Ancylostomiasis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Ancylostomiasis}} | {{Ancylostomiasis}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Kalpana Giri}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[incidence rate]] of [[hookworm]] infection was 7.5/100 person-years. Prevalence of [[ancylostomiasis]] is approximately 1 billion people worldwide. People of all ages are susceptible to [[ancylostomiasis]], commonly affects [[children]] and [[women]] of [[childbearing]] age. Mortality rate of [[hookworms]] in the [[tropics]] is approximately 50-60,000 deaths per year. Men are more [[commonly]] affected by [[ancylostomiasis]] than women. [[Ancylostomiasis]] is a [[common]] disease that tends to affect [[cooler]], [[drier regions]]. | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
The [[incidence rate]] of [[hookworm]] infection was 7.5/100 person-years.<ref name="pmid21460016">{{cite journal| author=Jiraanankul V, Aphijirawat W, Mungthin M, Khositnithikul R, Rangsin R, Traub RJ | display-authors=etal| title=Incidence and risk factors of hookworm infection in a rural community of central Thailand. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2011 | volume= 84 | issue= 4 | pages= 594-8 | pmid=21460016 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0189 | pmc=3062455 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21460016 }} </ref> | *The [[incidence rate]] of [[hookworm]] infection was 7.5/100 person-years.<ref name="pmid21460016">{{cite journal| author=Jiraanankul V, Aphijirawat W, Mungthin M, Khositnithikul R, Rangsin R, Traub RJ | display-authors=etal| title=Incidence and risk factors of hookworm infection in a rural community of central Thailand. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2011 | volume= 84 | issue= 4 | pages= 594-8 | pmid=21460016 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0189 | pmc=3062455 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21460016 }} </ref> | ||
*Incidence of [[ancylostomiasis]] are more common with [[occupational risk]] ([[farmers]], [[miners]], workers in [[clay]], etc.) and certain [[geographic]] areas where inadequate [[hygienic]] behavior has been persists among the [[rural]] [[population]].<ref name="pmid2529085">{{cite journal| author=Melino C, Venza F, Sgrò M| title=[Ancylostomiasis]. | journal=Clin Ter | year= 1989 | volume= 130 | issue= 2 | pages= 123-31 | pmid=2529085 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2529085 }} </ref> | |||
===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*Prevalence of [[Ancylostomiasis]] is approximately 1 billion people | *Prevalence of [[Ancylostomiasis]] is approximately 1 billion people worldwide.<ref name="pmid9279058">{{cite journal| author=Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfuss ML, Chwaya HM, Albonico M| title=Hookworm control as a strategy to prevent iron deficiency. | journal=Nutr Rev | year= 1997 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 223-32 | pmid=9279058 | doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01609.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9279058 }} </ref> | ||
*The [[prevalence]] of [[ancylostomiasis]] in children [[increases]] with age, and typically reaches a plateau in late [[adolescence]], whereas the [[intensity]] may continue to increase throughout [[adulthood]].<ref name=" | *The [[prevalence]] of [[ancylostomiasis]] in children [[increases]] with age, and typically reaches a plateau in late [[adolescence]], whereas the [[intensity]] may continue to increase throughout [[adulthood]]. | ||
*[[Ancylostoma duodenale]] and [[Necator americanus]] are common species, which are [[prevalent]] in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] countries. (Pawlowski, Schad & Scott, 1991).<ref name="pmid8115178">{{cite journal| author=Crompton DW, Whitehead RR| title=Hookworm infections and human iron metabolism. | journal=Parasitology | year= 1993 | volume= 107 Suppl | issue= | pages= S137-45 | pmid=8115178 | doi=10.1017/s0031182000075569 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8115178 }} </ref> | |||
*Also the current study showed, the [[prevalence]] of [[Ancylostoma ceylanicum]] [[infection]] in [[human]] is higher than [[N. americanus]] (Inpankaew et al., 2014; Ngui et al., 2012a) particularly in Asia.<ref name="pmid30886898">{{cite journal| author=Gao E, Zhang C, Wang J| title=Effects of Budesonide Combined with Noninvasive Ventilation on PCT, sTREM-1, Chest Lung Compliance, Humoral Immune Function and Quality of Life in Patients with AECOPD Complicated with Type II Respiratory Failure. | journal=Open Med (Wars) | year= 2019 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 271-278 | pmid=30886898 | doi=10.1515/med-2019-0023 | pmc=6419390 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30886898 }} </ref> | |||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
