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==Overview==
==Overview==
Dementia
Dementia is an acquired cognitive impairment in different cognitive areas such as attention, learning, memory, language, executive function, and motor function. Dementia may be classified according to the etiology into 5 groups including neurodegenerative, vascular, infectious, drug-related, and metabolic. The most common causes of dementia include [[alzheimer's disease|alzheimer's Disease]], [[parkinson's disease|parkinson's Disease]], [[binswanger's disease|binswanger's Disease]], [[dementia with Lewy bodies]], [[frontotemporal lobar degeneration]],[[thiamine deficiency]],[[vitamin B12 deficiency]], [[vitamin B6 deficiency]], [[vascular dementia]], [[marijuana abuse]], [[HIV AIDS|AIDS]]
 
[[neurosyphilis]], and [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]].
==Classification==
==Classification==
Dementia may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes
Dementia may be classified according to the etiology into 5 groups including neurodegenerative, vascular, infectious, drug-related, and metabolic.


{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01= Dementia}}
{{Family tree | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | | | B01 | | B02 | | B03 | | B04 | | B05 | | | | | | |B01=[[Neurodegenerative]]|B02=Vascular|B03=[[Infectious]]|B04=Drug related|B05=[[Metabolic]]}}
{{Family tree | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | | | | | | |C01=•[[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's Disease]]<br>•[[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's Disease]]<br>•[[Binswanger's disease|Binswanger's Disease]]<br>•[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]<br>•[[Frontotemporal lobar degeneration]]|C02=•[[Vascular dementia]]|C03=•[[HIV AIDS|AIDS]]<br>•[[Neurosyphilis]]|C04=•[[Marijuana abuse]]|C05=•[[Thiamine deficiency]]<br>•[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]<br>•[[Vitamin B6 deficiency]]}}
{{Family tree/end}}
==Causes==
==Causes==
Dementia may be caused by:
Dementia may be caused by:
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*[[Binswanger's disease|Binswanger's Disease]]
*[[Binswanger's disease|Binswanger's Disease]]
*[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]
*[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]
*[[Frontotemporal lobar degeneration]]
*[[Thiamine deficiency]]
*[[Thiamine deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin B6 deficiency]]
*[[Vascular dementia]]
*[[Vascular dementia]]
*[[Marijuana abuse]]
*[[Marijuana abuse]]
Line 32: Line 43:
*[[Neurosyphilis]]
*[[Neurosyphilis]]
*[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
*[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin B6 deficiency]]
*[[Frontotemporal lobar degeneration]]
==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
Dementia causes must be differentiated from each other: <ref name="pmid18525132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jellinger KA |title=The pathology of "vascular dementia": a critical update |journal=J. Alzheimers Dis. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=107–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18525132 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19198143">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murayama S |title=[Neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=998 |year=2008 |pmid=19198143 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9375155">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hodges JR, Patterson K |title=Nonfluent progressive aphasia and semantic dementia: a comparative neuropsychological study |journal=J Int Neuropsychol Soc |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=511–24 |year=1996 |pmid=9375155 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1486461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hodges JR, Patterson K, Oxbury S, Funnell E |title=Semantic dementia. Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy |journal=Brain |volume=115 ( Pt 6) |issue= |pages=1783–806 |year=1992 |pmid=1486461 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlDementia, Globalization and Contemporary Art">{{cite web |url=https://kohlibri.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/4033550/title/Dementia.html |title=Dementia, Globalization and Contemporary Art |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3178177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ |title=Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=214–7 |year=1988 |pmid=3178177 |doi=10.1002/ana.410240207 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22474609">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weintraub S, Wicklund AH, Salmon DP |title=The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease |journal=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=a006171 |year=2012 |pmid=22474609 |pmc=3312395 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006171 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24757110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldman JG, Williams-Gray C, Barker RA, Duda JE, Galvin JE |title=The spectrum of cognitive impairment in Lewy body diseases |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=608–21 |year=2014 |pmid=24757110 |pmc=4126402 |doi=10.1002/mds.25866 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17715794">{{cite journal |vauthors=Metzler-Baddeley C |title=A review of cognitive impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies relative to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia |journal=Cortex |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=583–600 |year=2007 |pmid=17715794 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18855701">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uversky VN |title=Alpha-synuclein misfolding and neurodegenerative diseases |journal=Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=507–40 |year=2008 |pmid=18855701 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15023815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Arnold SE |title=Neurofibrillary tangles mediate the association of amyloid load with clinical Alzheimer disease and level of cognitive function |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=378–84 |year=2004 |pmid=15023815 |doi=10.1001/archneur.61.3.378 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9748670">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brion JP |title=Neurofibrillary tangles and Alzheimer's disease |journal=Eur. Neurol. |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=130–40 |year=1998 |pmid=9748670 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28748674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee JS, Jung NY, Jang YK, Kim HJ, Seo SW, Lee J, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim BC, Park KW, Yoon SJ, Jeong JH, Kim SY, Kim SH, Kim EJ, Park KC, Knopman DS, Na DL |title=Prognosis of Patients with Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Who have Focal Versus Diffuse