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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:'''


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:'''
<br />
==Overview==
==Overview==
Blurred vision is a common [[ocular]] [[symptom]] which is define as a sudden or gradual loss of clarity or [[sharpness of vision]] and difficulty to see fine details.It can present [[ unilateral]] or [[bilateral]].
Blurred vision is a common [[ocular]] [[symptom]] which is define as a sudden or gradual loss of clarity or [[sharpness of vision]] and difficulty to see fine details.It can present [[ unilateral]] or [[bilateral]].
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==[[blurred vision|Causes]]==
==[[blurred vision|Causes]]==
Blurred vision can be  caused by a wide range of eye conditions which include:
Blurred vision can be  caused by a wide range of eye conditions which include:<REF>Quillen DA. Common causes of vision loss in elderly patients. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Jul;60(1):99-108. PMID: 10414631.</REF> <REF>Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, Ackland P, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, Das A, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Kempen JH, Leasher J, Limburg H, Naidoo K, Pesudovs K, Silvester A, Stevens GA, Tahhan N, Wong TY, Taylor HR; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Dec;5(12):e1221-e1234. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30393-5. Epub 2017 Oct 11. PMID: 29032195.</REF>


*[[ Refractive errors]] (most common)
*[[ Refractive errors]] (most common)
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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Patients of all age groups may develop blurred vision.
Patients of all age groups may develop blurred vision.By the age of 65,approximately one in three people  has some form of vision-reducing eye disorder .<ref> Ganley JP, Roberts J. Eye conditions and related need for medical care. Vital Health Stat 11. 1983;(228):1-69. PMID: 6880057.</ref>


==[[Risk Factors]]==
==[[Risk Factors]]==
Risk factors in the development of blurred vision include [[Genetic]],[[Family history]],[[Diabetes mellitus]],Age,[[Hyperlipidemia]],[[Hypertension]]
Risk factors in the development of blurred vision include [[Genetic]],[[Nutritional]],[[Family history]],[[Diabetes mellitus]],Age,[[Hyperlipidemia]],[[Hypertension]],Toxins, Exposure to [[ultraviolet light]].<REF>Gupta VB, Rajagopala M, Ravishankar B. Etiopathogenesis of cataract: an appraisal. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2014 Feb;62(2):103-10. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.121141. PMID: 24618482; PMCID: PMC4005220.</REF> <REF>Hyman L. Epidemiology of eye disease in the elderly. Eye (Lond). 1987;1 ( Pt 2):330-41. doi: 10.1038/eye.1987.53. PMID: 3653439.</REF>


==Screening==
==Screening==


*According to the [[American Diabetes Association’s]] patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes should have comprehensive eye examination within 5 years after the onset of diabetes and at the time of diagnosis ,respectively. <ref>Diabetes Care. Introduction. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-2. doi: 10.2337/dc10-S001. PMID: 20042770; PMCID: PMC2797380.</ref> The eye examination should be considered at least annually thereafter.  
*According to the [[American Diabetes Association’s]] patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes should have [[comprehensive eye examination]] within 5 years after the onset of diabetes and at the time of diagnosis ,respectively. <ref>Diabetes Care. Introduction. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-2. doi: 10.2337/dc10-S001. PMID: 20042770; PMCID: PMC2797380.</ref> The eye examination should be considered at least annually thereafter.  
*There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [[Glaucoma]]. [[USPSTF]] suggests that patients at increased risk, especially African Americans and older adults, talk to their primary care clinician or eye care specialist for advice about [[glaucoma screening]].
*There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [[Glaucoma]]. [[USPSTF]] suggests that patients at increased risk, especially African Americans and older adults, talk to their primary care clinician or eye care specialist for advice about [[glaucoma screening]].
*The USPSTF<REF>Screening for High Blood Pressure in Adults: Recommendation Statement. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Feb 15;93(4):300-2. PMID: 26926818</ref>. recommends annual screening for adults aged 40 years or older and for those who are at increased risk for [[high blood pressure]].[3] Persons at increased risk include those who have high-normal blood pressure (130 to 139/85 to 89 mm Hg), those who are [[overweight]] or obese, and African Americans. Adults aged 18 to 39 years with normal blood pressure (<130/85 mm Hg) who do not have other risk factors should be rescreened every 3 to 5 years.
*The USPSTF<REF>Screening for high blood pressure in Adults: Recommendation Statement. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Feb 15;93(4):300-2. PMID: 26926818</ref>. recommends annual screening for adults aged 40 years or older and for those who are at increased risk for [[high blood pressure]].[3] Persons at increased risk include those who have high-normal blood pressure (130 to 139/85 to 89 mm Hg), those who are [[overweight]] or [[obese]], and African Americans. Adults aged 18 to 39 years with [[normal blood pressure]] (<130/85 mm Hg) who do not have other risk factors should be re-screened every 3 to 5 years.


