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==Physical Examination==
==Physical Examination==


Diagnoses by primary care physicians may be inaccurate<ref name="pmid27806170">{{cite journal| author=Weng QY, Raff AB, Cohen JM, Gunasekera N, Okhovat JP, Vedak P et al.| title=Costs and Consequences Associated With Misdiagnosed Lower Extremity Cellulitis. | journal=JAMA Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27806170 | doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.3816 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27806170  }} </ref> and can be improved with consultation by a dermatologist<ref name="pmid25143179">{{cite journal| author=Arakaki RY, Strazzula L, Woo E, Kroshinsky D| title=The impact of dermatology consultation on diagnostic accuracy and antibiotic use among patients with suspected cellulitis seen at outpatient internal medicine offices: a randomized clinical trial. | journal=JAMA Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 150 | issue= 10 | pages= 1056-61 | pmid=25143179 | doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1085 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25143179  }} </ref>. Common causes of pseudocellulitis are eczematous dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, and erythema chronicum migrans.<ref name="pmid25143179"/> <ref name="KellerTomecki2012">{{cite journal|last1=Keller|first1=Emily C.|last2=Tomecki|first2=Kenneth J.|last3=Alraies|first3=M. Chadi|title=Distinguishing cellulitis from its mimics|journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine|volume=79|issue=8|year=2012|pages=547–552|issn=0891-1150|doi=10.3949/ccjm.79a.11121}}</ref>
Diagnoses by primary care physicians<ref name="pmid27806170">{{cite journal| author=Weng QY, Raff AB, Cohen JM, Gunasekera N, Okhovat JP, Vedak P et al.| title=Costs and Consequences Associated With Misdiagnosed Lower Extremity Cellulitis. | journal=JAMA Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27806170 | doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.3816 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27806170  }} </ref> and hospitalists<ref name="pmid36189619">{{cite journal| author=Cutler TS, Jannat-Khah DP, Kam B, Mages KC, Evans AT| title=Prevalence of misdiagnosis of cellulitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=J Hosp Med | year= 2023 | volume= 18 | issue= 3 | pages= 254-261 | pmid=36189619 | doi=10.1002/jhm.12977 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=36189619  }} </ref> may be inaccurate and can be improved with consultation by a dermatologist<ref name="pmid25143179">{{cite journal| author=Arakaki RY, Strazzula L, Woo E, Kroshinsky D| title=The impact of dermatology consultation on diagnostic accuracy and antibiotic use among patients with suspected cellulitis seen at outpatient internal medicine offices: a randomized clinical trial. | journal=JAMA Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 150 | issue= 10 | pages= 1056-61 | pmid=25143179 | doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1085 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25143179  }} </ref>. Common causes of pseudocellulitis are [[Eczema|eczematous]] dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, and [[Erythema chronica migrans|erythema chronicum migrans]].<ref name="pmid25143179" /> <ref name="KellerTomecki2012">{{cite journal|last1=Keller|first1=Emily C.|last2=Tomecki|first2=Kenneth J.|last3=Alraies|first3=M. Chadi|title=Distinguishing cellulitis from its mimics|journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine|volume=79|issue=8|year=2012|pages=547–552|issn=0891-1150|doi=10.3949/ccjm.79a.11121}}</ref>




===Skin===
===Skin===
* Redness, warmth, and swelling of the skin may be present
 
* Possible drainage, if there is an infection
*Redness, warmth, and swelling of the skin may be present
* Swollen glands ([[lymph nodes]]) near the affected area
*Possible drainage, if there is an infection
* A health care provider may mark the edges of the redness with a pen, to see if the redness goes past the marked border over the next several days. <ref name="RaffKroshinsky2016">{{cite journal|last1=Raff|first1=Adam B.|last2=Kroshinsky|first2=Daniela|title=Cellulitis|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=3|year=2016|pages=325|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.8825}}</ref>
*Swollen glands ([[lymph nodes]]) near the affected area
*A health care provider may mark the edges of the redness with a pen, to see if the redness goes past the marked border over the next several days. <ref name="RaffKroshinsky2016">{{cite journal|last1=Raff|first1=Adam B.|last2=Kroshinsky|first2=Daniela|title=Cellulitis|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=3|year=2016|pages=325|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.8825}}</ref>




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==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image: Cellulitis28.jpeg| Positive amidase test for Nocardia asteroids, one of the etiologic agents for Nocardiosis. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
File:Cellulitis28.jpeg| Positive amidase test for Nocardia asteroids, one of the etiologic agents for Nocardiosis. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
File:Cellulitis21.jpeg| Child developed a secondary staphylococcal infection at the smallpox vaccination site. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>  
Image: Cellulitis21.jpeg| Child developed a secondary staphylococcal infection at the smallpox vaccination site. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>  
File:Cellulitis20.jpeg| Child developed a secondary infection subsequent to having received a smallpox vaccination. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>  
 
