Premature ventricular contraction interventions: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(32 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Premature ventricular contraction}}
{{Premature ventricular contraction}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Homa}}{{M.P}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Homa}}{{Radwa}}{{M.P}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Line 49: Line 49:
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki></nowiki>'''1.'''  CPR should be performed in patients in cardiac arrest according to published basic and advanced cardiovascular life support algorithms ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''.
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki></nowiki>'''1.'''  [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] should be performed in [[patients]] in [[cardiac arrest]] according to published [[Basic life support|basic]] and [[advanced cardiovascular life support]] algorithms ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''.<ref name="LinkBerkow2015">{{cite journal|last1=Link|first1=Mark S.|last2=Berkow|first2=Lauren C.|last3=Kudenchuk|first3=Peter J.|last4=Halperin|first4=Henry R.|last5=Hess|first5=Erik P.|last6=Moitra|first6=Vivek K.|last7=Neumar|first7=Robert W.|last8=O’Neil|first8=Brian J.|last9=Paxton|first9=James H.|last10=Silvers|first10=Scott M.|last11=White|first11=Roger D.|last12=Yannopoulos|first12=Demetris|last13=Donnino|first13=Michael W.|title=Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=18 suppl 2|year=2015|pages=S444–S464|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261}}</ref><ref name="StiellWells2004">{{cite journal|last1=Stiell|first1=Ian G.|last2=Wells|first2=George A.|last3=Field|first3=Brian|last4=Spaite|first4=Daniel W.|last5=Nesbitt|first5=Lisa P.|last6=De Maio|first6=Valerie J.|last7=Nichol|first7=Graham|last8=Cousineau|first8=Donna|last9=Blackburn|first9=Josée|last10=Munkley|first10=Doug|last11=Luinstra-Toohey|first11=Lorraine|last12=Campeau|first12=Tony|last13=Dagnone|first13=Eugene|last14=Lyver|first14=Marion|title=Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=351|issue=7|year=2004|pages=647–656|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa040325}}</ref><ref name="SassonRogers2010">{{cite journal|last1=Sasson|first1=Comilla|last2=Rogers|first2=Mary A.M.|last3=Dahl|first3=Jason|last4=Kellermann|first4=Arthur L.|title=Predictors of Survival From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes|volume=3|issue=1|year=2010|pages=63–81|issn=1941-7713|doi=10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.889576}}</ref>
'''2.'''  In patients with hemodynamically unstable VA that persist or recur after a maximal energy shock, intravenous amiodarone should be administered to attempt to achieve a stable rhythm after further defibrillation ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''.  
 
'''3.''' Patients presenting with VA with hemodynamic instability should undergo direct current cardioversion ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''.
'''2.'''  In [[patients]] with [[hemodynamically]] unstable [[Ventricular arrhythmia|VA]] that persist or recur after a maximal energy shock, [[intravenous]] [[amiodarone]] should be administered to attempt to achieve a stable [[rhythm]] after further [[defibrillation]] ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''. <ref name="LinkBerkow2015">{{cite journal|last1=Link|first1=Mark S.|last2=Berkow|first2=Lauren C.|last3=Kudenchuk|first3=Peter J.|last4=Halperin|first4=Henry R.|last5=Hess|first5=Erik P.|last6=Moitra|first6=Vivek K.|last7=Neumar|first7=Robert W.|last8=O’Neil|first8=Brian J.|last9=Paxton|first9=James H.|last10=Silvers|first10=Scott M.|last11=White|first11=Roger D.|last12=Yannopoulos|first12=Demetris|last13=Donnino|first13=Michael W.|title=Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=18 suppl 2|year=2015|pages=S444–S464|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261}}</ref><ref name="DorianCass2002">{{cite journal|last1=Dorian|first1=Paul|last2=Cass|first2=Dan|last3=Schwartz|first3=Brian|last4=Cooper|first4=Richard|last5=Gelaznikas|first5=Robert|last6=Barr|first6=Aiala|title=Amiodarone as Compared with Lidocaine for Shock-Resistant Ventricular Fibrillation|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=346|issue=12|year=2002|pages=884–890|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013029}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
'''4.''' In patients with polymorphic VT or VF with ST-elevation MI, angiography with emergency revascularization is recommended ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])''.
| author = [[P. J. Kudenchuk]], [[L. A. Cobb]], [[M. K. Copass]], [[R. O. Cummins]], [[A. M. Doherty]], [[C. E. Fahrenbruch]], [[A. P. Hallstrom]], [[W. A. Murray]], [[M. Olsufka]] & [[T. Walsh]]
'''5.''' Patients with a wide-QRS tachycardia should be presumed to have VT if the diagnosis is unclear ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-EO]])''.
| title = Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation
<nowiki/>
| journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
| volume = 341
| issue = 12
| pages = 871–878
| year = 1999
| month = September
| doi = 10.1056/NEJM199909163411203
| pmid = 10486418
}}</ref>
 
'''3.''' [[Patients]] presenting with [[Ventricular arrhythmia|VA]] with [[hemodynamic]] instability should undergo direct current [[cardioversion]] ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''.<ref name="LinkBerkow2015">{{cite journal|last1=Link|first1=Mark S.|last2=Berkow|first2=Lauren C.|last3=Kudenchuk|first3=Peter J.|last4=Halperin|first4=Henry R.|last5=Hess|first5=Erik P.|last6=Moitra|first6=Vivek K.|last7=Neumar|first7=Robert W.|last8=O’Neil|first8=Brian J.|last9=Paxton|first9=James H.|last10=Silvers|first10=Scott M.|last11=White|first11=Roger D.|last12=Yannopoulos|first12=Demetris|last13=Donnino|first13=Michael W.|title=Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=18 suppl 2|year=2015|pages=S444–S464|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261}}</ref><ref name="StiellWells2004">{{cite journal|last1=Stiell|first1=Ian G.|last2=Wells|first2=George A.|last3=Field|first3=Brian|last4=Spaite|first4=Daniel W.|last5=Nesbitt|first5=Lisa P.|last6=De Maio|first6=Valerie J.|last7=Nichol|first7=Graham|last8=Cousineau|first8=Donna|last9=Blackburn|first9=Josée|last10=Munkley|first10=Doug|last11=Luinstra-Toohey|first11=Lorraine|last12=Campeau|first12=Tony|last13=Dagnone|first13=Eugene|last14=Lyver|first14=Marion|title=Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=351|issue=7|year=2004|pages=647–656|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa040325}}</ref><ref name="SassonRogers2010">{{cite journal|last1=Sasson|first1=Comilla|last2=Rogers|first2=Mary A.M.|last3=Dahl|first3=Jason|last4=Kellermann|first4=Arthur L.|title=Predictors of Survival From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes|volume=3|issue=1|year=2010|pages=63–81|issn=1941-7713|doi=10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.889576}}</ref>
 