==Natural History, [[Complications]], and Prognosis==
==Natural History, [[Complications]], and Prognosis==
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There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of blurred vision.
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of blurred vision.
The diagnosis of blurred vision is based on taking detailed [[medical history]] and eye examination.Patient Should be asked about the onset, duration, associated symptoms and whether blurred vision is bilateral or unilateral.
The diagnosis of blurred vision is based on taking detailed [[medical history]] and eye examination.Patient Should be asked about the onset, duration, [[associated symptoms]] and whether blurred vision is bilateral or unilateral.


'''History and Symptoms'''  
'''History and Symptoms'''  
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'''Laboratory Findings'''
'''Laboratory Findings'''
*Patients with systemic disorders should have appropriate testing.
*Patients with [[systemic disorders]] should have appropriate testing.
*An elevated concentration of [[blood sugar]] and [[HgA1C]] is seen in blurred vision due to [[diabetes mellitus]].
*An elevated concentration of [[blood sugar]] and [[ Hemoglobin A1C ]] is seen in blurred vision due to [[diabetes mellitus]].
*[[Urinalysis]] and [[renal function]] testing should be considered in patients with [[high blood pressure]].
*[[Urinalysis]] and [[renal function]] testing should be considered in patients with [[high blood pressure]].
*[[Antinuclear antibodies]] and elevated [[ESR]] are associated with [[SLE]] and [[vasculitis]].
*[[Antinuclear antibodies]] and elevated [[ESR]] are associated with [[SLE]] and [[vasculitis]].<ref>Birtane M, Yavuz S, Taştekin N. Laboratory evaluation in rheumatic diseases. World J Methodol. 2017 Mar 26;7(1):1-8. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v7.i1.1. PMID: 28396844; PMCID: PMC5366934.</ref> <ref>Siva C, Larson EC, Barnett M. Rational use of blood tests in the evaluation of rheumatic diseases. Mo Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;109(1):59-63. PMID: 22428449; PMCID: PMC6181688</ref>
*[[CBC]] with differential count and other tests are needed in some cases( [[Leukemia]], [[Multiple myeleoma]])
*[[CBC]] with differential count and other tests are needed in some cases( [[Leukemia]], [[Multiple myeleoma]])


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'''[[MRI]]'''
'''[[MRI]]'''
*A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the [[brain]] and [[orbits]]  may confirm inflammation of the [[optic nerve]].
*A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the [[brain]] and [[orbits]]  may confirm [[inflammation]] of the [[optic nerve]].


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Depends upon the cause, underlying disorders should be addressed.
Depends upon the cause, underlying disorders should be addressed.


