Acute leukemia resident survival guide: Difference between revisions

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{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 6}}
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 6}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 |A01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Treatment of a patient with definitive AML'''<ref name="pmid26376137">{{cite journal| author=Döhner H, Weisdorf DJ, Bloomfield CD| title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 12 | pages= 1136-52 | pmid=26376137 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1406184 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26376137  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid27895058">{{cite journal| author=Döhner H, Estey E, Grimwade D, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel. | journal=Blood | year= 2017 | volume= 129 | issue= 4 | pages= 424-447 | pmid=27895058 | doi=10.1182/blood-2016-08-733196 | pmc=5291965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27895058  }} </ref> <ref>{{cite book | last = Jameson | first = J | title = Harrison's principles of internal medicine | publisher = McGraw-Hill Education | location = New York | year = 2018 | isbn = 978-1259643996 }}</ref>  
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 |A01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''[[Treatment]] of a patient with definitive AML'''<ref name="pmid26376137">{{cite journal| author=Döhner H, Weisdorf DJ, Bloomfield CD| title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 12 | pages= 1136-52 | pmid=26376137 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1406184 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26376137  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid27895058">{{cite journal| author=Döhner H, Estey E, Grimwade D, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel. | journal=Blood | year= 2017 | volume= 129 | issue= 4 | pages= 424-447 | pmid=27895058 | doi=10.1182/blood-2016-08-733196 | pmc=5291965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27895058  }} </ref> <ref>{{cite book | last = Jameson | first = J | title = Harrison's principles of internal medicine | publisher = McGraw-Hill Education | location = New York | year = 2018 | isbn = 978-1259643996 }}</ref>  
  </div>}}  
  </div>}}  
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | |B01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Treating for the first time(new case)''' </div>|B02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Cases with relapsed/refractory AML''' </div>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | |B01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Treating for the first time (new case)''' </div>|B02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Cases with relapsed/refractory AML''' </div>}}
{{familytree  | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{familytree  | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{familytree  | C01 | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | C03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C04 |C01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Favorable-Risk Cytogenetics''' </div>|C02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Intermediate-Risk Cytogenetics''' </div>
{{familytree  | C01 | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | C03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C04 |C01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Favorable-Risk Cytogenetics''' </div>|C02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Intermediate-Risk Cytogenetics''' </div>
|C03= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Poor-Risk Cytogenetics|C04= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Salvage therapy''' </div>}}
|C03= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Poor-Risk Cytogenetics|C04= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 25em; padding:1em;">'''Salvage therapy''' </div>}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{familytree | D01 | | | | | | D02 | | | | | | | | | D03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D04 | |D01= Select one of these therapies: <br> ❑ 1. Induction treatment: Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin. If a complete remission is achieved, postremission consolidation therapy as maintenance should be started: intermediate  dose of Cytarabine) <br> ❑ 2.Investigational drugs(clinical trial): for cases aged younger than 60 years, a standard chemotherapy regimen including a backbone of Cytarabine + Anthracycline has been recommended. After complete remission, postremission therapy have to be regarded.
{{familytree | D01 | | | | | | D02 | | | | | | | | | D03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D04 | |D01= Select one of these therapies: <br> ❑ 1. Induction treatment: Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin. If a complete remission is achieved, postremission consolidation therapy as maintenance should be started: intermediate  dose of [[Cytarabine]]) <br> ❑ 2.Investigational drugs(clinical trial): for cases aged younger than 60 years, a standard [[chemotherapy]] regimen including a backbone of [[Cytarabine]] + [[Anthracycline]] has been recommended. After complete remission, postremission therapy have to be regarded.
|D02=Select one of these treatments: <br>  
|D02=Select one of these treatments: <br>  
❑ 1. Investigational therapy: for patients older than 65 or have more comorbidities and high-risk illnesses or cases who cannot tolerate Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin, changing their regiments to an investigational therapy could be regarded. (administrate one chemotherapy drug or combine their treatment with non-intensive medications fitting with the patient such as decitabine, azacitidine). After complete remission, postremission therapy have to be regarded.<br> ❑ 2. Induction treatment: Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin (could be suitable for young and elderly patients). If complete remission(CR) is achieved, postremission consolidation therapy as maintenance should be started to prevent relapse, including: <br>  
❑ 1. Investigational therapy: for patients older than 65 or have more comorbidities and high-risk illnesses or cases who cannot tolerate [[Cytarabine]]-based regimen + [[Daunorubicin]], changing their regiments to an investigational therapy could be regarded. (administrate one [[chemotherapy]] drug or combine their treatment with non-intensive medications fitting with the patient such as [[decitabine]], [[azacitidine]]). After complete remission, postremission therapy have to be regarded.<br> ❑ 2. Induction treatment: [[Cytarabine]]-based regimen + [[Daunorubicin]] (could be suitable for young and elderly patients). If complete remission(CR) is achieved, postremission consolidation therapy as maintenance should be started to prevent relapse, including: <br>  
:*  Allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation, which is the preferred treatment, or <br>  
:*  Allogenic [[hematopoietic cell]] transplantation, which is the preferred treatment, or <br>  
:*  If the patient is younger than 60 years autologous hematopoietic cell  transplantation is recommended, or <br>   
:*  If the patient is younger than 60 years autologous [[hematopoietic cell  transplantation]] is recommended, or <br>   
:*  Intermediate  dose of Cytarabine  
:*  Intermediate  dose of [[Cytarabine]]
||D03= Select one of these therapies:<br> 1. Induction treatment: Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin (could be suitable for both young and elderly patients). After complete remission(CR) achieved, postremission consolidation therapy should be started to prevent relapse, including Allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation, which is the preferred treatment. When there is not any accessible HLA-matched donor, using an alternate donor has been recommended. <br> 2. Investigational therapy: for patients older than 65 or have more comorbidities and high-risk illnesses or cases who cannot tolerate Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin, changing their regiments to an investigational therapy could be regarded. (administrate one chemotherapy drug or combine their treatment with non-intensive medications fitting with the patient such as decitabine, azacitidine). After complete remission, postremission therapy has to be regarded.<br> |D04=Patients with relapsed and refractory AML who has an HLA-matched donor accessible for allogenic HCT or cases who attained second complete remission after salvage therapy while there is an available appropriate donor should undergo allogenic hematopoietic cell  transplantation. Those who do not have these conditions have to be treated based on clinical trials (investigational therapy).  }}  
||D03= Select one of these therapies:<br> 1. Induction treatment: [[Cytarabine]]-based regimen + [[Daunorubicin]] (could be suitable for both young and elderly patients). After complete remission(CR) achieved, postremission consolidation therapy should be started to prevent relapse, including Allogenic [[hematopoietic cell]] transplantation, which is the preferred treatment. When there is not any accessible HLA-matched donor, using an alternate donor has been recommended. <br> 2. Investigational therapy: for patients older than 65 or have more comorbidities and high-risk illnesses or cases who cannot tolerate [[Cytarabine]]-based regimen + [[Daunorubicin]], changing their regiments to an investigational therapy could be regarded. (administrate one chemotherapy drug or combine their treatment with non-intensive medications fitting with the patient such as [[decitabine]], [[azacitidine]]). After complete remission, postremission therapy has to be regarded.<br> |D04=Patients with relapsed and refractory AML who has an HLA-matched donor accessible for allogenic HCT or cases who attained second complete remission after salvage therapy while there is an available appropriate donor should undergo allogenic [[hematopoietic cell]] transplantation. Those who do not have these conditions have to be treated based on clinical trials (investigational therapy).  }}  
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}




Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia includes three phases:<ref name="pmid21220592">{{cite journal| author=Bassan R, Hoelzer D| title=Modern therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 29 | issue= 5 | pages= 532-43 | pmid=21220592 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2010.30.1382 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21220592  }} </ref>
Treatment of [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] includes three phases:<ref name="pmid21220592">{{cite journal| author=Bassan R, Hoelzer D| title=Modern therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 29 | issue= 5 | pages= 532-43 | pmid=21220592 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2010.30.1382 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21220592  }} </ref>


:*Induction therapy, i.e., prednisolone, vincristine, cytarabine <br>
:*Induction therapy, i.e., [[prednisolone]], [[vincristine]], [[cytarabine]] <br>
:*Administrating Central Nervous System prophylaxis, i.e., methotrexate
:*Administrating [[Central Nervous System]] prophylaxis, i.e., [[methotrexate]]
:*Chemotherapy as a maintenance treatment for two years
:*[[Chemotherapy]] as a maintenance treatment for two years
:*Stem cell transplantation in adults who are eligible while there is a suitable donor
:*[[Stem cell]] transplantation in adults who are eligible while there is a suitable donor


==Do's==
==Do's==
:* Before starting the therapy, taking a precise history and physical examination have to be done to diagnose any kind of comorbidities ,i.e. heart failure or renal diseases that affect the prognosis and treatment choices.
:* Before starting the therapy, taking a precise history and [[physical examination]] have to be done to diagnose any kind of comorbidities ,i.e. [[heart failure]] or [[renal disease]]s that affect the prognosis and treatment choices.