'''4.''' In [[Patients]] with [[polymorphic VT]] or [[Ventricular fibrillation|VF]] with [[ST elevation MI|ST-elevation MI]], [[angiography]] with emergency [[revascularization]] is recommended ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])''.<ref name="SpauldingJoly1997">{{cite journal|last1=Spaulding|first1=Christian M.|last2=Joly|first2=Luc-Marie|last3=Rosenberg|first3=Alain|last4=Monchi|first4=Mehran|last5=Weber|first5=Simon N.|last6=Dhainaut|first6=Jean-François A.|last7=Carli|first7=Pierre|title=Immediate Coronary Angiography in Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=336|issue=23|year=1997|pages=1629–1633|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199706053362302}}</ref><ref name="CronierVignon2011">{{cite journal|last1=Cronier|first1=Pierrick|last2=Vignon|first2=Philippe|last3=Bouferrache|first3=Koceila|last4=Aegerter|first4=Philippe|last5=Charron|first5=Cyril|last6=Templier|first6=François|last7=Castro|first7=Samuel|last8=El Mahmoud|first8=Rami|last9=Lory|first9=Cécile|last10=Pichon|first10=Nicolas|last11=Dubourg|first11=Olivier|last12=Vieillard-Baron|first12=Antoine|title=Impact of routine percutaneous coronary intervention after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation|journal=Critical Care|volume=15|issue=3|year=2011|pages=R122|issn=1364-8535|doi=10.1186/cc10227}}</ref><ref name="ZanuttiniArmellini2012">{{cite journal|last1=Zanuttini|first1=Davide|last2=Armellini|first2=Ilaria|last3=Nucifora|first3=Gaetano|last4=Carchietti|first4=Elio|last5=Trillò|first5=Giulio|last6=Spedicato|first6=Leonardo|last7=Bernardi|first7=Guglielmo|last8=Proclemer|first8=Alessandro|title=Impact of Emergency Coronary Angiography on In-Hospital Outcome of Unconscious Survivors After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=110|issue=12|year=2012|pages=1723–1728|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.006}}</ref><ref name="DumasBougouin2016">{{cite journal|last1=Dumas|first1=Florence|last2=Bougouin|first2=Wulfran|last3=Geri|first3=Guillaume|last4=Lamhaut|first4=Lionel|last5=Rosencher|first5=Julien|last6=Pène|first6=Frédéric|last7=Chiche|first7=Jean-Daniel|last8=Varenne|first8=Olivier|last9=Carli|first9=Pierre|last10=Jouven|first10=Xavier|last11=Mira|first11=Jean-Paul|last12=Spaulding|first12=Christian|last13=Cariou|first13=Alain|title=Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Post–Cardiac Arrest Patients Without ST-Segment Elevation Pattern|journal=JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions|volume=9|issue=10|year=2016|pages=1011–1018|issn=19368798|doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2016.02.001}}</ref>
 
'''5.''' [[Patients]] with a [[Wide complex tachycardias|wide-QRS tachycardia]] should be presumed to have [[Ventricular tachycardia|VT]] if the [[diagnosis]] is unclear ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-EO]])''.''<nowiki/>''
 
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ESC guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon" |<nowiki></nowiki>'''1.'''  In [[patients]] with [[Hemodynamic|hemodynamically]] stable [[Ventricular tachycardia|VT]], administration of [[intravenous]] [[procainamide]] can be useful to attempt to terminate [[Ventricular tachycardia|VT]] ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]]).''<ref name="Gorgelsvan den Dool1996">{{cite journal|last1=Gorgels|first1=Anton P.M.|last2=van den Dool|first2=Adri|last3=Hofs|first3=Anton|last4=Mulleneers|first4=Rob|last5=Smeets|first5=Joep L.R.M.|last6=Vos|first6=Marc A.|last7=Wellens|first7=Hein J.J.|title=Comparison of procainamide and lidocaine in terminating sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=78|issue=1|year=1996|pages=43–46|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00224-X}}</ref><ref name="MarkelGold2010">{{cite journal|last1=Markel|first1=David T.|last2=Gold|first2=Laura S.|last3=Allen|first3=Judith|last4=Fahrenbruch|first4=Carol E.|last5=Rea|first5=Thomas D.|last6=Eisenberg|first6=Mickey S.|last7=Kudenchuk|first7=Peter J.|title=Procainamide and Survival in Ventricular Fibrillation Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=Academic Emergency Medicine|volume=17|issue=6|year=2010|pages=617–623|issn=10696563|doi=10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00763.x}}</ref><ref name="OrtizMartín2016">{{cite journal|last1=Ortiz|first1=Mercedes|last2=Martín|first2=Alfonso|last3=Arribas|first3=Fernando|last4=Coll-Vinent|first4=Blanca|last5=del Arco|first5=Carmen|last6=Peinado|first6=Rafael|last7=Almendral|first7=Jesús|title=Randomized comparison of intravenous procainamide vs. intravenous amiodarone for the acute treatment of tolerated wide QRS tachycardia: the PROCAMIO study|journal=European Heart Journal|year=2016|pages=ehw230|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehw230}}</ref>
 