Frontal Atrophy |journal=J Clin Neurol |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=234–242 |year=2017 |pmid=28748674 |pmc=5532319 |doi=10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.234 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21346515">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pao WC, Dickson DW, Crook JE, Finch NA, Rademakers R, Graff-Radford NR |title=Hippocampal sclerosis in the elderly: genetic and pathologic findings, some mimicking Alzheimer disease clinically |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=364–8 |year=2011 |pmid=21346515 |pmc=3107353 |doi=10.1097/WAD.0b013e31820f8f50 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11603162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsolaki M, Kokarida K, Iakovidou V, Stilopoulos E, Meimaris J, Kazis A |title=Extrapyramidal symptoms and signs in Alzheimer's disease: prevalence and correlation with the first symptom |journal=Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=268–78 |year=2001 |pmid=11603162 |doi=10.1177/153331750101600512 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19810010">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGuinness B, Barrett SL, Craig D, Lawson J, Passmore AP |title=Executive functioning in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=562–8 |year=2010 |pmid=19810010 |doi=10.1002/gps.2375 |url=}}</ref>
Dementia causes must be differentiated from each other: <ref name="pmid18525132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jellinger KA |title=The pathology of "vascular dementia": a critical update |journal=J. Alzheimers Dis. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=107–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18525132 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19198143">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murayama S |title=[Neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=998 |year=2008 |pmid=19198143 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9375155">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hodges JR, Patterson K |title=Nonfluent progressive aphasia and semantic dementia: a comparative neuropsychological study |journal=J Int Neuropsychol Soc |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=511–24 |year=1996 |pmid=9375155 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1486461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hodges JR, Patterson K, Oxbury S, Funnell E |title=Semantic dementia. Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy |journal=Brain |volume=115 ( Pt 6) |issue= |pages=1783–806 |year=1992 |pmid=1486461 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlDementia, Globalization and Contemporary Art">{{cite web |url=https://kohlibri.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/4033550/title/Dementia.html |title=Dementia, Globalization and Contemporary Art |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3178177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ |title=Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=214–7 |year=1988 |pmid=3178177 |doi=10.1002/ana.410240207 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22474609">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weintraub S, Wicklund AH, Salmon DP |title=The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease |journal=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=a006171 |year=2012 |pmid=22474609 |pmc=3312395 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006171 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24757110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldman JG, Williams-Gray C, Barker RA, Duda JE, Galvin JE |title=The spectrum of cognitive impairment in Lewy body diseases |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=608–21 |year=2014 |pmid=24757110 |pmc=4126402 |doi=10.1002/mds.25866 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17715794">{{cite journal |vauthors=Metzler-Baddeley C |title=A review of cognitive impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies relative to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia |journal=Cortex |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=583–600 |year=2007 |pmid=17715794 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18855701">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uversky VN |title=Alpha-synuclein misfolding and neurodegenerative diseases |journal=Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=507–40 |year=2008 |pmid=18855701 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15023815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Arnold SE |title=Neurofibrillary tangles mediate the association of amyloid load with clinical Alzheimer disease and level of cognitive function |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=378–84 |year=2004 |pmid=15023815 |doi=10.1001/archneur.61.3.378 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9748670">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brion JP |title=Neurofibrillary tangles and Alzheimer's disease |journal=Eur. Neurol. |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=130–40 |year=1998 |pmid=9748670 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28748674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee JS, Jung NY, Jang YK, Kim HJ, Seo SW, Lee J, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim BC, Park KW, Yoon SJ, Jeong JH, Kim SY, Kim SH, Kim EJ, Park KC, Knopman DS, Na DL |title=Prognosis of Patients with Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Who have Focal Versus Diffuse Frontal Atrophy |journal=J Clin Neurol |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=234–242 |year=2017 |pmid=28748674 |pmc=5532319 |doi=10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.234 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21346515">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pao WC, Dickson DW, Crook JE, Finch NA, Rademakers R, Graff-Radford NR |title=Hippocampal sclerosis in the elderly: genetic and pathologic findings, some mimicking Alzheimer disease clinically |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=364–8 |year=2011 |pmid=21346515 |pmc=3107353 |doi=10.1097/WAD.0b013e31820f8f50 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11603162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsolaki M, Kokarida K, Iakovidou V, Stilopoulos E, Meimaris J, Kazis A |title=Extrapyramidal symptoms and signs in Alzheimer's disease: prevalence and correlation with the first symptom |journal=Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=268–78 |year=2001 |pmid=11603162 |doi=10.1177/153331750101600512 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19810010">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGuinness B, Barrett SL, Craig D, Lawson J, Passmore AP |title=Executive functioning in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=562–8 |year=2010 |pmid=19810010 |doi=10.1002/gps.2375 |url=}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 23:34, 7 March 2021
Resident
Survival
Guide

