Narcolepsy historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Narcolepsy is a long term [[neurological]] [[sleep disorder]], which was first reported in Germany by Westphal and Fisher (1877-1878). French [[physician]] [[Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau]] (1880) first named this [[Disorder (medicine)|disorder]] as narcolepsy and identified it as a specfic [[clinical]] entity, while Loëwenfeld (1902) and Kinnier Wilson (1928) subsequently named the terms, [[cataplexy]] and [[sleep paralysis]], respectively. [[Hypocretin]]<nowiki/>s ([[orexins]]) were first identified by DeLecea and Sakurai in 1990s but [[Association (statistics)|association]] between [[Hypocretin]] [[deficiency]] and [[human]] narcolepsy was established by Nishino and Ripley later in 2000.
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==


===Discovery===
===Discovery===
*The earliest account of narcolepsy was described by Thomas Willis (1621-1675) in [[patients]], "with a sleepy [[Dispositional Affect|disposition]] who suddenly [[falls]] fast asleep."
*The earliest account of narcolepsy was described by Thomas Willis (1621-1675) in [[patients]], "with a sleepy [[Dispositional Affect|disposition]] who suddenly [[falls]] fast asleep."
*The first-ever convincing descriptions of narcolepsy and [[cataplexy]] were reported by Westphal (1877) and Fisher (1878) in Germany.<ref name="Fischer1878">{{cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=Franz|title=Epileptoide Schlafzustände|journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten|volume=8|issue=1|year=1878|pages=200–203|issn=0003-9373|doi=10.1007/BF01791317}}</ref> Both descriptions observed a [[hereditary]] factor in narcolepsy; the mother of Westphal's [[patient]] and a sister of Fisher's [[patient]] had similar [[clinical]] features. They also reported the unique [[Association (statistics)|association]] of excitement and [[sleepiness]] triggering episodes of [[muscle weakness]].
*The term narcolepsy is derived by combining the ''Greek'' '''narke''' [[numbness]], [[stupor]] and '''lepsis''' attack, to seize.
*French [[physician]] [[Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau]] (1880) described this [[condition]] in a wine merchant as [[neurosis]] or a functional [[condition]]. He gave narcolepsy its name, which is the English form of the French word '''narcolepsie''', and also recognized this [[disorder]] as a specific [[clinical]] entity.<ref name="pmid9132972">{{cite journal| author=Janković S, Susić V, Sokić D, Lević Z| title=[Dr. John Baptiste Edouard Gélineau]. | journal=Srp Arh Celok Lek | year= 1996 | volume= 124 | issue= 11-12 | pages= 331-5 | pmid=9132972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9132972  }} </ref> Although Gélineau named this [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[clinical]] entity he did not [[differentiate]] episodes of [[muscle weakness]] and [[sleep]] attacks triggered by [[emotions]] as he proposed common [[physiology]] for these two [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[symptoms]] of narcolepsy.  
*The first-ever convincing descriptions of narcolepsy and [[cataplexy]] were reported by Westphal (1877) and Fisher (1878) in Germany.<ref name="Fischer1878">{{cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=Franz|title=Epileptoide Schlafzustände|journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten|volume=8|issue=1|year=1878|pages=200–203|issn=0003-9373|doi=10.1007/BF01791317}}</ref><ref>Westphal C. Eigenthümliche mit Einschläfen verbundene Anfälle. Arch. Psychiat., 7: 631-635 1877.</ref> Both descriptions observed a [[hereditary]] factor in narcolepsy; the mother of Westphal's [[patient]] and a sister of Fisher's [[patient]] had similar [[clinical]] features. They also reported the unique [[Association (statistics)|association]] of excitement and [[sleepiness]] triggering episodes of [[muscle weakness]].
*French [[physician]] [[Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau]] (1880) described this [[condition]] in a wine merchant as [[neurosis]] or a functional [[condition]].<ref name="pmid17561602">{{cite journal| author=Schenck CH, Bassetti CL, Arnulf I, Mignot E| title=English translations of the first clinical reports on narcolepsy and cataplexy by Westphal and Gélineau in the late 19th century, with commentary. | journal=J Clin Sleep Med | year= 2007 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 301-11 | pmid=17561602 | doi= | pmc=2564780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17561602  }} </ref> Gélineau gave narcolepsy its name, which is the English form of the French word '''narcolepsie''', and recognized narcolepsy as a specific [[clinical]] entity.<ref name="pmid9132972">{{cite journal| author=Janković S, Susić V, Sokić D, Lević Z| title=[Dr. John Baptiste Edouard Gélineau]. | journal=Srp Arh Celok Lek | year= 1996 | volume= 124 | issue= 11-12 | pages= 331-5 | pmid=9132972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9132972  }} </ref><ref>Gélineau J. De la narcolepsie. Gazette des hôpitaux,. 53: 626-628, 1880.</ref><ref>Gélineau JBE. De la narcolepsie. Surgères, Charente-Inférieure: Imprimerie de Surgères, 64, 1881.</ref> Although Gélineau named this [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[clinical]] entity he did not [[differentiate]] episodes of [[muscle weakness]] and [[sleep]] attacks triggered by [[emotions]] as he proposed common [[physiology]] for these two [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[symptoms]] of narcolepsy.


