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VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 19:45, 14 October 2020

Olfactory Nerve ( CN I )

**Latin** *nervus olfactorius*

**Gray's** *subject #196*

MeSH *Olfactory+Nerve*

cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and Keywords: Cranial Nerve I,

Overview

The first of twelve cranial nerves is olfactory nerve or CN I.

The olfactory nerve or CN I, is the first of twelve cranial nerves that contains sensory nerve fibers relating to the sense of smell. The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. The olfactory nerve consists of a collection of sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb, passing through the many openings of the cribriform plate, a sieve-like structure.

Olfactory receptor neurons continue to be born throughout life and extend new axons to the olfactory bulb. Olfactory ensheathing glia wrap bundles of these axons and are thought to facilitate their passage into the central nervous system.

The sense of smell (olfaction) arises from the stimulation of the olfactory receptors by activation from gas molecules that pass by the nose during respiration. The resulting electrical activity is transduced into the olfactory bulb which then transmits the electrical activity to other parts of the olfactory system and the rest of the central nervous system via the olfactory tract.

The olfactory nerve is the shortest of all the twelve cranial nerves and only one of two cranial nerves (the other being the optic nerve) that do not join with the brainstem.

Historical Perspective

Discovery of cranial nerves started in the 2nd century by Galen, but these 12 cranial nerves that we recognize today was enumerated by Samuel Sömmerring in 1778.^[1]

Function

The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system, where they are perceived as smell (olfaction).

The olfactory nerve is special visceral afferent (SVA).

Diseases

Many diseases can involve olfactory nerve and some of them can cause transient or permanent damage to this cranial nerve and lead to anosmia, like :

Covid-19

Testing the Olfactory nerve

Damage to this nerve leads to impairment or total loss anosmia of the sense of smell To simply test the function of the olfactory nerve, each nostril is tested with a pungent odor. If the odor is smelled, the olfactory nerve is likely functioning. On the other hand, the nerve is only one of several reasons that could explain if the odor is not smelled. There are olfactory testing packets in which strong odors are embedded into cards and the responses of the patient to each odor can be determined.Vilensky, Joel (2015). The clinical anatomy of the cranial nerves : the nerves of an old Olympus towering top. Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1118492017.

Imaging

Olfactory bulbs can spot on coronal T1 weighted MRI.^[2]

References

↑ Davis, Matthew C.; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Bosmia, Anand N.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M. (2014). "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review". Clinical Anatomy. 27 (1): 14–19. doi:10.1002/ca.22345. ISSN 0897-3806.
↑ . PMID 2505540. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Template:WS Template:WH

[DavisGriessenauer2014-1] Davis, Matthew C.; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Bosmia, Anand N.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M. (2014). "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review". Clinical Anatomy. 27 (1): 14–19. doi:10.1002/ca.22345. ISSN 0897-3806.

