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| [[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']] | |||
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{{CMG}} {{AE}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Samah Obaiah}} | ||
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! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 85%; background: #A8A8A8" align=center| {{fontcolor|#2B3B44|Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics) Microchapters}} | ! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 85%; background: #A8A8A8" align="center" |{{fontcolor|#2B3B44|Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics) Microchapters}} | ||
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)#Overview|Overview]] | ! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align="left" |[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)#Overview|Overview]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)#Causes|Causes]] | ! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align="left" |[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)#Causes|Causes]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)# | |||
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align="left" |[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)#Complete Diagnostic Approach|Diagnosis]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)# | ! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align="left" |[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)#Treatment|Treatment]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)# | ! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align="left" |[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)#Do's|Do's]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | ! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align="left" |[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)#Don'ts|Don'ts]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Constipation | [[Constipation]] occurs when waste or stool moves too slowly through the [[digestive tract]], causing the [[stool]] to become hard and dry. It is a common pediatric problem (prevalence rates up to 32.2%) that requires primary care management. Children and their families should be included in the treatment regimen to prevent recurrences and promote health maintenance. [[Chronic]] (functional) [[constipation]] is a source of [[anxiety]] for parents who worry that a serious [[disease]] may be causing the [[symptom]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
===Life Threatening Causes=== | ===Life Threatening Causes=== | ||
Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. | Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. <ref name="pmid31025225">{{cite journal| author=van Mill MJ, Koppen IJN, Benninga MA| title=Controversies in the Management of Functional Constipation in Children. | journal=Curr Gastroenterol Rep | year= 2019 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 23 | pmid=31025225 | doi=10.1007/s11894-019-0690-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31025225 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12956550">{{cite journal| author=Coughlin EC| title=Assessment and management of pediatric constipation in primary care. | journal=Pediatr Nurs | year= 2003 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 296-301 | pmid=12956550 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12956550 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Atropine|Atropine poisoning]] | *[[Atropine|Atropine poisoning]] | ||
*[[Hypokalemia]] | *[[Hypokalemia]] | ||
Line 36: | Line 42: | ||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
The most common factors that can contribute to [[constipation]] in children include:<ref name="pmid10554136">{{cite journal| author=Baker SS, Liptak GS, Colletti RB, Croffie JM, Di Lorenzo C, Ector W | display-authors=etal| title=Constipation in infants and children: evaluation and treatment. A medical position statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. | journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 5 | pages= 612-26 | pmid=10554136 | doi=10.1097/00005176-199911000-00029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10554136 }} </ref> | |||
* | *Ignoring | ||
A child may ignore the urge to have a bowel movement or uncomfortable using public toilets. | A child may ignore the urge to have a bowel movement or uncomfortable using public toilets. | ||
* Painful bowel movements caused by large, hard stools also may lead to | *Painful bowel movements caused by large, hard stools also may lead to avoiding a repeat of the distressing experience | ||
*[[ Toilet training]] issues | |||
* [[ | *[[ Diet]] | ||
Not enough fiber-rich fruits and vegetables or fluid in a child's diet may cause constipation. | Not enough fiber-rich fruits and vegetables or fluid in a child's diet may cause constipation. | ||
* | *Changes in routine | ||
Any changes in routine — such as travel, hot weather, [[stress]], or start school — can affect bowel function | |||