:*HLA-typing evaluation have to be done for all of the AML cases In the pretreatment assessment.
:*[[HLA]]-typing evaluation have to be done for all of the [[AML]] cases In the pretreatment assessment.
:*Seven days after the induction phase of chemotherapy ended, bone marrow biopsy must be done in order to assess the remission situation.
:*Seven days after the induction phase of [[chemotherapy]] ended, [[bone marrow biopsy]] must be done in order to assess the remission situation.
:* In the induction chemotherapy process of AML for most of the cases, cytarabine IV infusion should be administrated for seven days consecutively + anthracycline on days one to three.(known as "7+3" regimens)<ref name="pmidhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9045305">{{cite journal| author=Bishop JF| title=The treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 24 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-69 | pmid=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9045305 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9045305  }} </ref> <ref name="TallmanWang2019">{{cite journal|last1=Tallman|first1=Martin S.|last2=Wang|first2=Eunice S.|last3=Altman|first3=Jessica K.|last4=Appelbaum|first4=Frederick R.|last5=Bhatt|first5=Vijaya Raj|last6=Bixby|first6=Dale|last7=Coutre|first7=Steven E.|last8=De Lima|first8=Marcos|last9=Fathi|first9=Amir T.|last10=Fiorella|first10=Melanie|last11=Foran|first11=James M.|last12=Hall|first12=Aric C.|last13=Jacoby|first13=Meagan|last14=Lancet|first14=Jeffrey|last15=LeBlanc|first15=Thomas W.|last16=Mannis|first16=Gabriel|last17=Marcucci|first17=Guido|last18=Martin|first18=Michael G.|last19=Mims|first19=Alice|last20=O’Donnell|first20=Margaret R.|last21=Olin|first21=Rebecca|last22=Peker|first22=Deniz|last23=Perl|first23=Alexander|last24=Pollyea|first24=Daniel A.|last25=Pratz|first25=Keith|last26=Prebet|first26=Thomas|last27=Ravandi|first27=Farhad|last28=Shami|first28=Paul J.|last29=Stone|first29=Richard M.|last30=Strickland|first30=Stephen A.|last31=Wieduwilt|first31=Matthew|last32=Gregory|first32=Kristina M.|last33=Hammond|first33=Lydia|last34=Ogba|first34=Ndiya|title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology|journal=Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network|volume=17|issue=6|year=2019|pages=721–749|issn=1540-1405|doi=10.6004/jnccn.2019.0028}}</ref>
:* In the induction chemotherapy process of [[AML]] for most of the cases, [[cytarabine]] IV infusion should be administrated for seven days consecutively + [[anthracycline]] on days one to three.(known as "7+3" regimens)<ref name="pmidhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9045305">{{cite journal| author=Bishop JF| title=The treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 24 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-69 | pmid=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9045305 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9045305  }} </ref> <ref name="TallmanWang2019">{{cite journal|last1=Tallman|first1=Martin S.|last2=Wang|first2=Eunice S.|last3=Altman|first3=Jessica K.|last4=Appelbaum|first4=Frederick R.|last5=Bhatt|first5=Vijaya Raj|last6=Bixby|first6=Dale|last7=Coutre|first7=Steven E.|last8=De Lima|first8=Marcos|last9=Fathi|first9=Amir T.|last10=Fiorella|first10=Melanie|last11=Foran|first11=James M.|last12=Hall|first12=Aric C.|last13=Jacoby|first13=Meagan|last14=Lancet|first14=Jeffrey|last15=LeBlanc|first15=Thomas W.|last16=Mannis|first16=Gabriel|last17=Marcucci|first17=Guido|last18=Martin|first18=Michael G.|last19=Mims|first19=Alice|last20=O’Donnell|first20=Margaret R.|last21=Olin|first21=Rebecca|last22=Peker|first22=Deniz|last23=Perl|first23=Alexander|last24=Pollyea|first24=Daniel A.|last25=Pratz|first25=Keith|last26=Prebet|first26=Thomas|last27=Ravandi|first27=Farhad|last28=Shami|first28=Paul J.|last29=Stone|first29=Richard M.|last30=Strickland|first30=Stephen A.|last31=Wieduwilt|first31=Matthew|last32=Gregory|first32=Kristina M.|last33=Hammond|first33=Lydia|last34=Ogba|first34=Ndiya|title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology|journal=Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network|volume=17|issue=6|year=2019|pages=721–749|issn=1540-1405|doi=10.6004/jnccn.2019.0028}}</ref>