*The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
*[[Cataplexy]] from the ''Greek'' '''kataplexis''' ([[Fixation (visual)|fixation]] of the [[eyes]]), was first named by Loëwenfeld (1902) as he was the first to name brief episodes of [[muscle weakness]] triggered by [[emotions]].<ref>Löwenfeld L. Uber Narkolepsie. Munch. Med. Wochenschr., 49: 1041-1045, 1902.</ref>
*In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
*Kinnier Wilson (1928) first coined the term, "[[Sleep paralysis|sleep paralysis.]]"
*In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
*Large [[case series]] of narcolepsy with [[cataplexy]] was published by Addie (1926), Wilson (1927), and Daniels (1934).<ref>Addie W. IdIopathic narcolepsy: a disease sui generis; with remarks on the mechanism of sleep. Brain, 49: 257-306, 1926.</ref><ref>Wilson SAK. The narcolepsies. Annual Congress Assoc. Phys., June 3: 63-109, 1927.</ref><ref>Daniels LE. Narcolepsy. Medicine, 13(1): 1-122, 1934.</ref> Review of narcolepsy-[[cataplexy]] by Daniels is considered by many as one of the most insightful [[clinical]] [[Review|reviews]] published.
*Various [[causes]] or [[lesions]] were proposed for narcolepsy. [[Tumors]] situated in relation to the [[third ventricle]] were suggested as a possible [[Causes|cause]] of narcolepsy by Wilson. The [[Association (statistics)|association]] of [[occulomotor|oculomotor]] [[paralysis]] and [[somnolence]] led to the pioneering work of Von Economo (1930) who first recognized the [[posterior]] [[hypothalamus]] as a [[critical region]] for the promotion of [[wakefulness]] and correctly proposed that a region in the [[posterior]] [[hypothalamus]] was lesioned in [[human]] narcolepsy.<ref>Van Economo C. Sleep as a problem of localization. J. Nerv. Ment. Disease, 71(3): 249-259, 1930.</ref>  He specifically wrote: “''it is very probable, though not proved, that the narcolepsy of Redlich, Westphal, and Gélineau has its primary [[Causes|cause]] in a yet unknown [[disease]] of that region''”.
*The classic description of narcolepsy [[tetrad]] was possible due to further work by Yoss and Daly at the Mayo [[clinic]] in 1957 and Bedrich Roth in Prague.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-05312-8}}</ref><ref name="pmid13441766">{{cite journal| author=YOSS RE, DALY DD| title=Criteria for the diagnosis of the narcoleptic syndrome. | journal=Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin | year= 1957 | volume= 32 | issue= 12 | pages= 320-8 | pmid=13441766 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13441766  }} </ref>
*[[REM sleep]] at the onset of [[sleep]] attack in narcoleptic [[patients]] was first ever recorded and reported by Vogel (1960), an [[observation]] extended by Rechschaffen and Dement in 1967.<ref name="Vogel1960">{{cite journal|last1=Vogel|first1=Gerald|title=Studies in Psychophysiology of Dreams|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=4|year=1960|pages=421|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1960.01710040091011}}</ref><ref name="pmid6083200">{{cite journal| author=Rechtschaffen A, Dement W| title=Studies on the relation of narcolepsy, cataplexy, and sleep with low voltage random EEG activity. | journal=Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis | year= 1967 | volume= 45 | issue=  | pages= 488-505 | pmid=6083200 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6083200  }} </ref> Hishikawa (1968) studied the [[EEG]] of narcoleptic [[patients]].<ref name="pmid4169745">{{cite journal| author=Hishikawa Y, Nan'no H, Tachibana M, Furuya E, Koida H, Kaneko Z| title=The nature of sleep attack and other symptoms of narcolepsy. | journal=Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol | year= 1968 | volume= 24 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-10 | pmid=4169745 | doi=10.1016/0013-4694(68)90060-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4169745  }} </ref> These authors together first articulated the now classical [[hypothesis]] of dissociated [[REM sleep]] and explained some [[symptoms]] of narcolepsy. Their discovery established a multiple [[sleep latency]] [[test]] as a [[standard]] [[diagnostic test]] for narcolepsy in 1970.<ref name="pmid81764">{{cite journal| author=Richardson GS, Carskadon MA, Flagg W, Van den Hoed J, Dement WC, Mitler MM| title=Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects. | journal=Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol | year= 1978 | volume= 45 | issue= 5 | pages= 621-7 | pmid=81764 | doi=10.1016/0013-4694(78)90162-1 | pmc=2391074 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=81764  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3809866">{{cite journal| author=Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, Roth T, Westbrook PR, Keenan S| title=Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness. | journal=Sleep | year= 1986 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 519-24 | pmid=3809866 | doi=10.1093/sleep/9.4.519 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3809866  }} </ref>
*The first [[Epidemiological study|epidemiological studies]] of narcolepsy were performed by Roth (1980) and Dement (1972-73), revealing a [[prevalence]] of 0.02-0.05% for narcolepsy with [[cataplexy]]. <ref>Roth, Bedrich, and Roger J. Broughton. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia. Basel New York: Karger, 1980. Print.</ref><ref>Dement WC, Zarcone V, Varner V. The prevalence of narcolepsy. Sleep Res., 1: 148-149 1972.</ref><ref>Dement WC, Carskadon M, Ley R. The prevalence of narcolepsy II. Sleep Res., 2: 147, 1973.</ref>
*[[Canine]] narcolepsy in various breeds of dogs was identified and described in 1973, by Knecht and Mitler.<ref name="pmid4736237">{{cite journal| author=Knecht CD, Oliver JE, Redding R, Selcer R, Johnson G| title=Narcolepsy in a dog and a cat. | journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc | year= 1973 | volume= 162 | issue= 12 | pages= 1052-3 | pmid=4736237 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4736237  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4472992">{{cite journal| author=Mitler MM, Boysen BG, Campbell L, Dement WC| title=Narcolepsy-cataplexy in a female dog. | journal=Exp Neurol | year= 1974 | volume= 45 | issue= 2 | pages= 332-40 | pmid=4472992 | doi=10.1016/0014-4886(74)90122-8 | pmc=2391078 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4472992  }} </ref>