'''2.'''  In [[patients]] with a witnessed [[cardiac arrest]] due to [[Ventricular fibrillation|VF]] or [[polymorphic VT]] that is unresponsive to [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]], [[defibrillation]], and [[Vasopressor|vasopressor therapy]], [[intravenous]] [[lidocaine]] can be beneficial ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]]).''<ref name="LinkBerkow2015">{{cite journal|last1=Link|first1=Mark S.|last2=Berkow|first2=Lauren C.|last3=Kudenchuk|first3=Peter J.|last4=Halperin|first4=Henry R.|last5=Hess|first5=Erik P.|last6=Moitra|first6=Vivek K.|last7=Neumar|first7=Robert W.|last8=O’Neil|first8=Brian J.|last9=Paxton|first9=James H.|last10=Silvers|first10=Scott M.|last11=White|first11=Roger D.|last12=Yannopoulos|first12=Demetris|last13=Donnino|first13=Michael W.|title=Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=18 suppl 2|year=2015|pages=S444–S464|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261}}</ref><ref name="DorianCass2002">{{cite journal|last1=Dorian|first1=Paul|last2=Cass|first2=Dan|last3=Schwartz|first3=Brian|last4=Cooper|first4=Richard|last5=Gelaznikas|first5=Robert|last6=Barr|first6=Aiala|title=Amiodarone as Compared with Lidocaine for Shock-Resistant Ventricular Fibrillation|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=346|issue=12|year=2002|pages=884–890|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013029}}</ref><ref name="KudenchukBrown2016">{{cite journal|last1=Kudenchuk|first1=Peter J.|last2=Brown|first2=Siobhan P.|last3=Daya|first3=Mohamud|last4=Rea|first4=Thomas|last5=Nichol|first5=Graham|last6=Morrison|first6=Laurie J.|last7=Leroux|first7=Brian|last8=Vaillancourt|first8=Christian|last9=Wittwer|first9=Lynn|last10=Callaway|first10=Clifton W.|last11=Christenson|first11=James|last12=Egan|first12=Debra|last13=Ornato|first13=Joseph P.|last14=Weisfeldt|first14=Myron L.|last15=Stiell|first15=Ian G.|last16=Idris|first16=Ahamed H.|last17=Aufderheide|first17=Tom P.|last18=Dunford|first18=James V.|last19=Colella|first19=M. Riccardo|last20=Vilke|first20=Gary M.|last21=Brienza|first21=Ashley M.|last22=Desvigne-Nickens|first22=Patrice|last23=Gray|first23=Pamela C.|last24=Gray|first24=Randal|last25=Seals|first25=Norman|last26=Straight|first26=Ron|last27=Dorian|first27=Paul|title=Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=374|issue=18|year=2016|pages=1711–1722|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1514204}}</ref><ref name="HerlitzEkström1997">{{cite journal|last1=Herlitz|first1=Johan|last2=Ekström|first2=Lars|last3=Wennerblom|first3=Bertil|last4=Axelsson|first4=Åsa|last5=Bång|first5=Angela|last6=Lindkvist|first6=Jonny|last7=Persson|first7=Nils Gunnar|last8=Holmberg|first8=Stig|title=Lidocaine in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Does it improve survival?|journal=Resuscitation|volume=33|issue=3|year=1997|pages=199–205|issn=03009572|doi=10.1016/S0300-9572(96)01018-0}}</ref><ref name="KudenchukNewell2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kudenchuk|first1=Peter J.|last2=Newell|first2=Cameron|last3=White|first3=Lindsay|last4=Fahrenbruch|first4=Carol|last5=Rea|first5=Tom|last6=Eisenberg|first6=Mickey|title=Prophylactic lidocaine for post resuscitation care of patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest|journal=Resuscitation|volume=84|issue=11|year=2013|pages=1512–1518|issn=03009572|doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.05.022}}</ref>
 
'''3.'''  In [[patients]] with [[polymorphic VT]] due to [[myocardial ischemia]], [[intravenous]] [[beta blockers]] can be useful''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]]).''<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[K. K. Teo]], [[S. Yusuf]] & [[C. D. Furberg]]
| title = Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials
| journal = [[JAMA]]
| volume = 270
| issue = 13
| pages = 1589–1595
| year = 1993
| month = October
| pmid = 8371471
}}</ref><ref name="NademaneeTaylor2000">{{cite journal|last1=Nademanee|first1=Koonlawee|last2=Taylor|first2=Richard|last3=Bailey|first3=William E.|last4=Rieders|first4=Daniel E.|last5=Kosar|first5=Erol M.|title=Treating Electrical Storm|journal=Circulation|volume=102|issue=7|year=2000|pages=742–747|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.102.7.742}}</ref>
 