==Don'ts==
==Don'ts==
:*If the patient with AML has a coagulopathy disorder and is susceptible to bleeding, do not have to undergo lumbar puncture in the workup process before correcting that.
:*If the patient with acute leukemia has a [[coagulopathy]] disorder and is susceptible to bleeding, do not have to undergo [[lumbar puncture]] in the workup process before correcting that.
:*Without the assessment of cardiac symptoms and echocardiogram, chemotherapy medications which are cardiotoxic should not be administrated. <ref name="TallmanWang2019">{{cite journal|last1=Tallman|first1=Martin S.|last2=Wang|first2=Eunice S.|last3=Altman|first3=Jessica K.|last4=Appelbaum|first4=Frederick R.|last5=Bhatt|first5=Vijaya Raj|last6=Bixby|first6=Dale|last7=Coutre|first7=Steven E.|last8=De Lima|first8=Marcos|last9=Fathi|first9=Amir T.|last10=Fiorella|first10=Melanie|last11=Foran|first11=James M.|last12=Hall|first12=Aric C.|last13=Jacoby|first13=Meagan|last14=Lancet|first14=Jeffrey|last15=LeBlanc|first15=Thomas W.|last16=Mannis|first16=Gabriel|last17=Marcucci|first17=Guido|last18=Martin|first18=Michael G.|last19=Mims|first19=Alice|last20=O’Donnell|first20=Margaret R.|last21=Olin|first21=Rebecca|last22=Peker|first22=Deniz|last23=Perl|first23=Alexander|last24=Pollyea|first24=Daniel A.|last25=Pratz|first25=Keith|last26=Prebet|first26=Thomas|last27=Ravandi|first27=Farhad|last28=Shami|first28=Paul J.|last29=Stone|first29=Richard M.|last30=Strickland|first30=Stephen A.|last31=Wieduwilt|first31=Matthew|last32=Gregory|first32=Kristina M.|last33=Hammond|first33=Lydia|last34=Ogba|first34=Ndiya|title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology|journal=Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network|volume=17|issue=6|year=2019|pages=721–749|issn=1540-1405|doi=10.6004/jnccn.2019.0028}}</ref>
:*Without the assessment of cardiac symptoms and [[echocardiogram]], [[chemotherapy]] medicines which are cardiotoxic should not be administrated. <ref name="TallmanWang2019">{{cite journal|last1=Tallman|first1=Martin S.|last2=Wang|first2=Eunice S.|last3=Altman|first3=Jessica K.|last4=Appelbaum|first4=Frederick R.|last5=Bhatt|first5=Vijaya Raj|last6=Bixby|first6=Dale|last7=Coutre|first7=Steven E.|last8=De Lima|first8=Marcos|last9=Fathi|first9=Amir T.|last10=Fiorella|first10=Melanie|last11=Foran|first11=James M.|last12=Hall|first12=Aric C.|last13=Jacoby|first13=Meagan|last14=Lancet|first14=Jeffrey|last15=LeBlanc|first15=Thomas W.|last16=Mannis|first16=Gabriel|last17=Marcucci|first17=Guido|last18=Martin|first18=Michael G.|last19=Mims|first19=Alice|last20=O’Donnell|first20=Margaret R.|last21=Olin|first21=Rebecca|last22=Peker|first22=Deniz|last23=Perl|first23=Alexander|last24=Pollyea|first24=Daniel A.|last25=Pratz|first25=Keith|last26=Prebet|first26=Thomas|last27=Ravandi|first27=Farhad|last28=Shami|first28=Paul J.|last29=Stone|first29=Richard M.|last30=Strickland|first30=Stephen A.|last31=Wieduwilt|first31=Matthew|last32=Gregory|first32=Kristina M.|last33=Hammond|first33=Lydia|last34=Ogba|first34=Ndiya|title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology|journal=Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network|volume=17|issue=6|year=2019|pages=721–749|issn=1540-1405|doi=10.6004/jnccn.2019.0028}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:08, 3 November 2020

Acute leukemia
Resident Survival Guide
Overview
Causes
FIRE
Diagnosis
Treatment
Do's
Don'ts


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alieh Behjat, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, ALL, AML

Overview

Acute Leukemia is a malignancy of bone marrow myeloid and lymphoblastic precursor cells, in which these poorly differentiated hematopoietic cells proliferate rapidly. Hence, their accumulation would disrupt the performance of bone marrow to produce normal blood cells

Causes

AML and ALL are life-threatening diseases, which would result in death if left untreated. In the majority of cases, etiology is not apparent.