*Patients with [[refractive errors]] and[[presbyopia]] can be  treated with [[Corrective lenses]] and [[eyeglasses]].
*Patients with [[refractive errors]] and [[presbyopia]]<ref>Charman WN. Developments in the correction of presbyopia I: spectacle and contact lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2014 Jan;34(1):8-29. doi: 10.1111/opo.12091. Epub 2013 Nov 10. PMID: 24205890.</ref> can be  treated with [[Corrective lenses]]<ref>Sankaridurg P. Contact lenses to slow progression of myopia. Clin Exp Optom. 2017 Sep;100(5):432-437. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12584. Epub 2017 Jul 28. PMID: 28752898.</ref> and [[eyeglasses]]<ref>Shane TS, Knight O, Shi W, Schiffman JC, Alfonso EC, Lee RK. Treating uncorrected refractive error in adults in the developing world with autorefractors and ready-made spectacles. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Nov;39(8):729-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02546.x. Epub 2011 Apr 21. PMID: 22050561; PMCID: PMC4139100.</ref>.
*[[Supportive therapy]] for [[hyphema]] includes raising the head of the bed, wearing [[eye shield]] and cut back on physical activity.
*[[Supportive therapy]] for [[hyphema]]<ref>Gragg J, Blair K, Baker MB. Hyphema. [Updated 2020 Dec 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507802/</ref> includes raising the head of the bed, wearing [[eye shield]] and cut back on physical activity.
*There is no treatment for [[dry macular degeneration]].<ref>Waugh N, Loveman E, Colquitt J, Royle P, Yeong JL, Hoad G, Lois N. Treatments for dry age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2018 May;22(27):1-168. doi: 10.3310/hta22270. PMID: 29846169; PMCID: PMC5994642.</ref>Patients with [[wet macular degeneration]] may be treated with [[Anti-VEGF]] medications or [[Photodynamic therapy]] which help stop the growth of new blood vessels.<ref>Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Zamora-Alvarado R, Ochoa-De la Paz L, Velez-Montoya R, Zenteno E, Gulias-Cañizo R, Quiroz-Mercado H, Gonzalez-Salinas R. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: New Paradigms for Treatment and Management of AMD. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Feb 1;2018:8374647. doi: 10.1155/2018/8374647. PMID: 29484106; PMCID: PMC5816845.</ref>
*There is no treatment for [[dry macular degeneration]].<ref>Waugh N, Loveman E, Colquitt J, Royle P, Yeong JL, Hoad G, Lois N. Treatments for dry age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2018 May;22(27):1-168. doi: 10.3310/hta22270. PMID: 29846169; PMCID: PMC5994642.</ref>Patients with [[wet macular degeneration]] may be treated with [[Anti-VEGF]] medications or [[Photodynamic therapy]] which help stop the growth of new blood vessels.<ref>Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Zamora-Alvarado R, Ochoa-De la Paz L, Velez-Montoya R, Zenteno E, Gulias-Cañizo R, Quiroz-Mercado H, Gonzalez-Salinas R. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: New Paradigms for Treatment and Management of AMD. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Feb 1;2018:8374647. doi: 10.1155/2018/8374647. PMID: 29484106; PMCID: PMC5816845.</ref>
===Medical Therapy===
===Medical Therapy===
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*Medical therapy of [[diabetic retinopathy]] include direct injections or [[intravitreal]] administration of  [[anti-inflammatory]] and [[antiangiogenesis]] agents([[anti-VEGF]] drugs <ref>Zhao Y, Singh RP. The role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Drugs Context. 2018 Aug 13;7:212532. doi: 10.7573/dic.212532. PMID: 30181760; PMCID: PMC6113746.</ref> <ref>Rios A, Lopez-Galvez M, Navarro-Gil R, Verges R. Diabetic Macular Edema Pathophysiology: Vasogenic versus Inflammatory. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:2156273. doi: 10.1155/2016/2156273. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27761468; PMCID: PMC5059543.</ref>) which are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat [[DR]] and [[diabetic macular edema]] (DME).<ref>Lu L, Jiang Y, Jaganathan R, Hao Y. Current Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Technology for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jan 17;2018:1694187. doi: 10.1155/2018/1694187. Erratum in: J Ophthalmol. 2018 Dec 2;2018:5047142.</ref>
*Medical therapy of [[diabetic retinopathy]] include direct injections or [[intravitreal]] administration of  [[anti-inflammatory]] and [[antiangiogenesis]] agents([[anti-VEGF]] drugs <ref>Zhao Y, Singh RP. The role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Drugs Context. 2018 Aug 13;7:212532. doi: 10.7573/dic.212532. PMID: 30181760; PMCID: PMC6113746.</ref> <ref>Rios A, Lopez-Galvez M, Navarro-Gil R, Verges R. Diabetic Macular Edema Pathophysiology: Vasogenic versus Inflammatory. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:2156273. doi: 10.1155/2016/2156273. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27761468; PMCID: PMC5059543.</ref>) which are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat [[DR]] and [[diabetic macular edema]] (DME).<ref>Lu L, Jiang Y, Jaganathan R, Hao Y. Current Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Technology for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jan 17;2018:1694187. doi: 10.1155/2018/1694187. Erratum in: J Ophthalmol. 2018 Dec 2;2018:5047142.</ref>