*Dr. Honda (1981), together with Drs. Asaka and Juji, initiated a [[research]] study on narcolepsy and observed a significant increase in the [[frequency]] of [[HLA-B35]] in [[patients]] with narcolepsy, which lead to [[Discovery system|discovery]] in 1983 that all [[patients]] with narcolepsy were [[HLA-DR2]] positive, while only 30% [[healthy]] [[Control group|controls]] had similar [[HLA-DR2]].<ref>Honda Y, Asake A, Tanaka Y, Juji T. Discrimination of narcolepsy by using genetic markers and HLA. Sleep Res.,1 2: 254, 1983.</ref><ref>Honda Y. Introduction to " HLA in Narcolepsy". 1-10. In: Honda Y, Juji T (Eds.). HLA in Narcolepsy. 1988.</ref><ref name="pmid6597978">{{cite journal| author=Juji T, Satake M, Honda Y, Doi Y| title=HLA antigens in Japanese patients with narcolepsy. All the patients were DR2 positive. | journal=Tissue Antigens | year= 1984 | volume= 24 | issue= 5 | pages= 316-9 | pmid=6597978 | doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.1984.tb02144.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6597978  }} </ref><ref name="MatsukiHonda1988">{{cite journal|last1=Matsuki|first1=K.|last2=Honda|first2=Y.|last3=Satake|first3=M.|last4=Juji|first4=T.|title=HLA in Narcolepsy in Japan|year=1988|pages=58–75|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-83387-8_4}}</ref> This discovery was subsequently confirmed in [[research]] studies conducted by Langdon N (1984), Billiard M (1985), Mueller-Eckhardt G (1986), and Poirier G (1986).<ref name="Mueller-EckhardtMeier-Ewert2008">{{cite journal|last1=Mueller-Eckhardt|first1=Gertrud|last2=Meier-Ewert|first2=K.|last3=Schendel|first3=Dolores J.|last4=Reinecker|first4=F. B.|last5=Multhoff|first5=Gabriele|last6=Mueller-Eckhardt|first6=C.|title=HLA and narcolepsy in a German population|journal=Tissue Antigens|volume=28|issue=3|year=2008|pages=163–169|issn=00012815|doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.1986.tb00476.x}}</ref><ref name="LangdonDam1984">{{cite journal|last1=Langdon|first1=Nicola|last2=Dam|first2=MiekeVan|last3=Welsh|first3=KenI.|last4=Vaughan|first4=RobertW.|last5=Parkes|first5=David|title=GENETIC MARKERS IN NARCOLEPSY|journal=The Lancet|volume=324|issue=8413|year=1984|pages=1178–1180|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92742-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid2857308">{{cite journal| author=| title=Extraordinary association between HLA-DR2 and narcolepsy. | journal=Lancet | year= 1985 | volume= 1 | issue= 8422 | pages= 226-7 | pmid=2857308 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2857308  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3486443">{{cite journal| author=Poirier G, Montplaisir J, Décary F, Momège D, Lebrun A| title=HLA antigens in narcolepsy and idiopathic central nervous system hypersomnolence. | journal=Sleep | year= 1986 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 Pt 2 | pages= 153-8 | pmid=3486443 | doi=10.1093/sleep/9.1.153 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3486443  }} </ref>
*Link with the [[HLA-DQB1]]*0602 [[gene]] on [[chromosome]] 6 was established in 1980s.<ref name="MatsukiGrumet1992">{{cite journal|last1=Matsuki|first1=Kazumasa|last2=Grumet|first2=F.Carl|last3=Lin|first3=Xiaoyan|last4=Gelb|first4=Michael|last5=Guilleminault|first5=Christian|last6=Dement|first6=WilliamC.|last7=Mignot|first7=Emmanuel|title=DQ (rather than DR) gene marks susceptibility to narcolepsy|journal=The Lancet|volume=339|issue=8800|year=1992|pages=1052|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)90571-J}}</ref><ref name="MignotKimura1997">{{cite journal|last1=Mignot|first1=E.|last2=Kimura|first2=A.|last3=Lattermann|first3=A.|last4=Lin|first4=X.|last5=Yasunaga|first5=S.|last6=Mueller-Eckhardt|first6=G.|last7=Rattazzi|first7=C.|last8=Lin|first8=L.|last9=Guilleminault|first9=C.|last10=Grumet|first10=F. C.|last11=Mayer|first11=G.|last12=Dement|first12=W. C.|last13=Underhill|first13=P.|title=Extensive HLA class II studies in 58 non-DRB1*15 (DR2) narcoleptic patients with cataplexy|journal=Tissue Antigens|volume=49|issue=4|year=1997|pages=329–341|issn=00012815|doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02761.x}}</ref><ref name="MignotLin1994">{{cite journal|last1=Mignot|first1=E.|last2=Lin|first2=X.|last3=Arrigoni|first3=J.|last4=Macaubas|first4=C.|last5=Olive|first5=F.|last6=Hallmayer|first6=J.|last7=Underhill|first7=P.|last8=Guilleminault|first8=C.|last9=Dement|first9=W. C.|last10=Grumet|first10=F. C.|title=DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102 (DQ1) Are Better Markers Than DR2 for Narcolepsy in Caucasian and Black Americans|journal=Sleep|volume=17|issue=suppl_8|year=1994|pages=S60–S67|issn=1550-9109|doi=10.1093/sleep/17.suppl_8.S60}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mignot E, Hayduk R, Black J, Grumet FC, Guilleminault C |title=HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients |journal=Sleep |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=1012–20 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9456467 |doi= |url=}}</ref> As many [[HLA]] associated [[disorders]] are also [[autoimmune]] in nature, it raised the possibility that narcolepsy may be an [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune disorder]].<ref name="CarlanderEliaou1993">{{cite journal|last1=Carlander|first1=B|last2=Eliaou|first2=JF|last3=Billiard|first3=M|title=Autoimmune hypothesis in narcolepsy|journal=Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology|volume=23|issue=1|year=1993|pages=15–22|issn=09877053|doi=10.1016/S0987-7053(05)80279-5}}</ref><ref name="MignotTafti1995">{{cite journal|last1=Mignot|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Tafti|first2=Mehdi|last3=Dement|first3=William C.|last4=Grumet|first4=F.Carl|title=Narcolepsy and immunity|journal=Advances in Neuroimmunology|volume=5|issue=1|year=1995|pages=23–37|issn=09605428|doi=10.1016/0960-5428(94)00043-N}}</ref><ref name="pmid3080168">{{cite journal| author=Parkes JD, Langdon N, Lock C| title=Narcolepsy and immunity. | journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) | year= 1986 | volume= 292 | issue= 6517 | pages= 359-60 | pmid=3080168 | doi=10.1136/bmj.292.6517.359 | pmc=1339341 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3080168  }} </ref>
*[[Hypocretin]]<nowiki/>s ([[orexins]]) were identified in 1990s. In 1998, DeLecea and Sakurai identified [[hypocretin]]<nowiki/>s/[[orexins]] almost simultaneously with a difference of a few weeks.<ref name="pmid9419374">{{cite journal| author=de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE | display-authors=etal| title=The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 1998 | volume= 95 | issue= 1 | pages= 322-7 | pmid=9419374 | doi=10.1073/pnas.95.1.322 | pmc=18213 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9419374  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9491897">{{cite journal| author=Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H | display-authors=etal| title=Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. | journal=Cell | year= 1998 | volume= 92 | issue= 4 | pages= 573-85 | pmid=9491897 | doi=10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80949-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9491897  }} </ref> Sakurai (1998) also identified and mapped associated [[receptors]] with these [[peptides]], including [[Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1]] (HCRT1) and [[Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2]] (HCRT2).
*[[Hypocretin]] [[deficiency]] was associated with [[human]] narcolepsy by Nishino and Ripley in 2000.<ref name="pmid10615891">{{cite journal| author=Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Mignot E| title=Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. | journal=Lancet | year= 2000 | volume= 355 | issue= 9197 | pages= 39-40 | pmid=10615891 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05582-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10615891  }} </ref>


