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| | [[User:Muhammad Haider|Muhammad Adnan Haider, M.B.B.S.]][mailto:dr.adnanhaider92@gmail.com] |
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| {{Rickets}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}}
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| {{Rickets}}
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| ==Overview==
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| Rickets is a bony disease due to decreased [[mineralization]] of [[growth plate]], associated with abnormal serum calcium and phosphate level<ref name="pmid23208530">{{cite journal| author=Shore RM, Chesney RW| title=Rickets: Part I. | journal=Pediatr Radiol | year= 2013 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 140-51 | pmid=23208530 | doi=10.1007/s00247-012-2532-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23208530 }} </ref>. This leads to softening of bones.Rickets is more common in children especially in developing countries due to malnutrition and famines. It can also occur in adults and similar presentation in adults is termed as [[osteomalacia]].
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| The origin of the word "rickets" is unknown. The Greek derived word "rachitis" (meaning "inflammation of the spine") was later adopted as the scientific term for rickets, due chiefly to the words' similarity in sound.
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| ==Historical Perspective==
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| ==Classification==
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| There are 3 types of rickets
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| # Nutritional Rickets (due to deficiency of Vit D, calcium, and phosphorous)
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| # Vitamin D dependent rickets (due to defective metabolism of vitamin D)
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| # Vitamin D resistant rickets (hypophosphatemic rickets due renal phosphate wasting)
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| === Physiology ===
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| === Pathogenesis ===
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| ==Causes==
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| # Causes of Nutritional Rickets
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| ## Vitamin D deficeincy<ref name="pmid20526242">{{cite journal| author=Unuvar T, Buyukgebiz A| title=Nutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children and adolescents. | journal=Pediatr Endocrinol Rev | year= 2010 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 283-91 | pmid=20526242 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20526242 }} </ref>
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| * Lack of supplementation for breast feeding infants
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| * Darker skin color
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| * poor sunlight exposure
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| * Poor vit D intake of lactating mothers<ref name="pmid17951482">Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Roberts JM, Simhan HN (2007) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17951482 Prepregnancy obesity predicts poor vitamin D status in mothers and their neonates.] ''J Nutr'' 137 (11):2437-42. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.11.2437 DOI:10.1093/jn/137.11.2437] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17951482 17951482]</ref>
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| * High latitude
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| * full boding clothing
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| * restricted intake
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| ## Calcium Deficincy<ref name="pmid25341870">{{cite journal| author=Pettifor JM| title=Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in children in developing countries. | journal=Ann Nutr Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 64 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= 15-22 | pmid=25341870 | doi=10.1159/000365124 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25341870 }} </ref>
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| * poverty
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| * malnutrition
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| * intake of competing Oxalate and phosphate intake
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| * extensive breast feeding without complementary calcium containing supplements(extensive breast feeding could be partially protective if no other calcium containing foods source available)<ref name="pmid26745253">{{cite journal| author=Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, Specker BL, Thacher TD, Ozono K | display-authors=etal| title=Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2016 | volume= 101 | issue= 2 | pages= 394-415 | pmid=26745253 | doi=10.1210/jc.2015-2175 | pmc=4880117 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26745253 }} </ref>
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| ==Genetics==
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| ==Associated Conditions==
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| ==Gross Pathology==
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| ==Microscopic Pathology==
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| ==References==
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