'''4.'''  In [[patients]] with a recent [[MI]] who have [[Ventricular tachycardia|VT]]/[[Ventricular fibrillation|VF]] that repeatedly recurs despite direct current [[cardioversion]] and [[antiarrhythmic medications]] ([[Ventricular tachycardia|VT]]/[[Ventricular fibrillation|VF]] storm), an [[intravenous]] [[Beta blockers|beta blocker]] can be useful''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]]).''<ref name="NademaneeTaylor2000">{{cite journal|last1=Nademanee|first1=Koonlawee|last2=Taylor|first2=Richard|last3=Bailey|first3=William E.|last4=Rieders|first4=Daniel E.|last5=Kosar|first5=Erol M.|title=Treating Electrical Storm|journal=Circulation|volume=102|issue=7|year=2000|pages=742–747|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.102.7.742}}</ref><ref name="PicciniHranitzky2008">{{cite journal|last1=Piccini|first1=Jonathan P.|last2=Hranitzky|first2=Patrick M.|last3=Kilaru|first3=Rakhi|last4=Rouleau|first4=Jean-Lucien|last5=White|first5=Harvey D.|last6=Aylward|first6=Philip E.|last7=Van de Werf|first7=Frans|last8=Solomon|first8=Scott D.|last9=Califf|first9=Robert M.|last10=Velazquez|first10=Eric J.|title=Relation of Mortality to Failure to Prescribe Beta Blockers Acutely in Patients With Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction (from the VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion trial [VALIANT] Registry)|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=102|issue=11|year=2008|pages=1427–1432|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.033}}</ref>''<nowiki/>''
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ESC guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon" |<nowiki></nowiki>'''1.'''  In [[patients]] in [[cardiac arrest]], administration of [[epinephrine]] (1 mg every 3 to 5 minutes) during [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] may be reasonable ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]]).''<ref name="LinkBerkow2015">{{cite journal|last1=Link|first1=Mark S.|last2=Berkow|first2=Lauren C.|last3=Kudenchuk|first3=Peter J.|last4=Halperin|first4=Henry R.|last5=Hess|first5=Erik P.|last6=Moitra|first6=Vivek K.|last7=Neumar|first7=Robert W.|last8=O’Neil|first8=Brian J.|last9=Paxton|first9=James H.|last10=Silvers|first10=Scott M.|last11=White|first11=Roger D.|last12=Yannopoulos|first12=Demetris|last13=Donnino|first13=Michael W.|title=Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=18 suppl 2|year=2015|pages=S444–S464|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Callaham]], [[C. D. Madsen]], [[C. W. Barton]], [[C. E. Saunders]] & [[J. Pointer]]
| title = A randomized clinical trial of high-dose epinephrine and norepinephrine vs standard-dose epinephrine in prehospital cardiac arrest
| journal = [[JAMA]]
| volume = 268
| issue = 19
| pages = 2667–2672
| year = 1992
| month = November
| pmid = 1433686
}}</ref><ref name="DonninoSalciccioli2014">{{cite journal|last1=Donnino|first1=M. W.|last2=Salciccioli|first2=J. D.|last3=Howell|first3=M. D.|last4=Cocchi|first4=M. N.|last5=Giberson|first5=B.|last6=Berg|first6=K.|last7=Gautam|first7=S.|last8=Callaway|first8=C.|title=Time to administration of epinephrine and outcome after in-hospital cardiac arrest with non-shockable rhythms: retrospective analysis of large in-hospital data registry|journal=BMJ|volume=348|issue=may20 2|year=2014|pages=g3028–g3028|issn=1756-1833|doi=10.1136/bmj.g3028}}</ref><ref name="GueugniaudMols1998">{{cite journal|last1=Gueugniaud|first1=Pierre-Yves|last2=Mols|first2=Pierre|last3=Goldstein|first3=Patrick|last4=Pham|first4=Emmanuel|last5=Dubien|first5=Pierre-Yves|last6=Deweerdt|first6=Carine|last7=Vergnion|first7=Michel|last8=Petit|first8=Paul|last9=Carli|first9=Pierre|title=A Comparison of Repeated High Doses and Repeated Standard Doses of Epinephrine for Cardiac Arrest Outside the Hospital|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=339|issue=22|year=1998|pages=1595–1601|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199811263392204}}</ref><ref name="HagiharaHasegawa2012">{{cite journal|last1=Hagihara|first1=Akihito|last2=Hasegawa|first2=Manabu|last3=Abe|first3=Takeru|last4=Nagata|first4=Takashi|last5=Wakata|first5=Yoshifumi|last6=Miyazaki|first6=Shogo|title=Prehospital Epinephrine Use and Survival Among Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=JAMA|volume=307|issue=11|year=2012|pages=1161|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.294}}</ref><ref name="JacobsFinn2011">{{cite journal|last1=Jacobs|first1=Ian G.|last2=Finn|first2=Judith C.|last3=Jelinek|first3=George A.|last4=Oxer|first4=Harry F.|last5=Thompson|first5=Peter L.|title=Effect of adrenaline on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial|journal=Resuscitation|volume=82|issue=9|year=2011|pages=1138–1143|issn=03009572|doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.029}}</ref><ref name="KoscikPinawin2013">{{cite journal|last1=Koscik|first1=C.|last2=Pinawin|first2=A.|last3=McGovern|first3=H.|last4=Allen|first4=D.|last5=Media|first5=D.E.|last6=Ferguson|first6=T.|last7=Hopkins|first7=W.|last8=Sawyer|first8=K.N.|last9=Boura|first9=J.|last10=Swor|first10=R.|title=Rapid epinephrine administration improves early outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest|journal=Resuscitation|volume=84|issue=7|year=2013|pages=915–920|issn=03009572|doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.023}}</ref>
 
'''2.''' In [[patients]] with [[hemodynamically]] stable [[Ventricular tachycardia|VT]], administration of [[intravenous]] [[amiodarone]] or [[sotalol]] may be considered to attempt to terminate [[Ventricular tachycardia|VT]] ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]]).''<ref name="KudenchukBrown2016">{{cite journal|last1=Kudenchuk|first1=Peter J.|last2=Brown|first2=Siobhan P.|last3=Daya|first3=Mohamud|last4=Rea|first4=Thomas|last5=Nichol|first5=Graham|last6=Morrison|first6=Laurie J.|last7=Leroux|first7=Brian|last8=Vaillancourt|first8=Christian|last9=Wittwer|first9=Lynn|last10=Callaway|first10=Clifton W.|last11=Christenson|first11=James|last12=Egan|first12=Debra|last13=Ornato|first13=Joseph P.|last14=Weisfeldt|first14=Myron L.|last15=Stiell|first15=Ian G.|last16=Idris|first16=Ahamed H.|last17=Aufderheide|first17=Tom P.|last18=Dunford|first18=James V.|last19=Colella|first19=M. Riccardo|last20=Vilke|first20=Gary M.|last21=Brienza|first21=Ashley M.|last22=Desvigne-Nickens|first22=Patrice|last23=Gray|first23=Pamela C.|last24=Gray|first24=Randal|last25=Seals|first25=Norman|last26=Straight|first26=Ron|last27=Dorian|first27=Paul|title=Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=374|issue=18|year=2016|pages=1711–1722|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1514204}}</ref><ref name="OrtizMartín2016">{{cite journal|last1=Ortiz|first1=Mercedes|last2=Martín|first2=Alfonso|last3=Arribas|first3=Fernando|last4=Coll-Vinent|first4=Blanca|last5=del Arco|first5=Carmen|last6=Peinado|first6=Rafael|last7=Almendral|first7=Jesús|title=Randomized comparison of intravenous procainamide vs. intravenous amiodarone for the acute treatment of tolerated wide QRS tachycardia: the PROCAMIO study|journal=European Heart Journal|year=2016|pages=ehw230|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehw230}}</ref><ref name="Ho1994">{{cite journal|last1=Ho|first1=D|title=Double-blind trial of lignocaine versus sotalol for acute termination of spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia|journal=The Lancet|volume=344|issue=8914|year=1994|pages=18–23|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91048-0}}</ref><ref name="SombergBailin2002">{{cite journal|last1=Somberg|first1=John C|last2=Bailin|first2=Steven J|last3=Haffajee|first3=Charles I|last4=Paladino|first4=Walter P|last5=Kerin|first5=Nicholas Z|last6=Bridges|first6=Duane|last7=Timar|first7=Sandor|last8=Molnar|first8=Janos|title=Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=90|issue=8|year=2002|pages=853–859|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02707-8}}</ref>
 
