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==<big>Overview</big>==
[[menopause]] is caused by the increased [[age]] of [[women]]. But the common [[causes]] of  [[premature menopause]] include [[Premature ovarian failure]], [[chemotherapy]], and [[radiotherapy]] and bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[hysterectomy]]. Less common [[causes]] include [[Autoimmune diseases]], [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], [[Thyroid disease]]. [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].  [[Genetic disorder|Genetic]] causes include [[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]] and [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]


== <big>'''Overview'''</big> ==


==<big>Causes</big>==
Natural [[menopause]] is caused by [[age]], but [[premature menopause]] is caused by several [[causes]] include


===Common causes===


*[[Premature ovarian failure]]/[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency]<ref name="pmid27377497">{{cite journal| author=Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C| title=Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2016 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 420-7 | pmid=27377497 | doi=10.4103/0971-5916.184283 | pmc=4928547 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27377497  }} </ref>
*[[Complication]] of [[Chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]].
*[[Surgery|Surgical]] [[causes]]: bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[hysterectomy]].<ref name="pmid31416275">{{cite journal| author=Secoșan C, Balint O, Pirtea L, Grigoraș D, Bălulescu L, Ilina R| title=Surgically Induced Menopause-A Practical Review of Literature. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2019 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=31416275 | doi=10.3390/medicina55080482 | pmc=6722518 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31416275  }} </ref>


=='''<big>Causes</big>'''==
===Less common causes===
A natural or physiological menopause is that which occurs as a part of a woman's normal aging process. It is the result of the eventual [[atresia]] of almost all oocytes in the ovaries.  This causes an increase in circulating [[Follicle-stimulating hormone|follicle stimulating hormone]] (FSH) and [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH) levels as there are a decreased number of [[oocyte|oocytes]] responding to these hormones and producing estrogen.  This decrease in the production of estrogen leads to the perimenopausal symptoms of hot flashes, insomnia and mood changes, as well as post-menopausal [[osteoporosis]] and [[vaginal atrophy]].
Certain [[health]] [[conditions]] include:


However, menopause can be surgically induced by bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of both ovaries and both fallopian tubes), which is often, but not always, done in conjunction with [[hysterectomy]]. Cessation of menses as a result of removal of the ovaries is called "surgical menopause". The sudden and complete drop in reproductive hormone levels usually produces extreme hormone-withdrawal symptoms such as hot flashes, etc.
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Thyroid disease]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]<ref>{{cite journal| author=Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C| title=Premature menopause. | journal=Ann Med Health Sci Res | year= 2013 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-5 | pmc=3634232 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634337  }} </ref>


As mentioned above, removal of the uterus, hysterectomy, does not itself cause menopause, although pelvic surgery can sometimes precipitate a somewhat earlier menopause, perhaps because of a compromised blood supply to the ovaries. Removing the ovaries however, causes an immediate and powerful "surgical menopause", even if the uterus is left intact.
===Genetic causes===
 
*[[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]].
*Missing [[X chromosomes]] ([https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome])<ref name="pmid12773939">{{cite journal| author=Santoro N| title=Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure. | journal=Ann Endocrinol (Paris) | year= 2003 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 87-92 | pmid=12773939 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12773939  }} </ref>


Cigarette smoking has been found to decrease the age at menopause by as much as one year, and women who have undergone hysterectomy with ovary conservation go through menopause 3.7 years earlier than average.  However, premature menopause (before the age of 40) is generally [[idiopathic]].


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
 


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Latest revision as of 16:52, 12 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

menopause is caused by the increased age of women. But the common causes of premature menopause include Premature ovarian failure, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and bilateral oophorectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, and hysterectomy. Less common causes include Autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, Thyroid disease. chronic fatigue syndrome. Genetic causes include Fragile X Syndrome and Turner’s syndrome


Causes

Natural menopause is caused by age, but premature menopause is caused by several causes include

Common causes

Less common causes

Certain health conditions include:

Genetic causes


References

  1. ↑ Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C (2016). "Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health". Indian J Med Res. 143 (4): 420–7. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.184283. PMC 4928547. PMID 27377497.
  2. ↑ Secoșan C, Balint O, Pirtea L, Grigoraș D, Bălulescu L, Ilina R (2019). "Surgically Induced Menopause-A Practical Review of Literature". Medicina (Kaunas). 55 (8). doi:10.3390/medicina55080482. PMC 6722518 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31416275.
  3. ↑ Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C (2013). "Premature menopause". Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (1): 90–5. PMC 3634232.
  4. ↑ Santoro N (2003). "Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure". Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 64 (2): 87–92. PMID 12773939.


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