===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===
===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===


===Impact on Cultural History===
*Various methods were initially proposed in the [[treatment]] of narcolepsy until Prinzmetal and Bloomberg introduced [[amphetamines]] in 1935.<ref name="Prinzmetal1935">{{cite journal|last1=Prinzmetal|first1=Myron|title=THE USE OF BENZEDRINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF NARCOLEPSY|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=105|issue=25|year=1935|pages=2051|issn=0002-9955|doi=10.1001/jama.1935.02760510023006}}</ref>
*After the discovery of [[tricyclic antidepressants]] in 1957, Akimoto, Honda, and Takahashi used [[imipramine]] in the [[treatment]] of [[cataplexy]] in [[humans]].<ref name="pmid13681922">{{cite journal| author=AKIMOTO H, HONDA Y, TAKAHASHI Y| title=Pharmacotherapy in narcolepsy. | journal=Dis Nerv Syst | year= 1960 | volume= 21 | issue=  | pages= 704-6 | pmid=13681922 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13681922  }} </ref>
*[[Methylphenidate]] was introduced by Yoss and Daly in the 1960s.<ref name="YossDaly1959">{{cite journal|last1=Yoss|first1=R. E.|last2=Daly|first2=D.|title=Treatment of narcolepsy with Ritalin|journal=Neurology|volume=9|issue=3|year=1959|pages=171–171|issn=0028-3878|doi=10.1212/WNL.9.3.171}}</ref>