 
|-
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ESC guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III: No Benefit]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral" |<nowiki></nowiki> '''1.''' In [[patients]] with [[cardiac arrest]], administration of high-[[dose]] [[epinephrine]] (>1 mg boluses) compared with [[standard]] [[doses]] is not beneficial ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Callaham]], [[C. D. Madsen]], [[C. W. Barton]], [[C. E. Saunders]] & [[J. Pointer]]
| title = A randomized clinical trial of high-dose epinephrine and norepinephrine vs standard-dose epinephrine in prehospital cardiac arrest
| journal = [[JAMA]]
| volume = 268
| issue = 19
| pages = 2667–2672
| year = 1992
| month = November
| pmid = 1433686
}}</ref><ref name="GueugniaudMols1998">{{cite journal|last1=Gueugniaud|first1=Pierre-Yves|last2=Mols|first2=Pierre|last3=Goldstein|first3=Patrick|last4=Pham|first4=Emmanuel|last5=Dubien|first5=Pierre-Yves|last6=Deweerdt|first6=Carine|last7=Vergnion|first7=Michel|last8=Petit|first8=Paul|last9=Carli|first9=Pierre|title=A Comparison of Repeated High Doses and Repeated Standard Doses of Epinephrine for Cardiac Arrest Outside the Hospital|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=339|issue=22|year=1998|pages=1595–1601|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199811263392204}}</ref>
'''2.'''  In [[patients]] with [[refractory]] [[Ventricular fibrillation|VF]] not related to [[torsades de pointes]], administration of [[intravenous]] [[magnesium]] is not beneficial ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''.<ref name="Hassan2002">{{cite journal|last1=Hassan|first1=T B|title=A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation|journal=Emergency Medicine Journal|volume=19|issue=1|year=2002|pages=57–62|issn=14720205|doi=10.1136/emj.19.1.57}}</ref><ref name="ThelArmstrong1997">{{cite journal|last1=Thel|first1=Mark C|last2=Armstrong|first2=Ann Louise|last3=McNulty|first3=Steven E|last4=Califf|first4=Robert M|last5=O'Connor|first5=Christopher M|title=Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest|journal=The Lancet|volume=350|issue=9087|year=1997|pages=1272–1276|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05048-4}}</ref>
''<nowiki/>''
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ESC guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III: Harm]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral" |<nowiki></nowiki> '''1.'''  In [[patients]] with suspected [[Acute myocardial infarction|AMI]], [[prophylactic]] administration of [[lidocaine]] or high-[[dose]] [[amiodarone]] for the [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] of [[Ventricular tachycardia|VT]] is potentially harmful ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''.
<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[K. K. Teo]], [[S. Yusuf]] & [[C. D. Furberg]]
| title = Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials
| journal = [[JAMA]]
| volume = 270
| issue = 13
| pages = 1589–1595
| year = 1993
| month = October
| pmid = 8371471
}}</ref><ref name="Elizari2000">{{cite journal|last1=Elizari|first1=M|title=Morbidity and mortality following early administration of amiodarone in acute myocardial infarction|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=21|issue=3|year=2000|pages=198–205|issn=0195668X|doi=10.1053/euhj.1999.1687}}</ref>
'''2.'''  In [[patients]] with a [[Wide QRS complex tachycardias|wide QRS complex tachycardia]] of unknown origin, [[calcium channel blockers]] (eg, [[verapamil]] and [[diltiazem]]) are potentially harmful''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-LD]])''.<ref name="BelhassenHorowitz1984">{{cite journal|last1=Belhassen|first1=Bernard|last2=Horowitz|first2=Leonard N.|title=Use of intravenous verapamil for ventricular tachycardia|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=54|issue=8|year=1984|pages=1131–1133|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/S0002-9149(84)80158-7}}</ref><ref name="BuxtonMarchlinski1987">{{cite journal|last1=Buxton|first1=Alfred E.|last2=Marchlinski|first2=Francis E.|last3=Doherty|first3=John U.|last4=Flores|first4=Belinda|last5=Josephson|first5=Mark E.|title=Hazards of intravenous verapamil for sustained ventricular tachycardia|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=59|issue=12|year=1987|pages=1107–1110|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/0002-9149(87)90857-5}}</ref>
''<nowiki/>''
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 03:24, 15 July 2020

Premature ventricular contraction Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Premature Ventricular Contraction from other Disorders

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Premature ventricular contraction interventions On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Premature ventricular contraction interventions

CDC onPremature ventricular contraction interventions

Premature ventricular contraction interventions in the news

Blogs on Premature ventricular contraction interventions

to Hospitals Treating Premature ventricular contraction interventions

Risk calculators and risk factors for Premature ventricular contraction interventions

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Homa Najafi, M.D.[2] Radwa AbdElHaras Mohamed AbouZaied, M.B.B.S[3]Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [4]

Overview

There are no recommended therapeutic interventions for the management of [disease name].

OR

[name of intervention] is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. [name of intervention] is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy/surgery. [Name of intervention] is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of [name of intervention] depends on the stage of [disease or malignancy] at the time of diagnosis.

OR

[Name of intervention] is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

Indications

The mainstay of treatment for TT is medical therapy.

Overview

Radiofrequency ablation is useful for treating patients with high frequency of premature ventricular contraction episodes.