*[[Laser treatment]]  is an option in treatment of [[diabetic retinopathy]].<ref>Wang W, Lo ACY. Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathophysiology and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jun 20;19(6):1816. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061816. PMID: 29925789; PMCID: PMC6032159.</ref>
*[[Laser treatment]]  is an option in treatment of [[diabetic retinopathy]].<ref>Wang W, Lo ACY. Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathophysiology and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jun 20;19(6):1816. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061816. PMID: 29925789; PMCID: PMC6032159.</ref>
*Pharmacologic medical therapy with [[eye drop]]s is recommended among patients with [[Glaucoma]].
*Pharmacologic medical therapy with [[eye drop]]s is recommended among patients with [[Glaucoma]].<ref>Dreer LE, Girkin C, Mansberger SL. Determinants of medication adherence to topical glaucoma therapy. J Glaucoma. 2012 Apr-May;21(4):234-40. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0b013e31821dac86. PMID: 21623223; PMCID: PMC3183317.</ref> <ref>Maier PC, Funk J, Schwarzer G, Antes G, Falck-Ytter YT. Treatment of ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2005 Jul 16;331(7509):134. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38506.594977.E0. Epub 2005 Jul 1. PMID: 15994659; PMCID: PMC558697.</ref> <ref>Li T, Lindsley K, Rouse B, Hong H, Shi Q, Friedman DS, Wormald R, Dickersin K. Comparative Effectiveness of First-Line Medications for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2016 Jan;123(1):129-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.005. Epub 2015 Oct 31. PMID: 26526633; PMCID: PMC4695285.</ref>
*The mainstay of treatment for treatment in infectious causes include a[[ntibacterial]], [[antiviral]] or [[anti parasite]] agents.
*The mainstay of treatment in infectious cases include a[[ntibacterial]], [[antiviral]] or [[anti parasite]] agents.<ref>Wilhelmus KR. Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 9;1:CD002898. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002898.pub5. PMID: 25879115; PMCID: PMC4443501.</ref> <ref>Shimomura Y. [Herpes simplex virus latency, reactivation, and a new antiviral therapy for herpetic keratitis]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2008 Mar;112(3):247-64; discussion 265. Japanese. PMID: 18411713.</ref> <ref>Ng P, McCluskey PJ. Treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Aust Prescr 2002;25:88-90.</ref>
*Patients with [[uveitis]], [[iritis]] and [[optic neuritis]] can be treated with [[corticosteroids]].
*Patients with [[uveitis]], [[iritis]] and [[optic neuritis]] can be treated with [[corticosteroids]].<ref> Dick AD, Azim M, Forrester JV. Immunosuppressive therapy for chronic uveitis: optimising therapy with steroids and cyclosporin A. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997 Dec;81(12):1107-12. doi: 10.1136/bjo.81.12.1107. PMID: 9497474; PMCID: PMC1722078.</ref> <ref> Babu K, Mahendradas P. Medical management of uveitis - current trends. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013 Jun;61(6):277-83. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.114099. PMID: 23803479; PMCID: PMC3744780 </ref> <ref> Morrow SA, Fraser JA, Day C, Bowman D, Rosehart H, Kremenchutzky M, Nicolle M. Effect of Treating Acute Optic Neuritis With Bioequivalent Oral vs Intravenous Corticosteroids: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018 Jun 1;75(6):690-696. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0024. PMID: 29507942; PMCID: PMC5885218.</ref> <ref> Morrow SA, Fraser JA, Day C, et al. Effect of Treating Acute Optic Neuritis With Bioequivalent Oral vs Intravenous Corticosteroids: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(6):690–696. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0024 </ref>
*Patients with [[temporal arteritis]] are treated with high dose of [[corticosteroids]].
*Patients with [[temporal arteritis]] are treated with high dose of [[corticosteroids]].<ref>Fraser JA, Weyand CM, Newman NJ, Biousse V. The treatment of giant cell arteritis. Rev Neurol Dis. 2008 Summer;5(3):140-52. PMID: 18838954; PMCID: PMC3014829.</ref><ref>Chan CC, Paine M, O'Day J. Steroid management in giant cell arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Sep;85(9):1061-4. doi: 10.1136/bjo.85.9.1061. PMID: 11520757; PMCID: PMC1724128.</ref>
*Treatment of [[high blood pressure]] is medical therapy with [[anti hypertensive medication]]s.
*Treatment of [[high blood pressure]] is medical therapy with [[anti hypertensive medication]]s.