===Famous Cases===
===Famous Cases===
The following are a few famous cases of [disease name]:
The following are a few famous cases of narcolepsy:
 
*'''Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill''', former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, is one of the most famous sufferers from narcolepsy
*''' Thomas Alva Edison''', the greatest American inventor, was thought to suffer from narcolepsy because he was photographed sleeping in his lab
*'''Jimmy Kimmel''', American late-night talk show host, actor, producer, comedian, and writer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esquire.com/lifestyle/a759/esq0803-aug-wifl/ |title=What It Feels Like: Changing Your Sex, Having Narcolepsy & Being Attacked by an Alligator |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''Harold M. Ickes''', former deputy White House chief of staff for President Bill Clinton and a leading figure in the His administration's [[healthcare]] reform initiative<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915175254/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n7-8_v26/ai_15585480 |title=The mob and the deputy chief of staff - Harold Ickes, Jr Washington Monthly - Find Articles |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''Harriet Tubman''', an underground railroad pioneer, an American abolitionist, and political activist suffered from head inury and later developed narcolepsy and epilepsy
*'''Arthur Lowe''', a British actor who played iconic Captain Mainwaring in the British sitcom ''Dad's Army''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0078fg4 |title=BBC Two - Reputations, Arthur Lowe |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''Nastassja Aglaia Kinski''', German actress, and former model<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027182749/http://uk.geocities.com/uncrusty2000/telegraph.htm |title=Articles |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''Lenny Bruce''', controversial American stand-up comedian and satirist, suffered from narcolepsy and took medication to treat his condition
*'''George M. Church''', molecular geneticist, molecular engineer, and chemist, who is a Professor of Genetics and Professor of Health Sciences at Harvard<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0427/020-biofuels-biotech-genetics-ideas-opinions.html#6f44e82c5083 |title=Going To Church |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''Teresa Nielsen Hayden''', American science fiction editor, fanzine writer, and essayist who has a famous weblog, named Making Light<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/007242.html |title=Making Light: Narcolepsy update |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''Franck Bouyer''', French former road racing cyclist who was unable to compete or train without treatment with Modafinil
*'''Gabe Barham''', former Drummer for American post-hardcore band Sleeping With Sirens
*'''Kurt Cobain''', former front-man for American rock band Nirvana, claimed in interviews that he suffered from narcolepsy
*'''Jinkx Monsoon''' (real name is Jerick Hoffer), Seattle Drag Queen, stage performer, comedian and singer who is the winner of the fifth season of ''RuPaul's Drag Race''
*'''Aaron Flahavan''', former English (Portsmouth) football Goalkeeper
*'''Paul Gonsalves''', Jazz tenor saxophonist<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ml.islandnet.com/pipermail/dixielandjazz/2010-May/065140.html |title=[Dixielandjazz] Gonsalves sleeping on the bandstand. |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
 