Ablation

Recent studies have shown that those subjects who have an extremely high occurrence of PVCs (several thousand a day) can develop dilated cardiomyopathy. In these cases, if the PVCs are reduced or removed by ablation therapy, the cardiomyopathy usually regresses.[1][2]

2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death (DO NOT EDIT)[3]

Recommendations for Autonomic Modulation

Class IIb
1. In patients with VT/VF storm in whom a beta blocker, other antiarrhythmic medications, and catheter ablation are ineffective, not tolerated, or not possible, cardiac sympathetic denervation may be reasonable (Level of Evidence: C-LD).[4][5][6]

Recommendations for Management of Cardiac Arrest

Class I
1. CPR should be performed in patients in cardiac arrest according to published basic and advanced cardiovascular life support algorithms (Level of Evidence: A).[7][8][9]

2. In patients with hemodynamically unstable VA that persist or recur after a maximal energy shock, intravenous amiodarone should be administered to attempt to achieve a stable rhythm after further defibrillation (Level of Evidence: A). [7][10][11]

3. Patients presenting with VA with hemodynamic instability should undergo direct current cardioversion (Level of Evidence: A).[7][8][9]

4. In Patients with polymorphic VT or VF with ST-elevation MI, angiography with emergency revascularization is recommended (Level of Evidence: B-NR).[12][13][14][15]

5. Patients with a wide-QRS tachycardia should be presumed to have VT if the diagnosis is unclear (Level of Evidence: C-EO).

Class IIa
1. In patients with hemodynamically stable VT, administration of intravenous procainamide can be useful to attempt to terminate VT (Level of Evidence: A).[16][17][18]

2. In patients with a witnessed cardiac arrest due to VF or polymorphic VT that is unresponsive to CPR, defibrillation, and vasopressor therapy, intravenous lidocaine can be beneficial (Level of Evidence: B-R).[7][10][19][20][21]

3. In patients with polymorphic VT due to myocardial ischemia, intravenous beta blockers can be useful(Level of Evidence: B-R).[22][23]

4. In patients with a recent MI who have VT/VF that repeatedly recurs despite direct current cardioversion and antiarrhythmic medications (VT/VF storm), an intravenous beta blocker can be useful(Level of Evidence: B-NR).[23][24]

Class IIb
1. In patients in cardiac arrest, administration of epinephrine (1 mg every 3 to 5 minutes) during CPR may be reasonable (Level of Evidence: A).[7][25][26][27][28][29][30]

2. In patients with hemodynamically stable VT, administration of intravenous amiodarone or sotalol may be considered to attempt to terminate VT (Level of Evidence: B-R).[19][18][31][32]


Class III: No Benefit
1. In patients with cardiac arrest, administration of high-dose epinephrine (>1 mg boluses) compared with standard doses is not beneficial (Level of Evidence: A).[33][27]

2. In patients with refractory VF not related to torsades de pointes, administration of intravenous magnesium is not beneficial (Level of Evidence: A).[34][35]

Class III: Harm
1. In patients with suspected AMI, prophylactic administration of lidocaine or high-dose amiodarone for the prevention of VT is potentially harmful (Level of Evidence: B-R).

[36][37]

2. In patients with a wide QRS complex tachycardia of unknown origin, calcium channel blockers (eg, verapamil and diltiazem) are potentially harmful(Level of Evidence: C-LD).[38][39]