* [[ | *[[Medications]] | ||
[[ | Certain [[antidepressants]] and various other drugs can contribute to constipation | ||
[[ | *[[Cow's milk allergy]] | ||
[[ | *[[Family history]] | ||
[[ | *[[Medical conditions]] | ||
**[[Irritable bowel syndrome]] | |||
**[[Hirschsprung disease]] | |||
**[[Hypothyroidism]] | |||
**[[Cystic fibrosis]] | |||
== | ==Complete Diagnostic Approach== | ||
The most common kind is | The most common kind is [[functional constipation]] and not life-threatening.<ref name="pmid27156546">{{cite journal| author=Poddar U| title=Approach to Constipation in Children. | journal=Indian Pediatr | year= 2016 | volume= 53 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-27 | pmid=27156546 | doi=10.1007/s13312-016-0845-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27156546 }} </ref> | ||
Diagnosed with history one of these symptoms: | |||
*Hard stools <ref name="pmid16954945">{{cite journal| author=Constipation Guideline Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition| title=Evaluation and treatment of constipation in infants and children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. | journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr | year= 2006 | volume= 43 | issue= 3 | pages= e1-13 | pmid=16954945 | doi=10.1097/01.mpg.0000233159.97667.c3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16954945 }} </ref> | |||
*Pain or trouble passing stool | |||
Many children with impaction have a loss of | *Less than three stools per week | ||
Many children with an impaction have a loss of | |||
appetite and are less interested in physical | appetite and are less interested in physical | ||
activity. After passing the stool, the child | activity. After passing the stool, the child | ||
feels better and symptoms improve | feels better, and symptoms improve. | ||
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of <nowiki>[[constipation]]</nowiki> according to the the [Rome III Diagnostic Criteria] guidelines<ref name="pmid25222810">{{cite journal| author=McNamara S| title=Caveat regarding ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN functional constipation treatment recommendations. | journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr | year= 2014 | volume= 59 | issue= 1 | pages= e14 | pmid=25222810 | doi=10.1097/MPG.0000000000000381 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25222810 }} </ref>. | |||
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 =Diagnosing [[Functional Constipation]] in Children }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | B01 | | | B01=At least two of the following in a child with a developmental age younger than four years* | |||
'''Symptoms suggestive of [[constipation]]:'''<br> | |||
❑2 or less bowel movements per week | |||
❑At least one episode of incontinence per week after the acquisition of toileting skills | |||
❑History of excessive stool retention | |||
❑History of painful or hard bowel movements | |||
❑Presence of a large fecal mass in the rectum | |||
❑History of large diameter stools that may obstruct the toilet | |||
'''At least two of the following in a child with a developmental age of four years or older with insufficient criteria for[[ irritable bowel syndrome]]:-'''<br> | |||
❑Two or fewer bowel movements in the toilet per week | |||
❑At least one episode of fecal incontinence per week | |||
❑History of retentive posturing or excessive voluntary stool retention | |||
❑History of painful or hard bowel movements | |||
❑Presence of a large fecal mass in the rectum | |||
❑History of large diameter stools that may obstruct the toilet | |||
—Criteria must be fulfilled for at least one month. Accompanying symptoms may include irritability, decreased appetite, and/or early satiety, and they may disappear immediately following the passage of a large stool. | |||
—Criteria must be fulfilled at least once a week for at least two months.}} | |||
{{familytree/end}} | {{familytree/end}} | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Shown below | Treatment of [[constipation]] in children [[functional constipation]] focuses on three main areas: | ||
[Constipation | |||
-Increasing fiber in the diet and more fluids. | |||
-Regular Exercise and bowel habit training. | |||
Medicine is often needed to help children have regular, soft bowel movements, and disimpaction. | |||
Medicines Help Constipation in different ways. [[Osmotic laxatives]] ([[Polyethylene glycol]] without [[electrolytes]], [[magnesium hydroxide]], | |||
[[magnesium citrate]], [[lactulose]], [[sorbitol]], [[phosphate sodium enema]]), [[stimulant laxatives]]([[senna]], [[bisacodyl]] ), and [[lubricant laxatives]]([[mineral oil]], [[glycerin suppository]]). | |||
''' Oral medications regimen for disimpaction if indicated:''' | |||
*[[Polyethylene glycol]] 3350 + [[electrolytes]], using an escalating dose regimen, as the first-line treatment. [[Polyethylene glycol]] 3350 + [[electrolytes]] may | |||
be mixed with a cold drink. | |||
*Add a stimulant[[laxative]] if [[polyethylene glycol]] 3350 + [[electrolytes]] does not lead to disimpaction after 2 weeks. | |||