===Milestones in Narcolepsy===
 
 
{|
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Year
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Discovery
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1877'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*First-ever description of narcolepsy in the [[medical literature]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1880'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Gelineau named the [[disorder]] “narcolepsy”
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1902'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Loewenfeld first coined the term “[[cataplexy]]”
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1935'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*First-ever use of [[amphetamines]] in the [[treatment]] of narcolepsy
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1960'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Description of [[Sleep]] Onset [[REM sleep|REM]] in [[patients]] with narcolepsy
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1970'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Multiple Latency Test description
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1973'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*First-ever report of narcolepsy in a [[canine]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1983'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Association (statistics)|Association]] of [[HLA-DR2]] with narcolepsy
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1992'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Association (statistics)|Association]] of [[HLA-DQB1]]*0602 with narcolepsy
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |'''1998'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Hypocretin|Hypocretins]] ([[orexins]]) and their [[receptors]] identification
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align: center;" |2000
| style="background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Association (statistics)|Association]] between [[Human]] narcolepsy and [[hypocretin]] [[deficiency]]
|}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Medicine]]
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Latest revision as of 17:01, 18 September 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Muhammad Waleed Haider, M.D.[2]

Overview

Narcolepsy is a long term neurological sleep disorder, which was first reported in Germany by Westphal and Fisher (1877-1878). French physician Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau (1880) first named this disorder as narcolepsy and identified it as a specfic clinical entity, while Loëwenfeld (1902) and Kinnier Wilson (1928) subsequently named the terms, cataplexy and sleep paralysis, respectively. Hypocretins (orexins) were first identified by DeLecea and Sakurai in 1990s but association between Hypocretin deficiency and human narcolepsy was established by Nishino and Ripley later in 2000.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

Famous Cases

The following are a few famous cases of narcolepsy:

  • Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, is one of the most famous sufferers from narcolepsy
  • Thomas Alva Edison, the greatest American inventor, was thought to suffer from narcolepsy because he was photographed sleeping in his lab
  • Jimmy Kimmel, American late-night talk show host, actor, producer, comedian, and writer[45]
  • Harold M. Ickes, former deputy White House chief of staff for President Bill Clinton and a leading figure in the His administration's healthcare reform initiative[46]
  • Harriet Tubman, an underground railroad pioneer, an American abolitionist, and political activist suffered from head inury and later developed narcolepsy and epilepsy
  • Arthur Lowe, a British actor who played iconic Captain Mainwaring in the British sitcom Dad's Army[47]
  • Nastassja Aglaia Kinski, German actress, and former model[48]
  • Lenny Bruce, controversial American stand-up comedian and satirist, suffered from narcolepsy and took medication to treat his condition
  • George M. Church, molecular geneticist, molecular engineer, and chemist, who is a Professor of Genetics and Professor of Health Sciences at Harvard[49]
  • Teresa Nielsen Hayden, American science fiction editor, fanzine writer, and essayist who has a famous weblog, named Making Light[50]
  • Franck Bouyer, French former road racing cyclist who was unable to compete or train without treatment with Modafinil
  • Gabe Barham, former Drummer for American post-hardcore band Sleeping With Sirens
  • Kurt Cobain, former front-man for American rock band Nirvana, claimed in interviews that he suffered from narcolepsy
  • Jinkx Monsoon (real name is Jerick Hoffer), Seattle Drag Queen, stage performer, comedian and singer who is the winner of the fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race
  • Aaron Flahavan, former English (Portsmouth) football Goalkeeper
  • Paul Gonsalves, Jazz tenor saxophonist[51]

Milestones in Narcolepsy

Year Discovery
1877
1880
  • Gelineau named the disorder “narcolepsy”
1902
  • Loewenfeld first coined the term “cataplexy”
1935
1960
1970
  • Multiple Latency Test description
1973
  • First-ever report of narcolepsy in a canine
1983
1992
1998
2000