Common Causes of AML


Common Causes of ALL

FIRE

A Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation (FIRE) should be performed to identify patients in need of immediate intervention.

  • Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation (FIRE) in AML [5][6]:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Obtain patient's medical history and focus on these signs and symptoms:
Fatigue
Weight loss
Anorexia
Bone pain
Bleeding
Early satiety
❑ History of specific and chronic exposures such as alkylating agents, benzene, radiation, or previous chemotherapy
Headache
History of recurrent fever
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Examine the patient:
Fever
Ecchymosis
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
❑ Mediastinal mass
❑ Abnormalities in cranial nerve examination
❑ Skin Petechiae
❑ Testicular enlargement <
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Radiologic assessment:
CXR (PA and lateral)
PET or CT scan (if extramedullary disease is doubted based on symptoms and physical exam)
CT, or MRI, and other imaging methods to diagnose ICH, brain or spinal cord tumors, and leptomeningeal disease (if patient presenting notable CNS signs and symptoms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation (FIRE) in ALL:[3] [7] [8]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Take a precise medical history and focus on these signs and symptoms:
Fatigue
Anorexia
❑ Bone and joint pain
Bleeding
❑ Weakness and lethargy
❑ History of prior exposures with alkylating agents, radiation, or previous chemotherapy (less prevalent than AML)
Headache
❑ History of bleeding or unexplained bruising
❑ History of congenital syndroms
Night sweats, weight loss and fever(B symptoms)]]
Abdominal distention
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Examine the patient:
Fever
Tachycardia
❑ Mediastinal mass
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
❑ Abnormalities in cranial nerves examination
❑ Skin petechiae
Testicular enlargement (rare)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Radiologic assessment:
CXR (PA and lateral) to rule out mediastinal masses
Brain CT scan and MRI with contrast if neurologic signs and symptoms have existed
Scrotal ultrasound for assessing testicular involvement
Echocardiogram or cardiac scan
A whole body PET or CT scan when lymphoblastic lymphoma is doubted
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Diagnosis

Diagnostic criteria of acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia are similar to one another.

Treatment

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treatment of a patient with definitive AML[11] [12] [13]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treating for the first time (new case)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cases with relapsed/refractory AML
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Favorable-Risk Cytogenetics
 
 
 
 
 
Intermediate-Risk Cytogenetics
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Poor-Risk Cytogenetics
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Salvage therapy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Select one of these therapies:
❑ 1. Induction treatment: Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin. If a complete remission is achieved, postremission consolidation therapy as maintenance should be started: intermediate dose of Cytarabine)
❑ 2.Investigational drugs(clinical trial): for cases aged younger than 60 years, a standard chemotherapy regimen including a backbone of Cytarabine + Anthracycline has been recommended. After complete remission, postremission therapy have to be regarded.
 
 
 
 
 
Select one of these treatments:

❑ 1. Investigational therapy: for patients older than 65 or have more comorbidities and high-risk illnesses or cases who cannot tolerate Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin, changing their regiments to an investigational therapy could be regarded. (administrate one chemotherapy drug or combine their treatment with non-intensive medications fitting with the patient such as decitabine, azacitidine). After complete remission, postremission therapy have to be regarded.
❑ 2. Induction treatment: Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin (could be suitable for young and elderly patients). If complete remission(CR) is achieved, postremission consolidation therapy as maintenance should be started to prevent relapse, including:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Select one of these therapies:
1. Induction treatment: Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin (could be suitable for both young and elderly patients). After complete remission(CR) achieved, postremission consolidation therapy should be started to prevent relapse, including Allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation, which is the preferred treatment. When there is not any accessible HLA-matched donor, using an alternate donor has been recommended.
2. Investigational therapy: for patients older than 65 or have more comorbidities and high-risk illnesses or cases who cannot tolerate Cytarabine-based regimen + Daunorubicin, changing their regiments to an investigational therapy could be regarded. (administrate one chemotherapy drug or combine their treatment with non-intensive medications fitting with the patient such as decitabine, azacitidine). After complete remission, postremission therapy has to be regarded.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Patients with relapsed and refractory AML who has an HLA-matched donor accessible for allogenic HCT or cases who attained second complete remission after salvage therapy while there is an available appropriate donor should undergo allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Those who do not have these conditions have to be treated based on clinical trials (investigational therapy).
 


Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia includes three phases:[14]

Do's

  • HLA-typing evaluation have to be done for all of the AML cases In the pretreatment assessment.
  • Seven days after the induction phase of chemotherapy ended, bone marrow biopsy must be done in order to assess the remission situation.
  • In the induction chemotherapy process of AML for most of the cases, cytarabine IV infusion should be administrated for seven days consecutively + anthracycline on days one to three.(known as "7+3" regimens)[15] [5]

Don'ts

  • If the patient with acute leukemia has a coagulopathy disorder and is susceptible to bleeding, do not have to undergo lumbar puncture in the workup process before correcting that.
  • Without the assessment of cardiac symptoms and echocardiogram, chemotherapy medicines which are cardiotoxic should not be administrated. [5]

References

  1. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Ley TJ, Miller C, Ding L, Raphael BJ, Mungall AJ; et al. (2013). "Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia". N Engl J Med. 368 (22): 2059–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1301689. PMC 3767041. PMID 23634996.
  2. Thirman MJ, Gill HJ, Burnett RC, Mbangkollo D, McCabe NR, Kobayashi H; et al. (1993). "Rearrangement of the MLL gene in acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemias with 11q23 chromosomal translocations". N Engl J Med. 329 (13): 909–14. doi:10.1056/NEJM199309233291302. PMID 8361504.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Inaba H, Greaves M, Mullighan CG (2013). "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Lancet. 381 (9881): 1943–55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62187-4. PMC 3816716. PMID 23523389.
  4. Ishitsuka K, Tamura K (2014). "Human T-cell leukaemia virus type I and adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma". Lancet Oncol. 15 (11): e517–26. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70202-5. PMID 25281470.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Tallman, Martin S.; Wang, Eunice S.; Altman, Jessica K.; Appelbaum, Frederick R.; Bhatt, Vijaya Raj; Bixby, Dale; Coutre, Steven E.; De Lima, Marcos; Fathi, Amir T.; Fiorella, Melanie; Foran, James M.; Hall, Aric C.; Jacoby, Meagan; Lancet, Jeffrey; LeBlanc, Thomas W.; Mannis, Gabriel; Marcucci, Guido; Martin, Michael G.; Mims, Alice; O’Donnell, Margaret R.; Olin, Rebecca; Peker, Deniz; Perl, Alexander; Pollyea, Daniel A.; Pratz, Keith; Prebet, Thomas; Ravandi, Farhad; Shami, Paul J.; Stone, Richard M.; Strickland, Stephen A.; Wieduwilt, Matthew; Gregory, Kristina M.; Hammond, Lydia; Ogba, Ndiya (2019). "Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology". Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 17 (6): 721–749. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2019.0028. ISSN 1540-1405.
  6. Jameson, J (2018). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1259643996.
  7. Brown P, Inaba H, Annesley C, Beck J, Colace S, Dallas M; et al. (2020). "Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Version 2.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology". J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 18 (1): 81–112. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2020.0001. PMID 31910389.
  8. Rose-Inman H, Kuehl D (2014). "Acute leukemia". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 32 (3): 579–96. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.004. PMID 25060251.
  9. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, Flandrin G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Vardiman J; et al. (1999). "The World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting, Airlie House, Virginia, November, 1997". Ann Oncol. 10 (12): 1419–32. doi:10.1023/a:1008375931236. PMID 10643532.
  10. Chiaretti S, Zini G, Bassan R (2014). "Diagnosis and subclassification of [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]". Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 6 (1): e2014073. doi:10.4084/MJHID.2014.073. PMC 4235437. PMID 25408859. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  11. Döhner H, Weisdorf DJ, Bloomfield CD (2015). "Acute Myeloid Leukemia". N Engl J Med. 373 (12): 1136–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1406184. PMID 26376137.
  12. Döhner H, Estey E, Grimwade D, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T; et al. (2017). "Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel". Blood. 129 (4): 424–447. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-733196. PMC 5291965. PMID 27895058.
  13. Jameson, J (2018). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1259643996.
  14. Bassan R, Hoelzer D (2011). "Modern therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia". J Clin Oncol. 29 (5): 532–43. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.30.1382. PMID 21220592.
  15. Bishop JF (1997). "The treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia". Semin Oncol. 24 (1): 57–69. PMID https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9045305 Check |pmid= value (help).