*Substitute a stimulant [[laxative]] singly or in combination with an [[osmotic laxative]] such as lactulose if polyethylene glycol 3350 + electrolytes is not | |||
tolerated. | |||
*Inform families that disimpaction treatment can initially increase symptoms of soiling and abdominal pain.<ref name="pmid32200591">{{cite journal| author=| title=Constipation in children and young people: diagnosis and management | journal=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines | year= 2017 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=32200591 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | |||
[[Laxatives]]: recommended doses are those recommended by the British National Formulary for Children | |||
(BNFC) 2009 | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!Laxatives!!Recommended doses | |||
|- | |||
|[[Polyethylene glycol]] 3350 + [[electrolytes]]||Paediatric formula: oral powder: macrogol 3350 ([[polyethylene glycol]] | |||
3350)a 6.563 g; [[sodium bicarbonate]] 89.3 mg; [[sodium chloride]] 175.4mg; [[potassium chloride]] 25.1 mg/sachet. | |||
'''Disimpaction''' | |||
*Child under 1 year: ½ to 1 sachet daily (non-BNFC recommended dose) | |||
*Child 1–5 years: 2 sachets on 1st day, then 4 sachets daily for 2 days, then 6 sachets daily for 2 days, then 8 sachets daily (non-BNFC recommended dose) | |||
*Child 5–12 years: 4 sachets on 1st day, then increased in steps of | |||
2 sachets daily to a maximum of 12 sachets daily (Non-BNFC recommended schedule) | |||
'''Ongoing maintenance''' ([[chronic constipation]], prevention of fecal impaction) | |||
*Child under 1 year: ½ to 1 sachet daily (non-BNFC recommended dose) | |||
*Child 1–6 years: 1 sachet daily; adjust the dose to produce regular | |||
soft stools (maximum 4 sachets daily) (for children under 2, non-BNFC dose) | |||
*Child 6–12 years: 2 sachets daily; adjust the dose to produce regular soft stools (maximum 4 sachets daily) | |||
Adult formula: oral powder: macrogol 3350 ([[polyethylene glycol | |||
3350]]) 13.125 g; [[sodium bicarbonate]] 178.5 mg; [[sodium chloride]] | |||
350.7 mg; [[potassium chloride]] 46.6 mg/sachet (unflavoured). | |||
'''Disimpaction''' | |||
*Child/young person 12–18 years: 8 sachets daily | |||
Ongoing maintenance ([[chronic constipation]], prevention of fecal impaction) | |||
*Child/young person 12–18 years: 1–3 sachets daily in divided doses usually for up to 2 weeks; maintenance, 1–2 sachets daily | |||
|- | |||
|[[Lactulose]]||* Child 1 month to 1 year: 2.5 ml twice daily, adjusted according to response | |||
*Child 1–5 years: 2.5–10 ml twice daily, adjusted according to response (non-BNFC recommended dose) | |||
*Child/young person 5–18 years: 5–20 ml twice daily, adjusted according to response (non-BNFC recommended dose) | |||
|- | |||
|[[Sodium picosulfate]]||Non-BNFC recommended doses | |||
Elixir (5 mg/5 ml) | |||
Child 1 month to 4 years: 2.5–10 mg once a day | |||
Child/young person 4–18 years: 2.5–20 mg once a day | |||
|- | |||
|[[Bisacodyl]]||Non-BNFC recommended doses | |||
By mouth | |||
Child/young person 4–18 years: 5–20 mg once daily | |||
By rectum (suppository) | |||
Child/young person 2–18 years: 5–10 mg once daily | |||
|- | |||
|Senna||Senna syrup (7.5mg/5ml) | |||
Child 1 month to 4 years: 2.5–10 ml once daily | |||
Child/young person 4–18 years: 2.5–20 ml once daily | |||
Senna (non-proprietary) (1 tablet = 7.5 mg) | |||
Child 2-4 years: ½ to 2 tablets once daily | |||
Child 4-6 years: ½ to 4 tablets once daily | |||
Child/young person 6–18 years: 1–4 tablets once daily | |||
|- | |||
|[[Docusate sodium]]||Child 6 months–2 years: 12.5 mg three times daily (use pediatric | |||
oral solution) | |||
Child 2–12 years: 12.5–25 mg three times daily (use pediatric oral solution) | |||
Child/young person 12–18 years: up to 500 mg daily in divided doses | |||
|} | |||
'''FRIST ALGORITHM:-''' | |||
Shown below summarizing the treatment of <nowiki>[[Constipation]]</nowiki> according the the [ North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) Constipation] guidelines.<ref name="pmid24345831">{{cite journal| author=Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, Faure C, Langendam MW, Nurko S | display-authors=etal| title=Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. | journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr | year= 2014 | volume= 58 | issue= 2 | pages= 258-74 | pmid=24345831 | doi=10.1097/MPG.0000000000000266 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24345831 }} </ref> | |||
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}} | {{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | || | | | {{familytree | | | | A01 | | | | |A01 =[[Constipation]] in Infants Younger than Six Months}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | {{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | {{familytree | | | | B01 | | | | |B01=Children under 1 year: | ||
{{familytree | | | | . Delayed passage of meconium (more than 48 hours after birth) | ||
{{familytree | | | |||
{{familytree | | . Fewer than three complete stools a week ( this does not apply to exclusively breastfed babies after six weeks of age) | ||
