired mitral valve stenosis". Eur Heart J. 12 Suppl B: 55–60. PMID 1936027.
  17. ↑ Marcus RH, Sareli P, Pocock WA, Barlow JB (1994). "The spectrum of severe rheumatic mitral valve disease in a developing country. Correlations among clinical presentation, surgical pathologic findings, and hemodynamic sequelae". Ann Intern Med. 120 (3): 177–83. PMID 8043061.
  18. ↑ Carabello BA (2005). "Modern management of mitral stenosis". Circulation. 112 (3): 432–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532498. PMID 16027271.
  19. ↑ Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO (2010). "Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management". Mayo Clin Proc. 85 (5): 483–500. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0706. PMC 2861980. PMID 20435842.
  20. ↑ Mohamed AL, Zain MM (2004). "Hoarseness of Voice in a Patient with Mitral Stenosis and Ortner's Syndrome". Malays J Med Sci. 11 (2): 65–8. PMC 3433978. PMID 22973129.
  21. ↑ Linefsky JP, O'Brien KD, Katz R, de Boer IH, Barasch E, Jenny NS; et al. (2011). "Association of serum phosphate levels with aortic valve sclerosis and annular calcification: the cardiovascular health study". J Am Coll Cardiol. 58 (3): 291–7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.073. PMC 3147295. PMID 21737022.
  22. ↑ Inglessis I, Landzberg MJ (2007). "Interventional catheterization in adult congenital heart disease". Circulation. 115 (12): 1622–33. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592428. PMID 17389281.
  23. ↑ Roberts WC (1973). "Valvular, subvalvular and supravalvular aortic stenosis: morphologic features". Cardiovasc Clin. 5 (1): 97–126. PMID 4272665.
  24. ↑ Lucena CM, Santos RP (2015). "Association between Aortic Valve Sclerosis and Adverse Cardiovascular Events". Arq Bras Cardiol. 105 (1): 99. doi:10.5935/abc.20150081. PMC 4523295. PMID 26270071.

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