[[Ancylostomiasis]] commonly affects [[children]] and [[women]] of [[childbearing]] age because of their particular need for [[micronutrients]].<ref name="pmid28340144">{{cite journal| author=Marocco C, Bangert M, Joseph SA, Fitzpatrick C, Montresor A| title=Preventive chemotherapy in one year reduces by over 80% the number of individuals with soil-transmitted helminthiases causing morbidity: results from meta-analysis. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year= 2017 | volume= 111 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-17 | pmid=28340144 | doi=10.1093/trstmh/trx011 | pmc=5590722 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28340144 }} </ref> | *People of all ages are susceptible to [[ancylostomiasis]]. | ||
*[[Ancylostomiasis]] commonly affects [[children]] and [[women]] of [[childbearing]] age because of their particular need for [[micronutrients]].<ref name="pmid28340144">{{cite journal| author=Marocco C, Bangert M, Joseph SA, Fitzpatrick C, Montresor A| title=Preventive chemotherapy in one year reduces by over 80% the number of individuals with soil-transmitted helminthiases causing morbidity: results from meta-analysis. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year= 2017 | volume= 111 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-17 | pmid=28340144 | doi=10.1093/trstmh/trx011 | pmc=5590722 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28340144 }} </ref> | |||
*The overall prevalence of ancylostomiasis in Zhongzhou was 33.2% with a greater prevalence among males.<ref name="pmid10928362">{{cite journal| author=Yong W, Guangjin S, Weitu W, Shuhua X, Hotez PJ, Qiyang L | display-authors=etal| title=Epidemiology of human ancylostomiasis among rural villagers in Nanlin County (Zhongzhou village), Anhui Province, China: age-associated prevalence, intensity and hookworm species identification. | journal=Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health | year= 1999 | volume= 30 | issue= 4 | pages= 692-7 | pmid=10928362 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10928362 }} </ref> | |||
===Mortality=== | ===Mortality=== | ||
Mortality rate of [[ | *Mortality rate of [[hookworms]] in the [[tropics]] is approximately 50-60,000 deaths per year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.earthtym.net/ref-hookworms.htm |title=Hookworms: Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. |accessdate=2008-10-30| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081027170740/http://www.earthtym.net/ref-hookworms.htm| archivedate= 27 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> | ||
===Gender=== | |||
*Men are more [[commonly]] affected by [[ancylostomiasis]] than women, and this is because most likely related to [[exposure]] to [[contaminated soil]].<ref name="pmid9279058">{{cite journal| author=Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfuss ML, Chwaya HM, Albonico M| title=Hookworm control as a strategy to prevent iron deficiency. | journal=Nutr Rev | year= 1997 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 223-32 | pmid=9279058 | doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01609.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9279058 }} </ref> | |||
=== | ===Region=== | ||
*[[Ancylostomiasis]] is a [[common]] disease that tends to affect [[cooler]], [[drier regions]], such as [[Europe]], [[the Middle East]], [[the Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], [[Pakistan]], and [[northern India]] as [[Ancylostoma duodenale]] is usually found in these [[regions]]. [[Necator americanus]] predominates in [[America]], [[Central Africa]], [[eastern]] and [[southern India]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[South Pacific]]. But in many areas of the world mixed [[infections]] are found, including parts of Latin America.<ref name="pmid9279058">{{cite journal| author=Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfuss ML, Chwaya HM, Albonico M| title=Hookworm control as a strategy to prevent iron deficiency. | journal=Nutr Rev | year= 1997 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 223-32 | pmid=9279058 | doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01609.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9279058 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:50, 30 August 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalpana Giri, MBBS[2]
Overview
The incidence rate of hookworm infection was 7.5/100 person-years. Prevalence of ancylostomiasis is approximately 1 billion people worldwide. People of all ages are susceptible to ancylostomiasis, commonly affects children and women of childbearing age. Mortality rate of hookworms in the tropics is approximately 50-60,000 deaths per year. Men are more commonly affected by ancylostomiasis than women. Ancylostomiasis is a common disease that tends to affect cooler, drier regions.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence rate of hookworm infection was 7.5/100 person-years.[1]
- Incidence of ancylostomiasis are more common with occupational risk (farmers, miners, workers in clay, etc.) and certain geographic areas where inadequate hygienic behavior has been persists among the rural population.[2]
Prevalence
- Prevalence of Ancylostomiasis is approximately 1 billion people worldwide.[3]
- The prevalence of ancylostomiasis in children increases with age, and typically reaches a plateau in late adolescence, whereas the intensity may continue to increase throughout adulthood.
- Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus are common species, which are prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. (Pawlowski, Schad & Scott, 1991).[4]
- Also the current study showed, the prevalence of Ancylostoma ceylanicum infection in human is higher than N. americanus (Inpankaew et al., 2014; Ngui et al., 2012a) particularly in Asia.[5]
Age
- People of all ages are susceptible to ancylostomiasis.
- Ancylostomiasis commonly affects children and women of childbearing age because of their particular need for micronutrients.[6]
- The overall prevalence of ancylostomiasis in Zhongzhou was 33.2% with a greater prevalence among males.[7]
Mortality
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected by ancylostomiasis than women, and this is because most likely related to exposure to contaminated soil.[3]
Region
- Ancylostomiasis is a common disease that tends to affect cooler, drier regions, such as Europe, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, North Africa, Pakistan, and northern India as Ancylostoma duodenale is usually found in these regions. Necator americanus predominates in America, Central Africa, eastern and southern India, Indonesia, and the South Pacific. But in many areas of the world mixed infections are found, including parts of Latin America.[3]
References
- ↑ Jiraanankul V, Aphijirawat W, Mungthin M, Khositnithikul R, Rangsin R, Traub RJ; et al. (2011). "Incidence and risk factors of hookworm infection in a rural community of central Thailand". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 84 (4): 594–8. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0189. PMC 3062455. PMID 21460016.
- ↑ Melino C, Venza F, Sgrò M (1989). "[Ancylostomiasis]". Clin Ter. 130 (2): 123–31. PMID 2529085.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfuss ML, Chwaya HM, Albonico M (1997). "Hookworm control as a strategy to prevent iron deficiency". Nutr Rev. 55 (6): 223–32. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01609.x. PMID 9279058.
- ↑ Crompton DW, Whitehead RR (1993). "Hookworm infections and human iron metabolism". Parasitology. 107 Suppl: S137–45. doi:10.1017/s0031182000075569. PMID 8115178.
- ↑ Gao E, Zhang C, Wang J (2019). "Effects of Budesonide Combined with Noninvasive Ventilation on PCT, sTREM-1, Chest Lung Compliance, Humoral Immune Function and Quality of Life in Patients with AECOPD Complicated with Type II Respiratory Failure". Open Med (Wars). 14: 271–278. doi:10.1515/med-2019-0023. PMC 6419390. PMID 30886898.
- ↑ Marocco C, Bangert M, Joseph SA, Fitzpatrick C, Montresor A (2017). "Preventive chemotherapy in one year reduces by over 80% the number of individuals with soil-transmitted helminthiases causing morbidity: results from meta-analysis". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 111 (1): 12–17. doi:10.1093/trstmh/trx011. PMC 5590722. PMID 28340144.
- ↑ Yong W, Guangjin S, Weitu W, Shuhua X, Hotez PJ, Qiyang L; et al. (1999). "Epidemiology of human ancylostomiasis among rural villagers in Nanlin County (Zhongzhou village), Anhui Province, China: age-associated prevalence, intensity and hookworm species identification". Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 30 (4): 692–7. PMID 10928362.
- ↑ "Hookworms: Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp". Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-30.