{{familytree | | | |||
{{familytree | | . Hard large stools, "rabbit droppings" or "nuts," distress on defecating, bleeding associated with hard stools | ||
{{familytree | | | | | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | . Straining, previous episode(s) of [[constipation]], and previous or current [[anal fissure]]}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | C01 | | | |C01=Physical and laboratory examination should includ:- | |||
. Growth parameters | |||
. An abdominal examination | |||
. Occult blood test | |||
. An external examination of the perineum and perianal area | |||
. An evaluation of the [[thyroid]] and [[spine]] | |||
. And a neurologic evaluation for appropriate reflexes ([[cremasteric]], [[anal wink]], [[patellar]]). | |||
. A digital examination of the anorectum recommended to assess for perianal sensation, anal tone, rectum size, anal wink, and amount and consistency of stool in the rectum}} | |||
{{familytree | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | | | | | D01=If Onset before one month of age | |||
. Delayed passage of meconium (more than 48 hours after birth) | |||
. Failure to thrive | |||
. Abdominal distension | |||
. Intermittent [[diarrhea]] and explosive stools | |||
. Empty rectum | |||
. Tight anal sphincter | |||
. Pilonidal dimple covered by a [[tuft of hair]] | |||
. Midline pigmentary abnormalities of the lower spine | |||
. Abnormal neurologic examination (absent anal wink, absent cremasteric reflex, decreased lower extremity reflexes and/or tone) | |||
. Occult blood in the stool | |||
. Extraintestinal symptoms ([[vomiting]], [[fever]], ill-appearance) | |||
. Gushing of stool with rectal examination | |||
. No history of withholding or soiling | |||
. No response to conventional treatment|D02=If no alarm symptoms,the treatment will be:- | |||
incrased fluid | |||
[[oral rehydration]] with [[breastfed]] | |||
closed followup }} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |!| | | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | E01 | | E02 | | | | |E01=Suggested diagnoses will be one of these; [[congenital malformation]] of [[anorectum]] or [[spine]], [[Hirschsprung disease]], [[allergy]], [[metabolic/endocrine condition]] |E02=[[Functional constipation]] }} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |!| | | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | F01 | | F02 | | | |F01=More evaluation according to physical examination and history finding by one of those:- | |||
. [[Barium enema]] | |||
. [[Spinal magnetic resonance imaging]] | |||
. [[Thyroid]] studies | |||
. [[Serum calcium]] and [[potassium]] levels | |||
. [[Fasting glucose level]] | |||
. [[Serum]] and [[urine osmolarity]] | |||
.[[Anorectal manometry]], [[rectal suction biopsy]] | |||
. [[Colonic manometry]] | |||
. History, [[drug]] level | |||
. [[Lead]] level | |||
. [[Tissue transglutaminase]] | |||
. [[IgA]], [[total IgA]] | |||
. [[Endoscopy]] | |||
. [[Sweat test]] | |||
. Cow's milk elimination |F02=[[Functional constipation]] without impaction }} | |||
{{Family tree | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | G01 | | | G02 | | | | | |G01=Improvement with [[Education]], [[diet]], [[fluid]] , medication, dairy, close follow up.|G02=Failure of improvement with treatment and family education }} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | H01 | | | H02 | | | | |H01=Continue treatment |H02=Re-evaluation}} | |||
{{familytree/end}} | {{familytree/end}} | ||
'''Second ALGORITHM is:'''- | |||
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | A01 | | | | | | | |A01 =[[Constipation]] in children older than one year }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | B01 | | | | | | | B01=Child with history of [[consitpation]]}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | C01 | | | |C01=No alarm signs as, [[fever]], [[vomiting]], [[abdominal distinction]],... }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | D01 | | | |D01=Diagnosis of [[functional constipation]] provide }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | E01 | | | |E01=Education for cild and his or her parents :-diet, exercises,toilet training, increase [[fluid]],and close follow up }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | F01 | | | |F01=If there is impaction should use rectal or oral medication to disimpaction}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | G01 | | | |G01=If the impaction improved, cotinus tretment with education family}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | G01 | | | |G01=If the impaction not improved should re evaluation }} | |||
{{Family tree/end}} | |||
==Do's== | ==Do's== | ||
* | |||
*It is important to increase fiber slowly over two to three weeks with a current [[constipation]]. | |||
*Make sure the child drinks more water and juice when eating more fiber. | |||
*If a child becomes very upset when taken to the toilet or holding stool more or [[constipation]] is getting worse, or their history of tantrums or aggression with toileting should refer the child to a [[psychotherapy]] expert. | |||