References

  1. ↑ Fischer, Franz (1878). "Epileptoide Schlafzustände". Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 8 (1): 200–203. doi:10.1007/BF01791317. ISSN 0003-9373.
  2. ↑ Westphal C. Eigenthümliche mit Einschläfen verbundene Anfälle. Arch. Psychiat., 7: 631-635 1877.
  3. ↑ Schenck CH, Bassetti CL, Arnulf I, Mignot E (2007). "English translations of the first clinical reports on narcolepsy and cataplexy by Westphal and Gélineau in the late 19th century, with commentary". J Clin Sleep Med. 3 (3): 301–11. PMC 2564780. PMID 17561602.
  4. ↑ Janković S, Susić V, Sokić D, Lević Z (1996). "[Dr. John Baptiste Edouard Gélineau]". Srp Arh Celok Lek. 124 (11–12): 331–5. PMID 9132972.
  5. ↑ Gélineau J. De la narcolepsie. Gazette des hôpitaux,. 53: 626-628, 1880.
  6. ↑ Gélineau JBE. De la narcolepsie. Surgères, Charente-Inférieure: Imprimerie de Surgères, 64, 1881.
  7. ↑ Löwenfeld L. Uber Narkolepsie. Munch. Med. Wochenschr., 49: 1041-1045, 1902.
  8. ↑ Addie W. IdIopathic narcolepsy: a disease sui generis; with remarks on the mechanism of sleep. Brain, 49: 257-306, 1926.
  9. ↑ Wilson SAK. The narcolepsies. Annual Congress Assoc. Phys., June 3: 63-109, 1927.
  10. ↑ Daniels LE. Narcolepsy. Medicine, 13(1): 1-122, 1934.
  11. ↑ Van Economo C. Sleep as a problem of localization. J. Nerv. Ment. Disease, 71(3): 249-259, 1930.
  12. ↑ . doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-05312-8. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ YOSS RE, DALY DD (1957). "Criteria for the diagnosis of the narcoleptic syndrome". Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 32 (12): 320–8. PMID 13441766.
  14. ↑ Vogel, Gerald (1960). "Studies in Psychophysiology of Dreams". Archives of General Psychiatry. 3 (4): 421. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1960.01710040091011. ISSN 0003-990X.
  15. ↑ Rechtschaffen A, Dement W (1967). "Studies on the relation of narcolepsy, cataplexy, and sleep with low voltage random EEG activity". Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 45: 488–505. PMID 6083200.
  16. ↑ Hishikawa Y, Nan'no H, Tachibana M, Furuya E, Koida H, Kaneko Z (1968). "The nature of sleep attack and other symptoms of narcolepsy". Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 24 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(68)90060-6. PMID 4169745.
  17. ↑ Richardson GS, Carskadon MA, Flagg W, Van den Hoed J, Dement WC, Mitler MM (1978). "Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects". Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 45 (5): 621–7. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(78)90162-1. PMC 2391074. PMID 81764.
  18. ↑ Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, Roth T, Westbrook PR, Keenan S (1986). "Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness". Sleep. 9 (4): 519–24. doi:10.1093/sleep/9.4.519. PMID 3809866.
  19. ↑ Roth, Bedrich, and Roger J. Broughton. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia. Basel New York: Karger, 1980. Print.
  20. ↑ Dement WC, Zarcone V, Varner V. The prevalence of narcolepsy. Sleep Res., 1: 148-149 1972.
  21. ↑ Dement WC, Carskadon M, Ley R. The prevalence of narcolepsy II. Sleep Res., 2: 147, 1973.
  22. ↑ Knecht CD, Oliver JE, Redding R, Selcer R, Johnson G (1973). "Narcolepsy in a dog and a cat". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 162 (12): 1052–3. PMID 4736237.
  23. ↑ Mitler MM, Boysen BG, Campbell L, Dement WC (1974). "Narcolepsy-cataplexy in a female dog". Exp Neurol. 45 (2): 332–40. doi:10.1016/0014-4886(74)90122-8. PMC 2391078. PMID 4472992.
  24. ↑ Honda Y, Asake A, Tanaka Y, Juji T. Discrimination of narcolepsy by using genetic markers and HLA. Sleep Res.,1 2: 254, 1983.
  25. ↑ Honda Y. Introduction to " HLA in Narcolepsy". 1-10. In: Honda Y, Juji T (Eds.). HLA in Narcolepsy. 1988.
  26. ↑ Juji T, Satake M, Honda Y, Doi Y (1984). "HLA antigens in Japanese patients with narcolepsy. All the patients were DR2 positive". Tissue Antigens. 24 (5): 316–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1984.tb02144.x. PMID 6597978.
  27. ↑ Matsuki, K.; Honda, Y.; Satake, M.; Juji, T. (1988). "HLA in Narcolepsy in Japan": 58–75. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83387-8_4.