References

  1. ↑ Belhassen B (2005), "Radiofrequency ablation of "benign" right ventricular outflow tract extrasystoles: a therapy that has found its disease? In patients with no known coronary artery disease (CAD), the presence of frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) is linked to acute myocardial infarction and sudden death. The Framingham Heart Study defines frequent as >30 PVCs per hour. The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association recommend evaluation for CAD in patients who have frequent PVCs and cardiac risk factors, such as hypertension and smoking (SOR C). Evaluation for CAD may include stress testing, echocardiography, and ambulatory rhythm monitoring", J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 45 (8): 1266–8, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.028, PMID 15837260 Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Shiraishi, Hirokazu; Ishibashi, Kazuya; Urao, Norifumi; Tsukamoto, Masaki; Hyogo, Masayuki; Keira, Natsuya; Hirasaki, Satoshi; Shirayama, Takeshi; Nakagawa, Masao (2002), "A case of cardiomyopathy induced by premature ventricular complexes", Circulation, 66 (11): 1065–7, doi:10.1253/circj.66.1065
  3. ↑ Al-Khatib, Sana M.; Stevenson, William G.; Ackerman, Michael J.; Bryant, William J.; Callans, David J.; Curtis, Anne B.; Deal, Barbara J.; Dickfeld, Timm; Field, Michael E.; Fonarow, Gregg C.; Gillis, Anne M.; Granger, Christopher B.; Hammill, Stephen C.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Joglar, José A.; Kay, G. Neal; Matlock, Daniel D.; Myerburg, Robert J.; Page, Richard L. (2018). "2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death". Circulation. 138 (13). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549. ISSN 0009-7322.
  4. ↑ Vaseghi, Marmar; Barwad, Parag; Malavassi Corrales, Federico J.; Tandri, Harikrishna; Mathuria, Nilesh; Shah, Rushil; Sorg, Julie M.; Gima, Jean; Mandal, Kaushik; Sàenz Morales, Luis C.; Lokhandwala, Yash; Shivkumar, Kalyanam (2017). "Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation for Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 69 (25): 3070–3080. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.035. ISSN 0735-1097.
  5. ↑ Vaseghi, Marmar; Gima, Jean; Kanaan, Christopher; Ajijola, Olujimi A.; Marmureanu, Alexander; Mahajan, Aman; Shivkumar, Kalyanam (2014). "Cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias or electrical storm: Intermediate and long-term follow-up". Heart Rhythm. 11 (3): 360–366. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.11.028. ISSN 1547-5271.
  6. ↑ Schwartz, Peter J.; Motolese, Mario; Pollavini, Giorgio; Lotto, Antonio; Ruberti, Ugo; Trazzi, Rinaldo; Bartorelli, Cesare; Zanchetti, Alberto; Group, The Italian Sudden Death Prevention (1992). "Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death After a First Myocardial Infarction by Pharmacologic or Surgical Antiadrenergic Interventions". Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 3 (1): 2–16. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.1992.tb01090.x. ISSN 1045-3873.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Link, Mark S.; Berkow, Lauren C.; Kudenchuk, Peter J.; Halperin, Henry R.; Hess, Erik P.; Moitra, Vivek K.; Neumar, Robert W.; O’Neil, Brian J.; Paxton, James H.; Silvers, Scott M.; White, Roger D.; Yannopoulos, Demetris; Donnino, Michael W. (2015). "Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support". Circulation. 132 (18 suppl 2): S444–S464. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261. ISSN 0009-7322.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Stiell, Ian G.; Wells, George A.; Field, Brian; Spaite, Daniel W.; Nesbitt, Lisa P.; De Maio, Valerie J.; Nichol, Graham; Cousineau, Donna; Blackburn, Josée; Munkley, Doug; Luinstra-Toohey, Lorraine; Campeau, Tony; Dagnone, Eugene; Lyver, Marion (2004). "Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest". New England Journal of Medicine. 351 (7): 647–656. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040325. ISSN 0028-4793.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sasson, Comilla; Rogers, Mary A.M.; Dahl, Jason; Kellermann, Arthur L. (2010). "Predictors of Survival From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 3 (1): 63–81. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.889576. ISSN 1941-7713.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dorian, Paul; Cass, Dan; Schwartz, Brian; Cooper, Richard; Gelaznikas, Robert; Barr, Aiala (2002). "Amiodarone as Compared with Lidocaine for Shock-Resistant Ventricular Fibrillation". New England Journal of Medicine. 346 (12): 884–890. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013029. ISSN 0028-4793.
  11. ↑ P. J. Kudenchuk, L. A. Cobb, M. K. Copass, R. O. Cummins, A. M. Doherty, C. E. Fahrenbruch, A. P. Hallstrom, W. A. Murray, M. Olsufka & T. Walsh (1999). "Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation". The New England journal of medicine. 341 (12): 871–878. doi:10.1056/NEJM199909163411203. PMID 10486418. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Spaulding, Christian M.; Joly, Luc-Marie; Rosenberg, Alain; Monchi, Mehran; Weber, Simon N.; Dhainaut, Jean-François A.; Carli, Pierre (1997). "Immediate Coronary Angiography in Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest". New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (23): 1629–1633. doi:10.1056/NEJM199706053362302. ISSN 0028-4793.
  13. ↑ Cronier, Pierrick; Vignon, Philippe; Bouferrache, Koceila; Aegerter, Philippe; Charron, Cyril; Templier, François; Castro, Samuel; El Mahmoud, Rami; Lory, Cécile; Pichon, Nicolas; Dubourg, Olivier; Vieillard-Baron, Antoine (2011). "Impact of routine percutaneous coronary intervention after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation". Critical Care. 15 (3): R122. doi:10.1186/cc10227. ISSN 1364-8535.
  14. ↑ Zanuttini, Davide; Armellini, Ilaria; Nucifora, Gaetano; Carchietti, Elio; Trillò, Giulio; Spedicato, Leonardo; Bernardi, Guglielmo; Proclemer, Alessandro (2012). "Impact of Emergency Coronary Angiography on In-Hospital Outcome of Unconscious Survivors After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest". The American Journal of Cardiology. 110 (12): 1723–1728. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.006. ISSN 0002-9149.
  15. ↑ Dumas, Florence; Bougouin, Wulfran; Geri, Guillaume; Lamhaut, Lionel; Rosencher, Julien; Pène, Frédéric; Chiche, Jean-Daniel; Varenne, Olivier; Carli, Pierre; Jouven, Xavier; Mira, Jean-Paul; Spaulding, Christian; Cariou, Alain (2016). "Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Post–Cardiac Arrest Patients Without ST-Segment Elevation Pattern". JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 9 (10): 1011–1018. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2016.02.001. ISSN 1936-8798.
  16. ↑ Gorgels, Anton P.M.; van den Dool, Adri; Hofs, Anton; Mulleneers, Rob; Smeets, Joep L.R.M.; Vos, Marc A.; Wellens, Hein J.J. (1996). "Comparison of procainamide and lidocaine in terminating sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia". The American Journal of Cardiology. 78 (1): 43–46. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00224-X. ISSN 0002-9149.