*Increased the dose of medicine, if there are one of these signs, stools are small and hard, or a stool, not every day, or there complain of a hard time passing stool, or pain. | |||
*Decreased the dose of medicine if there, loose or watery stool, history of belly pain or cramps. | |||
*Length of treatment of disimpaction and [[functional constipation]] usually at least 6 months | |||
==Don'ts== | ==Don'ts== | ||
* | |||
*Don't stop the medicine until make sure the child continues to have a soft stool each day and the colon and rectum have returned to normal. | |||
*Don't use [[abdominal ultrasound]], [[gastrointestinal endoscopy]], [[plain abdominal radiography]], transit studies to diagnose [[functional constipation]]. | |||
*Don't do a rectal biopsy if there is not clinical future of [[Hirschsprung disease]] or family history. | |||
*Don't use [[manometry]] to diagnose [[Hirschsprung disease]] in children with chronic constipation. | |||
*Don't stop the medication suddenly: gradually reduce the dose over a period of months in response to stool consistency and frequency. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Projects]] | [[Category:Projects]] | ||
[[Category:Resident survival guide]] | [[Category:Resident survival guide]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Primary care]] | |||
[[category: Up-To-Date]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:32, 1 March 2021
![]() |
Resident Survival Guide |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Samah Obaiah, MD[2]
Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics) Microchapters |
---|
Overview |
Causes |
Diagnosis |
Treatment |
Do's |
Don'ts |
Overview
Constipation occurs when waste or stool moves too slowly through the digestive tract, causing the stool to become hard and dry. It is a common pediatric problem (prevalence rates up to 32.2%) that requires primary care management. Children and their families should be included in the treatment regimen to prevent recurrences and promote health maintenance. Chronic (functional) constipation is a source of anxiety for parents who worry that a serious disease may be causing the symptom.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. [1][2]
- Atropine poisoning
- Hypokalemia
- Lead poisoning
- Opium poisoning
- Severe dehydration
- Spinal cord injury
- Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
Common Causes
The most common factors that can contribute to constipation in children include:[3]
- Ignoring
A child may ignore the urge to have a bowel movement or uncomfortable using public toilets.
- Painful bowel movements caused by large, hard stools also may lead to avoiding a repeat of the distressing experience
- Toilet training issues
Not enough fiber-rich fruits and vegetables or fluid in a child's diet may cause constipation.
- Changes in routine
Any changes in routine — such as travel, hot weather, stress, or start school — can affect bowel function
Certain antidepressants and various other drugs can contribute to constipation
Complete Diagnostic Approach
The most common kind is functional constipation and not life-threatening.[4] Diagnosed with history one of these symptoms:
- Hard stools [5]
- Pain or trouble passing stool
- Less than three stools per week
Many children with an impaction have a loss of
appetite and are less interested in physical
activity. After passing the stool, the child
feels better, and symptoms improve.
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of [[constipation]] according to the the [Rome III Diagnostic Criteria] guidelines[6].
Diagnosing Functional Constipation in Children | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At least two of the following in a child with a developmental age younger than four years*
Symptoms suggestive of constipation: ❑At least one episode of incontinence per week after the acquisition of toileting skills ❑History of excessive stool retention ❑History of painful or hard bowel movements ❑Presence of a large fecal mass in the rectum ❑History of large diameter stools that may obstruct the toilet At least two of the following in a child with a developmental age of four years or older with insufficient criteria forirritable bowel syndrome:- ❑Two or fewer bowel movements in the toilet per week ❑At least one episode of fecal incontinence per week ❑History of retentive posturing or excessive voluntary stool retention ❑History of painful or hard bowel movements ❑Presence of a large fecal mass in the rectum ❑History of large diameter stools that may obstruct the toilet —Criteria must be fulfilled for at least one month. Accompanying symptoms may include irritability, decreased appetite, and/or early satiety, and they may disappear immediately following the passage of a large stool. —Criteria must be fulfilled at least once a week for at least two months. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treatment
Treatment of constipation in children functional constipation focuses on three main areas:
-Increasing fiber in the diet and more fluids.