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*[[Surgical intervention]] like [[LASIK]] is commonly used to correct a [[refractive error]].
*[[Surgical intervention]] like [[LASIK]] is commonly used to correct a [[refractive error]].
* Laser treatments and surgical procedures for presbyopia haven't yet been well studied .<ref>InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. How can presbyopia be corrected? [Updated 2020 Jun 4]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK423827/</ref>
*Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [[cataract]] and [[retinal detachment]].
*Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [[cataract]] and [[retinal detachment]].
*[[Vitrectomy]] is used in treatment of [[Diabetic retinopathy]].<ref> Oellers P, Mahmoud TH. Surgery for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: New Tips and Tricks. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2016 Jan-Mar;11(1):93-9. doi: 10.4103/2008-322X.180697. PMID: 27195092; PMCID: PMC4860995.</ref>
*[[Vitrectomy]] is used in treatment of [[Diabetic retinopathy]].<ref> Oellers P, Mahmoud TH. Surgery for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: New Tips and Tricks. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2016 Jan-Mar;11(1):93-9. doi: 10.4103/2008-322X.180697. PMID: 27195092; PMCID: PMC4860995.</ref>
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===[[Primary Prevention]]===
===[[Primary Prevention]]===
Preventive measures in developing [[diabetic retinopathy]] include a [[healthy lifestyle]], controlling hypertension, stringent [[lipid control]] and periodic [[ophthalmic examinations]]. PMID: 17216945  
Preventive measures in developing [[diabetic retinopathy]] include a [[healthy lifestyle]], controlling hypertension, stringent [[lipid control]] and periodic [[ophthalmic examinations]]. <ref>Koura MR, Khairy AE, Abdel-Aal NM, Mohamed HF, Amin GA, Sabra AY. The role of primary health care in patient education for diabetes control. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2001;76(3-4):241-64. PMID: 17216945.</ref>. Studies have confirmed an increased risk of AMD among smokers; so,  smokers should be encouraged to quit.<ref>Cheng AC, Pang CP, Leung AT, Chua JK, Fan DS, Lam DS. The association between cigarette smoking and ocular diseases. Hong Kong Med J. 2000 Jun;6(2):195-202. PMID: 10895144</ref>
 