Dementia Microchapters

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Causes

Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Synonyms and keywords: dementia

Overview

Dementia is an acquired cognitive impairment in different cognitive areas such as attention, learning, memory, language, executive function, and motor function. Dementia may be classified according to the etiology into 5 groups including neurodegenerative, vascular, infectious, drug-related, and metabolic. The most common causes of dementia include alzheimer's Disease, parkinson's Disease, binswanger's Disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal lobar degeneration,thiamine deficiency,vitamin B12 deficiency, vitamin B6 deficiency, vascular dementia, marijuana abuse, AIDS neurosyphilis, and normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Classification

Dementia may be classified according to the etiology into 5 groups including neurodegenerative, vascular, infectious, drug-related, and metabolic.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dementia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Neurodegenerative
 
Vascular
 
Infectious
 
Drug related
 
Metabolic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Alzheimer's Disease
•Parkinson's Disease
•Binswanger's Disease
•Dementia with Lewy bodies
•Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
 
•Vascular dementia
 
•AIDS
•Neurosyphilis
 
•Marijuana abuse
 
•Thiamine deficiency
•Vitamin B12 deficiency
•Vitamin B6 deficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Causes

Dementia may be caused by:

Differential Diagnosis

Dementia causes must be differentiated from each other: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Cause of dementia Clinical features Associated features Nature of progression Histopathological findings
Cognitive impairment
Recall Recollection Cue requirement for recall Infirngement of thoughts Semantic memory Procedural memory Working memory Awareness Attention Executive functioning issues Visuo-spatial skills
Alzheimer's disease +++

(Slow cognitive and functional decline with early loss of awareness)