  28. ↑ Mueller-Eckhardt, Gertrud; Meier-Ewert, K.; Schendel, Dolores J.; Reinecker, F. B.; Multhoff, Gabriele; Mueller-Eckhardt, C. (2008). "HLA and narcolepsy in a German population". Tissue Antigens. 28 (3): 163–169. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1986.tb00476.x. ISSN 0001-2815.
  29. ↑ Langdon, Nicola; Dam, MiekeVan; Welsh, KenI.; Vaughan, RobertW.; Parkes, David (1984). "GENETIC MARKERS IN NARCOLEPSY". The Lancet. 324 (8413): 1178–1180. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92742-9. ISSN 0140-6736.
  30. ↑ "Extraordinary association between HLA-DR2 and narcolepsy". Lancet. 1 (8422): 226–7. 1985. PMID 2857308.
  31. ↑ Poirier G, Montplaisir J, Décary F, Momège D, Lebrun A (1986). "HLA antigens in narcolepsy and idiopathic central nervous system hypersomnolence". Sleep. 9 (1 Pt 2): 153–8. doi:10.1093/sleep/9.1.153. PMID 3486443.
  32. ↑ Matsuki, Kazumasa; Grumet, F.Carl; Lin, Xiaoyan; Gelb, Michael; Guilleminault, Christian; Dement, WilliamC.; Mignot, Emmanuel (1992). "DQ (rather than DR) gene marks susceptibility to narcolepsy". The Lancet. 339 (8800): 1052. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90571-J. ISSN 0140-6736.
  33. ↑ Mignot, E.; Kimura, A.; Lattermann, A.; Lin, X.; Yasunaga, S.; Mueller-Eckhardt, G.; Rattazzi, C.; Lin, L.; Guilleminault, C.; Grumet, F. C.; Mayer, G.; Dement, W. C.; Underhill, P. (1997). "Extensive HLA class II studies in 58 non-DRB1*15 (DR2) narcoleptic patients with cataplexy". Tissue Antigens. 49 (4): 329–341. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02761.x. ISSN 0001-2815.
  34. ↑ Mignot, E.; Lin, X.; Arrigoni, J.; Macaubas, C.; Olive, F.; Hallmayer, J.; Underhill, P.; Guilleminault, C.; Dement, W. C.; Grumet, F. C. (1994). "DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102 (DQ1) Are Better Markers Than DR2 for Narcolepsy in Caucasian and Black Americans". Sleep. 17 (suppl_8): S60–S67. doi:10.1093/sleep/17.suppl_8.S60. ISSN 1550-9109.
  35. ↑ Mignot E, Hayduk R, Black J, Grumet FC, Guilleminault C (November 1997). "HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients". Sleep. 20 (11): 1012–20. PMID 9456467.
  36. ↑ Carlander, B; Eliaou, JF; Billiard, M (1993). "Autoimmune hypothesis in narcolepsy". Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 23 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(05)80279-5. ISSN 0987-7053.
  37. ↑ Mignot, Emmanuel; Tafti, Mehdi; Dement, William C.; Grumet, F.Carl (1995). "Narcolepsy and immunity". Advances in Neuroimmunology. 5 (1): 23–37. doi:10.1016/0960-5428(94)00043-N. ISSN 0960-5428.
  38. ↑ Parkes JD, Langdon N, Lock C (1986). "Narcolepsy and immunity". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 292 (6517): 359–60. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6517.359. PMC 1339341. PMID 3080168.
  39. ↑ de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE; et al. (1998). "The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (1): 322–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.322. PMC 18213. PMID 9419374.
  40. ↑ Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H; et al. (1998). "Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior". Cell. 92 (4): 573–85. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80949-6. PMID 9491897.
  41. ↑ Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Mignot E (2000). "Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy". Lancet. 355 (9197): 39–40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05582-8. PMID 10615891.
  42. ↑ Prinzmetal, Myron (1935). "THE USE OF BENZEDRINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF NARCOLEPSY". Journal of the American Medical Association. 105 (25): 2051. doi:10.1001/jama.1935.02760510023006. ISSN 0002-9955.
  43. ↑ AKIMOTO H, HONDA Y, TAKAHASHI Y (1960). "Pharmacotherapy in narcolepsy". Dis Nerv Syst. 21: 704–6. PMID 13681922.
  44. ↑ Yoss, R. E.; Daly, D. (1959). "Treatment of narcolepsy with Ritalin". Neurology. 9 (3): 171–171. doi:10.1212/WNL.9.3.171. ISSN 0028-3878.
  45. ↑ "What It Feels Like: Changing Your Sex, Having Narcolepsy & Being Attacked by an Alligator".
  46. ↑ "The mob and the deputy chief of staff - Harold Ickes, Jr Washington Monthly - Find Articles".
  47. ↑ "BBC Two - Reputations, Arthur Lowe".
  48. ↑ "Articles".
  49. ↑ "Going To Church".
  50. ↑ "Making Light: Narcolepsy update".
  51. ↑ "[Dixielandjazz] Gonsalves sleeping on the bandstand".

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