===[[Secondary Prevention]]===
===[[Secondary Prevention]]===
*Effective measures for the[[ secondary prevention]] of blurred vision due to [[refractive errors]] is early detection and treatment of [[refractive errors]] in [[school vision programs]].<ref>Evans JR, Morjaria P, Powell C. Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 15;2(2):CD005023. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005023.pub3. PMID: 29446439; PMCID: PMC6491194</ref>
*Effective measures for the[[ secondary prevention]] of blurred vision due to [[refractive errors]] is early detection and treatment of [[refractive errors]] in [[school vision programs]].<ref>Evans JR, Morjaria P, Powell C. Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 15;2(2):CD005023. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005023.pub3. PMID: 29446439; PMCID: PMC6491194</ref>

Latest revision as of 16:39, 24 June 2021


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief:

Overview

Blurred vision is a common ocular symptom which is define as a sudden or gradual loss of clarity or sharpness of vision and difficulty to see fine details.It can present unilateral or bilateral.

Historical Perspective

There is not much information regarding the historical perspective of blurred vision.

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of blurred vision.

Pathophysiology

Blurred vision may result from refractive errors, opacity of structures (lens, cornea, vitreous), retina disorder or optic nerve disease.

Causes

Blurred vision can be caused by a wide range of eye conditions which include:[1] [2]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Patients of all age groups may develop blurred vision.By the age of 65,approximately one in three people has some form of vision-reducing eye disorder .[4]

Risk Factors

Risk factors in the development of blurred vision include Genetic,Nutritional,Family history,Diabetes mellitus,Age,Hyperlipidemia,Hypertension,Toxins, Exposure to ultraviolet light.[5] [6]

Screening

  • According to the American Diabetes Association’s patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes should have comprehensive eye examination within 5 years after the onset of diabetes and at the time of diagnosis ,respectively. [7] The eye examination should be considered at least annually thereafter.
  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for Glaucoma. USPSTF suggests that patients at increased risk, especially African Americans and older adults, talk to their primary care clinician or eye care specialist for advice about glaucoma screening.
  • The USPSTF[8]. recommends annual screening for adults aged 40 years or older and for those who are at increased risk for high blood pressure.[3] Persons at increased risk include those who have high-normal blood pressure (130 to 139/85 to 89 mm Hg), those who are overweight or obese, and African Americans. Adults aged 18 to 39 years with normal blood pressure (<130/85 mm Hg) who do not have other risk factors should be re-screened every 3 to 5 years.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Prognosis of blurred vision depends on the underlying cause.

Diagnosis

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of blurred vision. The diagnosis of blurred vision is based on taking detailed medical history and eye examination.Patient Should be asked about the onset, duration, associated symptoms and whether blurred vision is bilateral or unilateral.

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT scan

MRI

Treatment

Depends upon the cause, underlying disorders should be addressed.

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Preventive measures in developing diabetic retinopathy include a healthy lifestyle, controlling hypertension, stringent lipid control and periodic ophthalmic examinations. [36]. Studies have confirmed an increased risk of AMD among smokers; so, smokers should be encouraged to quit.[37]