[2] . PMID 2505540. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Head olfactory nerve.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Olfactory Nerve ( CN I )]]
+[[File:Head olfactory nerve.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Olfactory Nerve ( CN I )<br />
+{| class="wikitable"
+|'''[[Latin]]'''
+|''nervus olfactorius''
+|-
+|'''[[List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy:196#Gray.27s%20page%20.23|Gray's]]'''
+|''subject #196''
+|-
+![[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]]
+|''Olfactory+Nerve''
+|}
+]]
 cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)
@@ Line 8: / Line 19: @@
 <br />
+'''''Synonyms and Keywords:''''' Cranial Nerve I,
+==Overview==
+The first of twelve [[Cranial nerve|cranial nerves]] is '''olfactory nerve''' or '''CN I'''.
-==Overview==
+The '''olfactory nerve''' or '''CN I''', is the first of twelve [[Cranial nerve|cranial nerves]] that contains sensory nerve fibers relating to the sense of smell. The specialized [[Olfactory receptor neuron|olfactory receptor neurons]] of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory [[mucosa]] of the upper parts of the [[nasal cavity]]. The olfactory nerve consists of a collection of sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the [[olfactory bulb]], passing through the many openings of the [[Ethmoid bone#Cribriform%20Plate|cribriform plate]], a sieve-like structure.
-The '''olfactory nerve''' or '''CN I''', is the first of twelve [[Cranial nerve|cranial nerves]] that contains sensory nerve fibers relating to the sense of smell.The specialized [[Olfactory receptor neuron|olfactory receptor neurons]] of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory [[mucosa]] of the upper parts of the [[nasal cavity]]. The olfactory nerve consists of a collection of sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the [[olfactory bulb]], passing through the many openings of the [[Ethmoid bone#Cribriform%20Plate|cribriform plate]], a sieve-like structure.
 [[Olfactory receptor neuron|Olfactory receptor neurons]] continue to be born throughout life and extend new axons to the [[olfactory bulb]]. Olfactory ensheathing glia wrap bundles of these axons and are thought to facilitate their passage into the central nervous system.
@@ Line 21: / Line 37: @@
 <br />
 ==Historical Perspective==
-*Discovery  of cranial nerves started  in the 2nd centrury by Galen, but these 12 cranial nerves that we recognize today was enumerated by Samuel Sömmerring in 1778.
-==Classification==
-*[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
-:*[group1]
-:*[group2]
-:*[group3]
-*Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
-==Pathophysiology==
-*The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
-*The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
-*On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
-*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
-==Clinical Features==
+*Discovery  of cranial nerves started in the 2nd century by Galen, but these 12 cranial nerves that we recognize today was enumerated by Samuel Sömmerring in 1778.<ref name="DavisGriessenauer2014">{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=Matthew C.|last2=Griessenauer|first2=Christoph J.|last3=Bosmia|first3=Anand N.|last4=Tubbs|first4=R. Shane|last5=Shoja|first5=Mohammadali M.|title=The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review|journal=Clinical Anatomy|volume=27|issue=1|year=2014|pages=14–19|issn=08973806|doi=10.1002/ca.22345}}</ref>
+==Function==
+The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system, where they are perceived as smell (olfaction).
+The olfactory nerve is special visceral afferent (SVA).
-==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases==
+==Diseases==
-*[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
+Many diseases can involve olfactory nerve and some of them can cause transient or permanent damage to this cranial nerve  and lead to [[anosmia]], like :
-:*[Differential dx1]
-:*[Differential dx2]
-:*[Differential dx3]
-==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-* The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
-* In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].
-===Age===
-*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
-*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
-*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].
-===Gender===
-*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
-*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
-* The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
-===Race===
-*There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
-*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
-*[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
-==Risk Factors==
+*[[COVID-19|Covid-19]]
-*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
-== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
+*[[Allergies]]
-*The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
+*[[Common cold]]
-*Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+*[[Infection]]
-*If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+*[[Nasal polyp]]
-*Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+*[[Old age]]
-*Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
+*[[Sinusitis]]
+*Stuffy nose
+*[[Trauma]]
-== Diagnosis ==
+:*
-===Diagnostic Criteria===
-*The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
-:*[criterion 1]
-:*[criterion 2]
-:*[criterion 3]
-:*[criterion 4]
-=== Symptoms ===
+==Testing the Olfactory nerve==
-*[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
+Damage to this nerve leads to impairment or total loss anosmia of the sense of smell To simply test the function of the olfactory nerve, each nostril is tested with a pungent odor. If the odor is smelled, the olfactory nerve is likely functioning. On the other hand, the nerve is only one of several reasons that could explain if the odor is not smelled. There are olfactory testing packets in which strong odors are embedded into cards and the responses of the patient to each odor can be determined.{{cite book | last = Vilensky | first = Joel | title = The clinical anatomy of the cranial nerves : the nerves of an old Olympus towering top | publisher = Wiley Blackwell | location = Ames, Iowa | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1118492017 }}
-*Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
-:*[symptom 1]
-:*[symptom 2]
-:*[symptom 3]
-:*[symptom 4]
-:*[symptom 5]
-:*[symptom 6]
-=== Physical Examination ===
-*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
-*Physical examination may be remarkable for:
-:*[finding 1]
-:*[finding 2]
-:*[finding 3]
-:*[finding 4]
-:*[finding 5]
-:*[finding 6]
-=== Laboratory Findings ===
+*
-*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
-*A  [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
+*
-*An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
-*Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
-===Imaging Findings===
+==Imaging==
-*There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
+Olfactory bulbs can spot on coronal T1 weighted MRI.<ref>{{Cite journal
+  | pmid = 2505540
-*[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
+}}</ref>
-*On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-*[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
-*[Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
-*Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-== Treatment ==
+*
-=== Medical Therapy ===
-*There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
-*The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
-*[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
-*Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
-=== Surgery ===
-*Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
-*[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
-*[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
-=== Prevention ===
-*There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
-*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
-*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
+*
 ==References==

Latin	nervus olfactorius
Gray's	subject #196
MeSH	Olfactory+Nerve