-Regular Exercise and bowel habit training.
Medicine is often needed to help children have regular, soft bowel movements, and disimpaction.
Medicines Help Constipation in different ways. Osmotic laxatives (Polyethylene glycol without electrolytes, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium citrate, lactulose, sorbitol, phosphate sodium enema), stimulant laxatives(senna, bisacodyl ), and lubricant laxatives(mineral oil, glycerin suppository).
Oral medications regimen for disimpaction if indicated:
- Polyethylene glycol 3350 + electrolytes, using an escalating dose regimen, as the first-line treatment. Polyethylene glycol 3350 + electrolytes may
be mixed with a cold drink.
- Add a stimulantlaxative if polyethylene glycol 3350 + electrolytes does not lead to disimpaction after 2 weeks.
- Substitute a stimulant laxative singly or in combination with an osmotic laxative such as lactulose if polyethylene glycol 3350 + electrolytes is not
tolerated.
- Inform families that disimpaction treatment can initially increase symptoms of soiling and abdominal pain.[7]
Laxatives: recommended doses are those recommended by the British National Formulary for Children (BNFC) 2009
Laxatives | Recommended doses |
---|---|
Polyethylene glycol 3350 + electrolytes | Paediatric formula: oral powder: macrogol 3350 (polyethylene glycol
3350)a 6.563 g; sodium bicarbonate 89.3 mg; sodium chloride 175.4mg; potassium chloride 25.1 mg/sachet. Disimpaction
2 sachets daily to a maximum of 12 sachets daily (Non-BNFC recommended schedule) Ongoing maintenance (chronic constipation, prevention of fecal impaction)
soft stools (maximum 4 sachets daily) (for children under 2, non-BNFC dose)
Adult formula: oral powder: macrogol 3350 ([[polyethylene glycol 3350]]) 13.125 g; sodium bicarbonate 178.5 mg; sodium chloride 350.7 mg; potassium chloride 46.6 mg/sachet (unflavoured). Disimpaction
Ongoing maintenance (chronic constipation, prevention of fecal impaction)
|
Lactulose | * Child 1 month to 1 year: 2.5 ml twice daily, adjusted according to response
|
Sodium picosulfate | Non-BNFC recommended doses
Elixir (5 mg/5 ml) Child 1 month to 4 years: 2.5–10 mg once a day Child/young person 4–18 years: 2.5–20 mg once a day |
Bisacodyl | Non-BNFC recommended doses
By mouth Child/young person 4–18 years: 5–20 mg once daily By rectum (suppository) Child/young person 2–18 years: 5–10 mg once daily |
Senna | Senna syrup (7.5mg/5ml)
Child 1 month to 4 years: 2.5–10 ml once daily Child/young person 4–18 years: 2.5–20 ml once daily Senna (non-proprietary) (1 tablet = 7.5 mg) Child 2-4 years: ½ to 2 tablets once daily Child 4-6 years: ½ to 4 tablets once daily Child/young person 6–18 years: 1–4 tablets once daily |
Docusate sodium | Child 6 months–2 years: 12.5 mg three times daily (use pediatric
oral solution) Child 2–12 years: 12.5–25 mg three times daily (use pediatric oral solution) Child/young person 12–18 years: up to 500 mg daily in divided doses |
FRIST ALGORITHM:- Shown below summarizing the treatment of [[Constipation]] according the the [ North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) Constipation] guidelines.[8]
Constipation in Infants Younger than Six Months | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children under 1 year:
. Delayed passage of meconium (more than 48 hours after birth) . Fewer than three complete stools a week ( this does not apply to exclusively breastfed babies after six weeks of age) . Hard large stools, "rabbit droppings" or "nuts," distress on defecating, bleeding associated with hard stools . Straining, previous episode(s) of constipation, and previous or current anal fissure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical and laboratory examination should includ:-
. Growth parameters . An abdominal examination . Occult blood test . An external examination of the perineum and perianal area . An evaluation of the thyroid and spine . And a neurologic evaluation for appropriate reflexes (cremasteric, anal wink, patellar). . A digital examination of the anorectum recommended to assess for perianal sensation, anal tone, rectum size, anal wink, and amount and consistency of stool in the rectum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
If Onset before one month of age
. Delayed passage of meconium (more than 48 hours after birth) . Failure to thrive . Abdominal distension . Intermittent diarrhea and explosive stools . Empty rectum . Tight anal sphincter . Pilonidal dimple covered by a tuft of hair . Midline pigmentary abnormalities of the lower spine . Abnormal neurologic examination (absent anal wink, absent cremasteric reflex, decreased lower extremity reflexes and/or tone) . Occult blood in the stool . Extraintestinal symptoms (vomiting, fever, ill-appearance) . Gushing of stool with rectal examination . No history of withholding or soiling . No response to conventional treatment | If no alarm symptoms,the treatment will be:-