Secondary Prevention

References

  1. ↑ Quillen DA. Common causes of vision loss in elderly patients. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Jul;60(1):99-108. PMID: 10414631.
  2. ↑ Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, Ackland P, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, Das A, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Kempen JH, Leasher J, Limburg H, Naidoo K, Pesudovs K, Silvester A, Stevens GA, Tahhan N, Wong TY, Taylor HR; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Dec;5(12):e1221-e1234. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30393-5. Epub 2017 Oct 11. PMID: 29032195.
  3. ↑ Asteriou C, Konstantinou D, Kleontas A, et al. Blurred vision due to choroidal metastasis as the first manifestation of lung cancer: a case report. World J Surg Oncol. 2010;8:2. Published 2010 Jan 8. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-8-2
  4. ↑ Ganley JP, Roberts J. Eye conditions and related need for medical care. Vital Health Stat 11. 1983;(228):1-69. PMID: 6880057.
  5. ↑ Gupta VB, Rajagopala M, Ravishankar B. Etiopathogenesis of cataract: an appraisal. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2014 Feb;62(2):103-10. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.121141. PMID: 24618482; PMCID: PMC4005220.
  6. ↑ Hyman L. Epidemiology of eye disease in the elderly. Eye (Lond). 1987;1 ( Pt 2):330-41. doi: 10.1038/eye.1987.53. PMID: 3653439.
  7. ↑ Diabetes Care. Introduction. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-2. doi: 10.2337/dc10-S001. PMID: 20042770; PMCID: PMC2797380.
  8. ↑ Screening for high blood pressure in Adults: Recommendation Statement. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Feb 15;93(4):300-2. PMID: 26926818
  9. ↑ Birtane M, Yavuz S, Taştekin N. Laboratory evaluation in rheumatic diseases. World J Methodol. 2017 Mar 26;7(1):1-8. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v7.i1.1. PMID: 28396844; PMCID: PMC5366934.
  10. ↑ Siva C, Larson EC, Barnett M. Rational use of blood tests in the evaluation of rheumatic diseases. Mo Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;109(1):59-63. PMID: 22428449; PMCID: PMC6181688
  11. ↑ Charman WN. Developments in the correction of presbyopia I: spectacle and contact lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2014 Jan;34(1):8-29. doi: 10.1111/opo.12091. Epub 2013 Nov 10. PMID: 24205890.
  12. ↑ Sankaridurg P. Contact lenses to slow progression of myopia. Clin Exp Optom. 2017 Sep;100(5):432-437. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12584. Epub 2017 Jul 28. PMID: 28752898.
  13. ↑ Shane TS, Knight O, Shi W, Schiffman JC, Alfonso EC, Lee RK. Treating uncorrected refractive error in adults in the developing world with autorefractors and ready-made spectacles. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Nov;39(8):729-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02546.x. Epub 2011 Apr 21. PMID: 22050561; PMCID: PMC4139100.
  14. ↑ Gragg J, Blair K, Baker MB. Hyphema. [Updated 2020 Dec 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507802/
  15. ↑ Waugh N, Loveman E, Colquitt J, Royle P, Yeong JL, Hoad G, Lois N. Treatments for dry age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2018 May;22(27):1-168. doi: 10.3310/hta22270. PMID: 29846169; PMCID: PMC5994642.
  16. ↑ Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Zamora-Alvarado R, Ochoa-De la Paz L, Velez-Montoya R, Zenteno E, Gulias-Cañizo R, Quiroz-Mercado H, Gonzalez-Salinas R. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: New Paradigms for Treatment and Management of AMD. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Feb 1;2018:8374647. doi: 10.1155/2018/8374647. PMID: 29484106; PMCID: PMC5816845.
  17. ↑ Zhao Y, Singh RP. The role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Drugs Context. 2018 Aug 13;7:212532. doi: 10.7573/dic.212532. PMID: 30181760; PMCID: PMC6113746.
  18. ↑ Rios A, Lopez-Galvez M, Navarro-Gil R, Verges R. Diabetic Macular Edema Pathophysiology: Vasogenic versus Inflammatory. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:2156273. doi: 10.1155/2016/2156273. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27761468; PMCID: PMC5059543.
  19. ↑ Lu L, Jiang Y, Jaganathan R, Hao Y. Current Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Technology for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jan 17;2018:1694187. doi: 10.1155/2018/1694187. Erratum in: J Ophthalmol. 2018 Dec 2;2018:5047142.
  20. ↑ Wang W, Lo ACY. Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathophysiology and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jun 20;19(6):1816. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061816. PMID: 29925789; PMCID: PMC6032159.
  21. ↑ Dreer LE, Girkin C, Mansberger SL. Determinants of medication adherence to topical glaucoma therapy. J Glaucoma. 2012 Apr-May;21(4):234-40. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0b013e31821dac86. PMID: 21623223; PMCID: PMC3183317.
  22. ↑ Maier PC, Funk J, Schwarzer G, Antes G, Falck-Ytter YT. Treatment of ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2005 Jul 16;331(7509):134. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38506.594977.E0. Epub 2005 Jul 1. PMID: 15994659; PMCID: PMC558697.
  23. ↑ Li T, Lindsley K, Rouse B, Hong H, Shi Q, Friedman DS, Wormald R, Dickersin K. Comparative Effectiveness of First-Line Medications for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2016 Jan;123(1):129-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.005. Epub 2015 Oct 31. PMID: 26526633; PMCID: PMC4695285.
  24. ↑ Wilhelmus KR. Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 9;1:CD002898. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002898.pub5. PMID: 25879115; PMCID: PMC4443501.
  25. ↑ Shimomura Y. [Herpes simplex virus latency, reactivation, and a new antiviral therapy for herpetic keratitis]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2008 Mar;112(3):247-64; discussion 265. Japanese. PMID: 18411713.
  26. ↑ Ng P, McCluskey PJ. Treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Aust Prescr 2002;25:88-90.
  27. ↑ Dick AD, Azim M, Forrester JV. Immunosuppressive therapy for chronic uveitis: optimising therapy with steroids and cyclosporin A. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997 Dec;81(12):1107-12. doi: 10.1136/bjo.81.12.1107. PMID: 9497474; PMCID: PMC1722078.
  28. ↑ Babu K, Mahendradas P. Medical management of uveitis - current trends. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013 Jun;61(6):277-83. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.114099. PMID: 23803479; PMCID: PMC3744780
  29. ↑ Morrow SA, Fraser JA, Day C, Bowman D, Rosehart H, Kremenchutzky M, Nicolle M. Effect of Treating Acute Optic Neuritis With Bioequivalent Oral vs Intravenous Corticosteroids: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018 Jun 1;75(6):690-696. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0024. PMID: 29507942; PMCID: PMC5885218.
  30. ↑ Morrow SA, Fraser JA, Day C, et al. Effect of Treating Acute Optic Neuritis With Bioequivalent Oral vs Intravenous Corticosteroids: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(6):690–696. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0024
  31. ↑ Fraser JA, Weyand CM, Newman NJ, Biousse V. The treatment of giant cell arteritis. Rev Neurol Dis. 2008 Summer;5(3):140-52. PMID: 18838954; PMCID: PMC3014829.
  32. ↑ Chan CC, Paine M, O'Day J. Steroid management in giant cell arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Sep;85(9):1061-4. doi: 10.1136/bjo.85.9.1061. PMID: 11520757; PMCID: PMC1724128.
  33. ↑ InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. How can presbyopia be corrected? [Updated 2020 Jun 4]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK423827/
  34. ↑ Oellers P, Mahmoud TH. Surgery for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: New Tips and Tricks. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2016 Jan-Mar;11(1):93-9. doi: 10.4103/2008-322X.180697. PMID: 27195092; PMCID: PMC4860995.
  35. ↑ Garg A, Gazzard G. Selective laser trabeculoplasty: past, present, and future. Eye (Lond). 2018 May;32(5):863-876. doi: 10.1038/eye.2017.273. Epub 2018 Jan 5. Erratum in: Eye (Lond). 2020 Aug;34(8):1487. PMID: 29303146; PMCID: PMC5944654.
  36. ↑ Koura MR, Khairy AE, Abdel-Aal NM, Mohamed HF, Amin GA, Sabra AY. The role of primary health care in patient education for diabetes control. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2001;76(3-4):241-64. PMID: 17216945.
  37. ↑ Cheng AC, Pang CP, Leung AT, Chua JK, Fan DS, Lam DS. The association between cigarette smoking and ocular diseases. Hong Kong Med J. 2000 Jun;6(2):195-202. PMID: 10895144
  38. ↑ Evans JR, Morjaria P, Powell C. Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 15;2(2):CD005023. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005023.pub3. PMID: 29446439; PMCID: PMC6491194