  17. ↑ Markel, David T.; Gold, Laura S.; Allen, Judith; Fahrenbruch, Carol E.; Rea, Thomas D.; Eisenberg, Mickey S.; Kudenchuk, Peter J. (2010). "Procainamide and Survival in Ventricular Fibrillation Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest". Academic Emergency Medicine. 17 (6): 617–623. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00763.x. ISSN 1069-6563.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ortiz, Mercedes; Martín, Alfonso; Arribas, Fernando; Coll-Vinent, Blanca; del Arco, Carmen; Peinado, Rafael; Almendral, Jesús (2016). "Randomized comparison of intravenous procainamide vs. intravenous amiodarone for the acute treatment of tolerated wide QRS tachycardia: the PROCAMIO study". European Heart Journal: ehw230. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw230. ISSN 0195-668X.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kudenchuk, Peter J.; Brown, Siobhan P.; Daya, Mohamud; Rea, Thomas; Nichol, Graham; Morrison, Laurie J.; Leroux, Brian; Vaillancourt, Christian; Wittwer, Lynn; Callaway, Clifton W.; Christenson, James; Egan, Debra; Ornato, Joseph P.; Weisfeldt, Myron L.; Stiell, Ian G.; Idris, Ahamed H.; Aufderheide, Tom P.; Dunford, James V.; Colella, M. Riccardo; Vilke, Gary M.; Brienza, Ashley M.; Desvigne-Nickens, Patrice; Gray, Pamela C.; Gray, Randal; Seals, Norman; Straight, Ron; Dorian, Paul (2016). "Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest". New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (18): 1711–1722. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1514204. ISSN 0028-4793.
  20. ↑ Herlitz, Johan; Ekström, Lars; Wennerblom, Bertil; Axelsson, Åsa; Bång, Angela; Lindkvist, Jonny; Persson, Nils Gunnar; Holmberg, Stig (1997). "Lidocaine in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Does it improve survival?". Resuscitation. 33 (3): 199–205. doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(96)01018-0. ISSN 0300-9572.
  21. ↑ Kudenchuk, Peter J.; Newell, Cameron; White, Lindsay; Fahrenbruch, Carol; Rea, Tom; Eisenberg, Mickey (2013). "Prophylactic lidocaine for post resuscitation care of patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest". Resuscitation. 84 (11): 1512–1518. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.05.022. ISSN 0300-9572.
  22. ↑ K. K. Teo, S. Yusuf & C. D. Furberg (1993). "Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials". JAMA. 270 (13): 1589–1595. PMID 8371471. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Nademanee, Koonlawee; Taylor, Richard; Bailey, William E.; Rieders, Daniel E.; Kosar, Erol M. (2000). "Treating Electrical Storm". Circulation. 102 (7): 742–747. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.102.7.742. ISSN 0009-7322.
  24. ↑ Piccini, Jonathan P.; Hranitzky, Patrick M.; Kilaru, Rakhi; Rouleau, Jean-Lucien; White, Harvey D.; Aylward, Philip E.; Van de Werf, Frans; Solomon, Scott D.; Califf, Robert M.; Velazquez, Eric J. (2008). "Relation of Mortality to Failure to Prescribe Beta Blockers Acutely in Patients With Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction (from the VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion trial [VALIANT] Registry)". The American Journal of Cardiology. 102 (11): 1427–1432. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.033. ISSN 0002-9149.
  25. ↑ M. Callaham, C. D. Madsen, C. W. Barton, C. E. Saunders & J. Pointer (1992). "A randomized clinical trial of high-dose epinephrine and norepinephrine vs standard-dose epinephrine in prehospital cardiac arrest". JAMA. 268 (19): 2667–2672. PMID 1433686. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Donnino, M. W.; Salciccioli, J. D.; Howell, M. D.; Cocchi, M. N.; Giberson, B.; Berg, K.; Gautam, S.; Callaway, C. (2014). "Time to administration of epinephrine and outcome after in-hospital cardiac arrest with non-shockable rhythms: retrospective analysis of large in-hospital data registry". BMJ. 348 (may20 2): g3028–g3028. doi:10.1136/bmj.g3028. ISSN 1756-1833.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Gueugniaud, Pierre-Yves; Mols, Pierre; Goldstein, Patrick; Pham, Emmanuel; Dubien, Pierre-Yves; Deweerdt, Carine; Vergnion, Michel; Petit, Paul; Carli, Pierre (1998). "A Comparison of Repeated High Doses and Repeated Standard Doses of Epinephrine for Cardiac Arrest Outside the Hospital". New England Journal of Medicine. 339 (22): 1595–1601. doi:10.1056/NEJM199811263392204. ISSN 0028-4793.
  28. ↑ Hagihara, Akihito; Hasegawa, Manabu; Abe, Takeru; Nagata, Takashi; Wakata, Yoshifumi; Miyazaki, Shogo (2012). "Prehospital Epinephrine Use and Survival Among Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest". JAMA. 307 (11): 1161. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.294. ISSN 0098-7484.
  29. ↑ Jacobs, Ian G.; Finn, Judith C.; Jelinek, George A.; Oxer, Harry F.; Thompson, Peter L. (2011). "Effect of adrenaline on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial". Resuscitation. 82 (9): 1138–1143. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.029. ISSN 0300-9572.
  30. ↑ Koscik, C.; Pinawin, A.; McGovern, H.; Allen, D.; Media, D.E.; Ferguson, T.; Hopkins, W.; Sawyer, K.N.; Boura, J.; Swor, R. (2013). "Rapid epinephrine administration improves early outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest". Resuscitation. 84 (7): 915–920. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.023. ISSN 0300-9572.
  31. ↑ Ho, D (1994). "Double-blind trial of lignocaine versus sotalol for acute termination of spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia". The Lancet. 344 (8914): 18–23. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91048-0. ISSN 0140-6736.
  32. ↑ Somberg, John C; Bailin, Steven J; Haffajee, Charles I; Paladino, Walter P; Kerin, Nicholas Z; Bridges, Duane; Timar, Sandor; Molnar, Janos (2002). "Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia". The American Journal of Cardiology. 90 (8): 853–859. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02707-8. ISSN 0002-9149.
  33. ↑ M. Callaham, C. D. Madsen, C. W. Barton, C. E. Saunders & J. Pointer (1992). "A randomized clinical trial of high-dose epinephrine and norepinephrine vs standard-dose epinephrine in prehospital cardiac arrest". JAMA. 268 (19): 2667–2672. PMID 1433686. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Hassan, T B (2002). "A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation". Emergency Medicine Journal. 19 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1136/emj.19.1.57. ISSN 1472-0205.
  35. ↑ Thel, Mark C; Armstrong, Ann Louise; McNulty, Steven E; Califf, Robert M; O'Connor, Christopher M (1997). "Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest". The Lancet. 350 (9087): 1272–1276. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05048-4. ISSN 0140-6736.
  36. ↑ K. K. Teo, S. Yusuf & C. D. Furberg (1993). "Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials". JAMA. 270 (13): 1589–1595. PMID 8371471. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Elizari, M (2000). "Morbidity and mortality following early administration of amiodarone in acute myocardial infarction". European Heart Journal. 21 (3): 198–205. doi:10.1053/euhj.1999.1687. ISSN 0195-668X.
  38. ↑ Belhassen, Bernard; Horowitz, Leonard N. (1984). "Use of intravenous verapamil for ventricular tachycardia". The American Journal of Cardiology. 54 (8): 1131–1133. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(84)80158-7. ISSN 0002-9149.
  39. ↑ Buxton, Alfred E.; Marchlinski, Francis E.; Doherty, John U.; Flores, Belinda; Josephson, Mark E. (1987). "Hazards of intravenous verapamil for sustained ventricular tachycardia". The American Journal of Cardiology. 59 (12): 1107–1110. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(87)90857-5. ISSN 0002-9149.

Template:WH Template:WS]

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Premature_ventricular_contraction_interventions&oldid=1626992"