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{{Third degree AV block}}
{{Third degree AV block}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Soroush}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{Soroush}} {{ADG}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors of congenital heart block includes pregnant woman with [[lupus]] and [[congenital heart defects]]. Common risk factors of acquired heart block include patients with history of heart diseases, patients with [[sarcoidosis]], and exposure to toxic dose of [[digitalis]] increase the risk of heart block.
Common risk factors associated [[atioventricular block]] include older [[age]], [[male sex]], history of [[myocardial infarction]], history of [[congestive heart disease]], [[high]] [[systolic blood pressure]], increased [[fasting]] blood [[glucose]] level.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
===Congenital Heart Block===
::*Common risk factors associated with [[atioventricular block]] include:<ref name="pmid31125096">{{cite journal| author=Kerola T, Eranti A, Aro AL, Haukilahti MA, Holkeri A, Junttila MJ et al.| title=Risk Factors Associated With Atrioventricular Block. | journal=JAMA Netw Open | year= 2019 | volume= 2 | issue= 5 | pages= e194176 | pmid=31125096 | doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4176 | pmc=6632153 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31125096  }}</ref>
 
*Older [[age]]
*If a pregnant woman has an autoimmune disease, such as [[Systemic lupus erythematosus (patient information)|lupus]], her fetus is at risk for heart block.
* Male sex
 
* History of [[myocardial infarction]]
*Autoantibodies in some autoimmune diseases can damage the AV node and causes heart block.
*History of [[congestive heart disease]]
 
*[[High]] [[systolic blood pressure]]
* A newborn of patients with congenital heart defects has increased risk of developing heart diseases including heart block.
*Increased [[fasting blood glucose]] level
 
::* Common risk factors associated with [[atrioventricular block]] after [[cardiac]] surgery include:<ref name="pmid28122567">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bougioukas I, Jebran AF, Grossmann M, Friedrich M, Tirilomis T, Schoendube FA, Danner BC |title=Is there a correlation between late re-exploration after cardiac surgery and removal of epicardial pacemaker wires? |journal=J Cardiothorac Surg |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3 |date=January 2017 |pmid=28122567 |pmc=5264443 |doi=10.1186/s13019-017-0569-5 |url=}}</ref>
===Acquired Heart Block===
* Older age
 
* [[Atrial fibrillation]]
*Common risk factors of acquired heart block include the following:<ref name="pmid31125096">{{cite journal| author=Kerola T, Eranti A, Aro AL, Haukilahti MA, Holkeri A, Junttila MJ et al.| title=Risk Factors Associated With Atrioventricular Block. | journal=JAMA Netw Open | year= 2019 | volume= 2 | issue= 5 | pages= e194176 | pmid=31125096 | doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4176 | pmc=6632153 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31125096  }}</ref>
* Prior [[surgery]]
**Patients with history of heart diseases as [[heart failure]], [[coronary heart disease]], and [[cardiomyopathy]].
* [[ Preoperative]] [[renal failure]]
** Patients with sarcoidosis and defenerative muscle disorders as  [[Lev's disease]] and [[Lenegre's disease]].
* Active [[endocarditis]]
**Exposure to toxic substances or taking certain medicines, such as [[digitalis]], also can raise your risk of heart block.
::* Common risk factor associated with intraoperative [[bradycardia]] and [[hypotension]] in [[patients]] undergoing non-[[cardiac]] [[surgery]] include:<ref name="pmid14570803">{{cite journal |vauthors=Unnikrishnan D, Idris N, Varshneya N |title=Complete heart block during central venous catheter placement in a patient with pre-existing left bundle branch block |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=747–9 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14570803 |doi=10.1093/bja/aeg242 |url=}}</ref>
**Well-trained athletes and young people are at higher risk for [[first-degree heart block]] caused by an overly active [[vagus nerve]].
*Age (>60-65 years of age)
*[[ Comorbidities]]
* Lower [[heart rates]] (<60 bpm) or [[blood pressure]] (<110/60 mm Hg) at baseline
* Use of concomitant [[drugs]] such as [[beta-blockers]], [[renin-angiotensin system]] blockers
::* Common risk factors associated with [[PPM]] implantation after [[valve]] surgery include:<ref name="pmid6204288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldman BS, Hill TJ, Weisel RD, Scully HE, Mickleborough LL, Pym J, Baird RJ |title=Permanent cardiac pacing after open-heart surgery: acquired heart disease |journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol |volume=7 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=367–71 |date=May 1984 |pmid=6204288 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-8159.1984.tb04919.x |url=}}</ref>
* Preoperative [[RBBB]]
* [[Multivalve]] [[surgery ]], especially [[tricuspid valve]]
* Preoperative [[LBBB]]
* Preoperative [[PR interval]] >200 ms
* Prior [[valve]] surgery
* [[Age]] >70 years
* Reoperations
* Longer times of [[cross-clamp]]
*Absence of [[preoperative]] [[sinus rhythm]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 11:16, 7 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[3] Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [4]

Overview

Common risk factors associated atioventricular block include older age, male sex, history of myocardial infarction, history of congestive heart disease, high systolic blood pressure, increased fasting blood glucose level.

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors associated with PPM implantation after valve surgery include:[4]

References

  1. ↑ Kerola T, Eranti A, Aro AL, Haukilahti MA, Holkeri A, Junttila MJ; et al. (2019). "Risk Factors Associated With Atrioventricular Block". JAMA Netw Open. 2 (5): e194176. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4176. PMC 6632153 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31125096.
  2. ↑ Bougioukas I, Jebran AF, Grossmann M, Friedrich M, Tirilomis T, Schoendube FA, Danner BC (January 2017). "Is there a correlation between late re-exploration after cardiac surgery and removal of epicardial pacemaker wires?". J Cardiothorac Surg. 12 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13019-017-0569-5. PMC 5264443. PMID 28122567.
  3. ↑ Unnikrishnan D, Idris N, Varshneya N (November 2003). "Complete heart block during central venous catheter placement in a patient with pre-existing left bundle branch block". Br J Anaesth. 91 (5): 747–9. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg242. PMID 14570803.
  4. ↑ Goldman BS, Hill TJ, Weisel RD, Scully HE, Mickleborough LL, Pym J, Baird RJ (May 1984). "Permanent cardiac pacing after open-heart surgery: acquired heart disease". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 7 (3 Pt 1): 367–71. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1984.tb04919.x. PMID 6204288.


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