+++ Not helpful +++ ++ - ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ Has the following clinical stages:
Lewy body dementia ++ - Helpful +++ + + +++ + +++ +++ +++
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration +/- - Helpful +++ + - +++ +++ ++ +++ -
  • Onset in young age
Vascular dementia + (Dysexecutive syndrome) - Helpful + + + ++ - ++ +++ +
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Parkinson's disease
Binswanger's disease
Thiamine deficiency
Marijuana abuse
AIDS
Neurosyphilis
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin B6 deficiency

References

  1. ↑ Jellinger KA (2008). "The pathology of "vascular dementia": a critical update". J. Alzheimers Dis. 14 (1): 107–23. PMID 18525132.
  2. ↑ Murayama S (2008). "[Neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia]". Rinsho Shinkeigaku (in Japanese). 48 (11): 998. PMID 19198143.
  3. ↑ Hodges JR, Patterson K (1996). "Nonfluent progressive aphasia and semantic dementia: a comparative neuropsychological study". J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2 (6): 511–24. PMID 9375155.
  4. ↑ Hodges JR, Patterson K, Oxbury S, Funnell E (1992). "Semantic dementia. Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy". Brain. 115 ( Pt 6): 1783–806. PMID 1486461.
  5. ↑ "Dementia, Globalization and Contemporary Art".
  6. ↑ Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ (1988). "Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases". Ann. Neurol. 24 (2): 214–7. doi:10.1002/ana.410240207. PMID 3178177.
  7. ↑ Weintraub S, Wicklund AH, Salmon DP (2012). "The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2 (4): a006171. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006171. PMC 3312395. PMID 22474609.
  8. ↑ Goldman JG, Williams-Gray C, Barker RA, Duda JE, Galvin JE (2014). "The spectrum of cognitive impairment in Lewy body diseases". Mov. Disord. 29 (5): 608–21. doi:10.1002/mds.25866. PMC 4126402. PMID 24757110.
  9. ↑ Metzler-Baddeley C (2007). "A review of cognitive impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies relative to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia". Cortex. 43 (5): 583–600. PMID 17715794.
  10. ↑ Uversky VN (2008). "Alpha-synuclein misfolding and neurodegenerative diseases". Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 9 (5): 507–40. PMID 18855701.
  11. ↑ Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Arnold SE (2004). "Neurofibrillary tangles mediate the association of amyloid load with clinical Alzheimer disease and level of cognitive function". Arch. Neurol. 61 (3): 378–84. doi:10.1001/archneur.61.3.378. PMID 15023815.
  12. ↑ Brion JP (1998). "Neurofibrillary tangles and Alzheimer's disease". Eur. Neurol. 40 (3): 130–40. PMID 9748670.
  13. ↑ Lee JS, Jung NY, Jang YK, Kim HJ, Seo SW, Lee J, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim BC, Park KW, Yoon SJ, Jeong JH, Kim SY, Kim SH, Kim EJ, Park KC, Knopman DS, Na DL (2017). "Prognosis of Patients with Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Who have Focal Versus Diffuse Frontal Atrophy". J Clin Neurol. 13 (3): 234–242. doi:10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.234. PMC 5532319. PMID 28748674.
  14. ↑ Pao WC, Dickson DW, Crook JE, Finch NA, Rademakers R, Graff-Radford NR (2011). "Hippocampal sclerosis in the elderly: genetic and pathologic findings, some mimicking Alzheimer disease clinically". Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 25 (4): 364–8. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e31820f8f50. PMC 3107353. PMID 21346515.
  15. ↑ Tsolaki M, Kokarida K, Iakovidou V, Stilopoulos E, Meimaris J, Kazis A (2001). "Extrapyramidal symptoms and signs in Alzheimer's disease: prevalence and correlation with the first symptom". Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 16 (5): 268–78. doi:10.1177/153331750101600512. PMID 11603162.
  16. ↑ McGuinness B, Barrett SL, Craig D, Lawson J, Passmore AP (2010). "Executive functioning in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia". Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 25 (6): 562–8. doi:10.1002/gps.2375. PMID 19810010.
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