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[blurred vision causes]
Cause of blurred vision Unilateral Bilateral Eye pain Onset Associated symptoms!
Refractive errors + + - gradual headache,head tilt, rubbing eye
Glaucoma + + red eye, Headache, Nausea
Age-related macular degeneration + - gradual extra sensitivity to glare
Cataracts + + - gradual loss of Night Vision, halos
Diabetes retinopathy + - gradual Polyuria, Polydipsia, polyphagia
Presbyopia + + - gradual
keratitis + + sudden eye redness,photophobia,A feeling that something is in the eye
conjunctivitis + + +/- sudden eye redness,photophobia,A feeling that something is in the eye,Increased lacrimation
Uveitis + + sudden eye redness, floaters,photophobia,Increased lacrimation
Iritis + + sudden light sensitivity
Retinal detachment + - sudden curtain
Infectious Retinitis + + +/- gradual Loss of night vision,tunnel vision
Eye trauma (Hyphema) + + sudden bleeding in the front of the eye,light sensitivity
Vitreous hemorrhage + - sudden Floaters
Lung cancer metastasis + + - depends on the site of metastasis
Migraine + + - sudden aura,headache ,nausea
Central retinal artery occlusion + - sudden complete sight loss
Central retinal vein occlusion + - sudden complete sight loss
Brain tumor + + - headache, focal neurological symptoms
Optic neuritis + + sudden/gradual Flashing lights
stroke + - sudden ataxia, hemiplegia, dysarthria
Papilloedema + - sudden Headache,nausea
Temporal arteritis Mostly - sudden Amaurosis fugax, headache,Diplopia
High blood pressure + + - sudden headache,nausea
Orbital cellulitis + + sudden Swollen eye ,red eyes, fever
drugs-induced + - symptoms related to the medication
Sjögren's syndrome + - gradual Eye dryness, redness,Burning eyes
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