incrased fluid oral rehydration with breastfed closed followup | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Suggested diagnoses will be one of these; congenital malformation of anorectum or spine, Hirschsprung disease, allergy, metabolic/endocrine condition | Functional constipation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
More evaluation according to physical examination and history finding by one of those:-
. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging . Thyroid studies . Serum calcium and potassium levels . Serum and urine osmolarity .Anorectal manometry, rectal suction biopsy . History, drug level . Lead level . Cow's milk elimination | Functional constipation without impaction | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Improvement with Education, diet, fluid , medication, dairy, close follow up. | Failure of improvement with treatment and family education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Continue treatment | Re-evaluation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second ALGORITHM is:-
Constipation in children older than one year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Child with history of consitpation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
No alarm signs as, fever, vomiting, abdominal distinction,... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Diagnosis of functional constipation provide | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Education for cild and his or her parents :-diet, exercises,toilet training, increase fluid,and close follow up | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
If there is impaction should use rectal or oral medication to disimpaction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
If the impaction improved, cotinus tretment with education family | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
If the impaction not improved should re evaluation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Do's
- It is important to increase fiber slowly over two to three weeks with a current constipation.
- Make sure the child drinks more water and juice when eating more fiber.
- If a child becomes very upset when taken to the toilet or holding stool more or constipation is getting worse, or their history of tantrums or aggression with toileting should refer the child to a psychotherapy expert.
- Increased the dose of medicine, if there are one of these signs, stools are small and hard, or a stool, not every day, or there complain of a hard time passing stool, or pain.
- Decreased the dose of medicine if there, loose or watery stool, history of belly pain or cramps.
- Length of treatment of disimpaction and functional constipation usually at least 6 months
Don'ts
- Don't stop the medicine until make sure the child continues to have a soft stool each day and the colon and rectum have returned to normal.
- Don't use abdominal ultrasound, gastrointestinal endoscopy, plain abdominal radiography, transit studies to diagnose functional constipation.
- Don't do a rectal biopsy if there is not clinical future of Hirschsprung disease or family history.
- Don't use manometry to diagnose Hirschsprung disease in children with chronic constipation.
- Don't stop the medication suddenly: gradually reduce the dose over a period of months in response to stool consistency and frequency.
References
- ↑ van Mill MJ, Koppen IJN, Benninga MA (2019). "Controversies in the Management of Functional Constipation in Children". Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 21 (6): 23. doi:10.1007/s11894-019-0690-9. PMID 31025225.
- ↑ Coughlin EC (2003). "Assessment and management of pediatric constipation in primary care". Pediatr Nurs. 29 (4): 296–301. PMID 12956550.
- ↑ Baker SS, Liptak GS, Colletti RB, Croffie JM, Di Lorenzo C, Ector W; et al. (1999). "Constipation in infants and children: evaluation and treatment. A medical position statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 29 (5): 612–26. doi:10.1097/00005176-199911000-00029. PMID 10554136.
- ↑ Poddar U (2016). "Approach to Constipation in Children". Indian Pediatr. 53 (4): 319–27. doi:10.1007/s13312-016-0845-9. PMID 27156546.
- ↑ Constipation Guideline Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (2006). "Evaluation and treatment of constipation in infants and children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 43 (3): e1–13. doi:10.1097/01.mpg.0000233159.97667.c3. PMID 16954945.
- ↑ McNamara S (2014). "Caveat regarding ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN functional constipation treatment recommendations". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 59 (1): e14. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000381. PMID 25222810.
- ↑ "Constipation in children and young people: diagnosis and management". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines. 2017. PMID 32200591 Check
|pmid=
value (help). - ↑ Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, Faure C, Langendam MW, Nurko S; et al. (2014). "Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 58 (2): 258–74. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000266. PMID 24345831.