Rift valley fever differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Rift_valley_fever]]
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Rift_valley_fever]]
==Overview==
==Overview==
== Differential Diagnosis==
The majority of differential diagnoses for [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] arise from other diseases which are prevalent in travelers and present with fever. All these disease would share a similar history of recent travel to an endemic area, followed by development of fever and body aches. A few of these diseases are listed below.
The majority of differential diagnoses for RVF arise from other diseases which are prevalent in travelers and present with fever. All these disease would share a similar history of recent travel to an endemic area, followed by development of fever and body aches. A few of these diseases are listed below :
 
== Differential Diagnosis== 
*[[Malaria|Malaria]]
*[[Malaria|Malaria]]
**The disease presents with fever like [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]], but the major difference is the pattern of [[Fever|fever]] in [[Malaria|malaria]]. The fever recurs every 3-4 days in malaria while no such patterns are seen in RVF.
**Malaria is common in African countries, so paying attention to the time and onset of [[Fever|fevers]] can be useful in distinguishing between the two diseases.<ref name=Facts>Malaria Facts. CDC.gov accessed on 07/24/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/facts.html]</ref>  The vast majority of cases of malaria occur in children under the age of 5 years.<ref name="greenwood2005">{{cite journal | author=Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA | title=Malaria | journal=Lancet | year=2005 | volume=365 | pages=1487-1498  | pmid = 15850634}}</ref>
*[[Typhoid fever|Typhoid fever]]
*[[Typhoid fever|Typhoid fever]]
**Typhoid usually has a pattern of step-ladder form of [[Fever|fever]], meaning the temperature rises with each passing day.<ref>Kotton C. Typhoid fever. MedlinePlus. URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001332.htm. Accessed on: May 4, 2007.</ref>
**The patient also complaints of bowel abnormalities along with fever. Individuals report either [[Constipation|constipation]] or [[Diarrhea|diarrhea]] along with fever.
**A rash is seen on the chest, known as '''rose-spots''' in patients with Typhoid.
*[[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever|Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever|Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]]
**It is a [[tick]]-borne [[viral disease]] of both [[wildlife|wild animals]] and  domestic animals, affecting humans.<ref>Lyme Disease Information for HealthCare Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/healthcare/index.html Accessed on December 30, 2015</ref>
**The [[virus (biology)|virus]] belongs to the [[Bunyaviridae]] family, which is commonly found in Africa.
**Risk factors include handling body fluids of infected humans or animals.
*[[Ebola|Ebola]] virus disease
*[[Ebola|Ebola]] virus disease
**It is caused by a [[virus]] belonging to the [[Filoviridae]] family.<ref>{{cite web | title = WHO Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting  | url = http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/whoemcesr982sec1-4.pdf }}</ref>
**It should be suspected in [[febrile]] indivisuals who have done the following within a time span 3 weeks before [[fever]] :
***Traveled to an area of a country where the disease had recently occurred.
***Have had contact with body fluids like blood and other secretions of animals or humans infected with the disease.
*[[Dengue fever|Dengue]]
*[[Dengue fever|Dengue]]
**Patients with dengue also complain of [[Fever|fever]] but have greater joint pains than in [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]].<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/index.html</ref>
**A characteristic feature of dengue fever is '''retro-orbital pain'''.
**Dengue has a longer incubation period of 7 days, followed by a week of '''febrile phase''', 1-2 days of the '''critical phase''' and 3-5 days of the '''recovery phase'''.
*[[Yellow fever|Yellow fever]]  
*[[Yellow fever|Yellow fever]]  
**It is a rare disease caused by [[Mosquito|mosquitos]] found in South America and Africa.<ref name =WHO2000>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/WHO_Report_Infectious_Diseases.pdf |title=WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases |accessdate=2007-06-11|author=Anker M, Schaaf D, ''et al''|date= 2000-01-07| |format=PDF |publisher=WHO |pages=11 }}</ref>
**There are vaccines for travelers traveling to these areas.
**The disease is usually a self limiting [[Fever|febrile]] illness but may lead to cardiac, renal and hepatic complications.
*[[Lassa fever|Lassa fever]]
*[[Lassa fever|Lassa fever]]
**The disease is usually seen in West Africa.<ref>Ogbu O, Ajuluchukwu E, Uneke CJ (2007). "Lassa fever in West African sub-region: an overview". Journal of vector borne diseases. 44 (1): 1–11. PMID 17378212</ref>
**It is transmitted by rats and risk factors include handling food materials infected with rat feces or contact with infected humans.
**The [[Incubation period|incubation period]] ranges from 2-21 days and most of the people do not report any symptoms.
**Common symptoms are [[Fever|fever]], throat pain, [[Headache|headache]], swelling of the face, [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhea|diarrhea]].
*[[Chikungunya|Chikungunya]]
*[[Chikungunya|Chikungunya]]
**It is caused by the [[Aedes aegypti|Aedes aegypti]] mosquito and is commonly seen in African and Asian countries.<ref>Preparedness and response for Chikungunya virus introduction in the Americas. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. ISBN 978-92-75-11632-6</ref>
**The course of the disease is self limiting and involves [[Fever|fever]], [[Headache|headaches]] and generalized body pain.
*[[Q fever|Q fever]]
*[[Q fever|Q fever]]
**'''Q fever''' is caused by [[infection]] by a bacteria called ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]''.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/</ref>
**The [[Bacteria|bacteria]] is usually found in domestic animals such as sheep, goats, cats and [[Tick|ticks]] also.
**Risk factors include drinking raw milk, breathing in contaminated dust or droplets.
**Acute infection is characterised by [[Fever|fever]], [[pneumonia]] and [[hepatitis]]. [[Chronic]] infections presents with cardiac, musculoskeletal or vascular symptoms.
*[[Zika virus|Zika virus]]
*[[Zika virus|Zika virus]]
**Patients exposed to the virus develop illness 3-12 days after being exposed.<ref name="CDCZikavirustransmission">Zika Virus Transmission. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (August 27, 2016). http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html  Accessed on September 14, 2016</ref>
**Symptoms include [[headache]],[[rash]],[[fever]] and [[back pain]].
**Symptoms last for the next 4-7 days with most of patients having a full recovery.
*[[Marburg virus|Marburg virus disease]]
*[[Marburg virus|Marburg virus disease]]
**[[Marburg virus]] is the [[pathogen]] responsible for the disease.<ref>http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_marburg/en/</ref>
**Infection in humans is caused due to exposure to mines and caves where Rousettus bats can be found.
**Once the virus is transmitted from animals to humans, further spread is usually human-to-human and results from contact with body[[fluids]].
**[[Hypotension]], [[metabolic disorders]], [[immunosuppression]] and [[coagulopathy]] are the initial symptoms.