File:Cellulitis19.jpeg| Left upper arm of a middle-aged woman who’d received a primary smallpox vaccination, and thereafter, developed local erythema, and a “bull’s eye” surrounding the site. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>  
Image: Cellulitis20.jpeg| Child developed a secondary infection subsequent to having received a smallpox vaccination. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>  
File:Cellulitis17.jpeg| Patient with nocardiosis infection of his right upper arm due to Gram-positive Nocardia brasiliensis bacteria, which manifested into a cellulitic inflammation known as an actinomycotic mycetoma. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
File:Cellulitis15.jpeg| Posterior perspective of patient with nocardiosis infection of his right upper arm due to Gram-positive Nocardia brasiliensis bacteria. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Cellulitis19.jpeg| Left upper arm of a middle-aged woman who’d received a primary smallpox vaccination, and thereafter, developed local erythema, and a “bull’s eye” surrounding the site. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>  
File:Cellulitis14.jpeg| Posterior perspective of patient with nocardiosis infection of his right upper arm due to Gram-positive Nocardia brasiliensis bacteria. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
File:Cellulitis12.jpeg| Anterior perspective of patient with nocardiosis infection of his right upper arm due to Gram-positive Nocardia brasiliensis bacteria. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Cellulitis17.jpeg| Patient with nocardiosis infection of his right upper arm due to Gram-positive Nocardia brasiliensis bacteria, which manifested into a cellulitic inflammation known as an actinomycotic mycetoma. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
File:Cellulitis09.jpeg| Close view of the lips and nose of a male patient infected with the dermatophytic fungus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
File:Cellulitis06.jpeg| Lesions that were diagnosed as ringworm, attributed to a dermatophytic fungal organism, Trichophyton verrucosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Cellulitis15.jpeg| Posterior perspective of patient with nocardiosis infection of his right upper arm due to Gram-positive Nocardia brasiliensis bacteria. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
File:Cellulitis05.jpeg| Lesions that were diagnosed as ringworm, attributed to a dermatophytic fungal organism, Trichophyton verrucosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
File:Cellulitis04.jpeg| Patient’s right foot displayed a rash that had been diagnosed as tinea pedis, caused by the dermatophytic fungal organism, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Cellulitis14.jpeg| Posterior perspective of patient with nocardiosis infection of his right upper arm due to Gram-positive Nocardia brasiliensis bacteria. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Cellulitis12.jpeg| Anterior perspective of patient with nocardiosis infection of his right upper arm due to Gram-positive Nocardia brasiliensis bacteria. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Cellulitis09.jpeg| Close view of the lips and nose of a male patient infected with the dermatophytic fungus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Cellulitis06.jpeg| Lesions that were diagnosed as ringworm, attributed to a dermatophytic fungal organism, Trichophyton verrucosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Cellulitis05.jpeg| Lesions that were diagnosed as ringworm, attributed to a dermatophytic fungal organism, Trichophyton verrucosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Cellulitis04.jpeg| Patient’s right foot displayed a rash that had been diagnosed as tinea pedis, caused by the dermatophytic fungal organism, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
</gallery>
</gallery>


Latest revision as of 00:24, 29 March 2023

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Cellulitis is an acute, spreading infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue, usually complicating a wound, ulcer, or dermatosis. It is characterized by rapidly expanding areas of edema, erythema, and warmth, sometimes accompanied by lymphangitis and inflammation of the regional lymph nodes. Unlike erysipelas which affects the upper dermis and the superficial lymphatics, cellulitis lacks sharp demarcation from uninvolved skin and usually does not present with an indurated, "peau d'orange" surface with a raised border. The diagnosis of cellulitis is based on the morphology of lesion and the clinical setting.

Physical Examination

Diagnoses by primary care physicians[1] and hospitalists[2] may be inaccurate and can be improved with consultation by a dermatologist[3]. Common causes of pseudocellulitis are eczematous dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, and erythema chronicum migrans.[3] [4]


Skin

  • Redness, warmth, and swelling of the skin may be present
  • Possible drainage, if there is an infection
  • Swollen glands (lymph nodes) near the affected area
  • A health care provider may mark the edges of the redness with a pen, to see if the redness goes past the marked border over the next several days. [5]


Infected left shin in comparison to shin with no sign of symptoms

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ Weng QY, Raff AB, Cohen JM, Gunasekera N, Okhovat JP, Vedak P; et al. (2016). "Costs and Consequences Associated With Misdiagnosed Lower Extremity Cellulitis". JAMA Dermatol. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.3816. PMID 27806170.
  2. ↑ Cutler TS, Jannat-Khah DP, Kam B, Mages KC, Evans AT (2023). "Prevalence of misdiagnosis of cellulitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis". J Hosp Med. 18 (3): 254–261. doi:10.1002/jhm.12977. PMID 36189619 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Arakaki RY, Strazzula L, Woo E, Kroshinsky D (2014). "The impact of dermatology consultation on diagnostic accuracy and antibiotic use among patients with suspected cellulitis seen at outpatient internal medicine offices: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA Dermatol. 150 (10): 1056–61. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1085. PMID 25143179.
  4. ↑ Keller, Emily C.; Tomecki, Kenneth J.; Alraies, M. Chadi (2012). "Distinguishing cellulitis from its mimics". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 79 (8): 547–552. doi:10.3949/ccjm.79a.11121. ISSN 0891-1150.
  5. ↑ Raff, Adam B.; Kroshinsky, Daniela (2016). "Cellulitis". JAMA. 316 (3): 325. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.8825. ISSN 0098-7484.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".


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