==References==
==References==
*https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rift-valley-fever
*https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/rvf/index.html
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]

Latest revision as of 20:58, 23 July 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aakash Hans, MD[3]

Overview

The majority of differential diagnoses for Rift valley fever arise from other diseases which are prevalent in travelers and present with fever. All these disease would share a similar history of recent travel to an endemic area, followed by development of fever and body aches. A few of these diseases are listed below.

Differential Diagnosis

  • Malaria
    • The disease presents with fever like Rift valley fever, but the major difference is the pattern of fever in malaria. The fever recurs every 3-4 days in malaria while no such patterns are seen in RVF.
    • Malaria is common in African countries, so paying attention to the time and onset of fevers can be useful in distinguishing between the two diseases.[1] The vast majority of cases of malaria occur in children under the age of 5 years.[2]
  • Typhoid fever
    • Typhoid usually has a pattern of step-ladder form of fever, meaning the temperature rises with each passing day.[3]
    • The patient also complaints of bowel abnormalities along with fever. Individuals report either constipation or diarrhea along with fever.
    • A rash is seen on the chest, known as rose-spots in patients with Typhoid.
  • Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
    • It is a tick-borne viral disease of both wild animals and domestic animals, affecting humans.[4]
    • The virus belongs to the Bunyaviridae family, which is commonly found in Africa.
    • Risk factors include handling body fluids of infected humans or animals.
  • Ebola virus disease
    • It is caused by a virus belonging to the Filoviridae family.[5]
    • It should be suspected in febrile indivisuals who have done the following within a time span 3 weeks before fever :
      • Traveled to an area of a country where the disease had recently occurred.
      • Have had contact with body fluids like blood and other secretions of animals or humans infected with the disease.
  • Dengue
    • Patients with dengue also complain of fever but have greater joint pains than in Rift valley fever.[6]
    • A characteristic feature of dengue fever is retro-orbital pain.
    • Dengue has a longer incubation period of 7 days, followed by a week of febrile phase, 1-2 days of the critical phase and 3-5 days of the recovery phase.
  • Yellow fever
    • It is a rare disease caused by mosquitos found in South America and Africa.[7]
    • There are vaccines for travelers traveling to these areas.
    • The disease is usually a self limiting febrile illness but may lead to cardiac, renal and hepatic complications.
  • Lassa fever
    • The disease is usually seen in West Africa.[8]
    • It is transmitted by rats and risk factors include handling food materials infected with rat feces or contact with infected humans.
    • The incubation period ranges from 2-21 days and most of the people do not report any symptoms.
    • Common symptoms are fever, throat pain, headache, swelling of the face, vomiting and diarrhea.
  • Chikungunya
    • It is caused by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and is commonly seen in African and Asian countries.[9]
    • The course of the disease is self limiting and involves fever, headaches and generalized body pain.
  • Q fever
    • Q fever is caused by infection by a bacteria called Coxiella burnetii.[10]
    • The bacteria is usually found in domestic animals such as sheep, goats, cats and ticks also.
    • Risk factors include drinking raw milk, breathing in contaminated dust or droplets.
    • Acute infection is characterised by fever, pneumonia and hepatitis. Chronic infections presents with cardiac, musculoskeletal or vascular symptoms.
  • Zika virus
    • Patients exposed to the virus develop illness 3-12 days after being exposed.[11]
    • Symptoms include headache,rash,fever and back pain.
    • Symptoms last for the next 4-7 days with most of patients having a full recovery.
  • Marburg virus disease

References

  1. ↑ Malaria Facts. CDC.gov accessed on 07/24/2014 [1]
  2. ↑ Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005). "Malaria". Lancet. 365: 1487–1498. PMID 15850634.
  3. ↑ Kotton C. Typhoid fever. MedlinePlus. URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001332.htm. Accessed on: May 4, 2007.
  4. ↑ Lyme Disease Information for HealthCare Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/healthcare/index.html Accessed on December 30, 2015
  5. ↑ "WHO Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting" (PDF).
  6. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/index.html
  7. ↑ Anker M, Schaaf D; et al. (2000-01-07). "WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases" (PDF). WHO. p. 11. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
  8. ↑ Ogbu O, Ajuluchukwu E, Uneke CJ (2007). "Lassa fever in West African sub-region: an overview". Journal of vector borne diseases. 44 (1): 1–11. PMID 17378212
  9. ↑ Preparedness and response for Chikungunya virus introduction in the Americas. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. ISBN 978-92-75-11632-6
  10. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/
  11. ↑ Zika Virus Transmission. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (August 27, 2016). http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html Accessed on September 14, 2016
  12. ↑ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_marburg/en/

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