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__NOTOC__
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{{Monkeypox}}
{{Monkeypox}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:'''
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Bassel}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
 
Monkeypox virus is a member of orthopoxvirus genus (family [[Poxviridae]])<ref name="urlICTV">{{cite web |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ |title=ICTV |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>. The monkeypox virus genome consists of linear double-stranded [[DNA]] that multiplies in the [[cytoplasm]] of infected [[cell]]<ref name="pmid9562888">{{cite journal| author=Holland J, Domingo E| title=Origin and evolution of viruses. | journal=Virus Genes | year= 1998 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 13-21 | pmid=9562888 | doi=10.1023/a:1007989407305 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9562888  }} </ref>. Possible routes of [[transmission]] are animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, and human-to-human. Virus is transmitted via direct contact with body fluids or lesions of infection person or animal, direct contact with contaminated materials such as clothing, and via respiratory secretions<ref name="urlCDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/0509-monkeypox-transmission.html |title=CDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission &#124; CDC Online Newsroom &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>. The role of vaginal fluids and semen in the transmission of the virus is still being investigated<ref name="urlU.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/index.html |title=U.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary &#124; Monkeypox &#124; Poxvirus &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>.
==Pathophysiology==


==Transmission==
==Transmission==
Animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, and human-to-human are all possible routes to transmit the disease. Monkeypox can be transmitted by<ref name="urlCDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/0509-monkeypox-transmission.html |title=CDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission &#124; CDC Online Newsroom &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, human-to-animal<ref name="pmid35963267">{{cite journal| author=Seang S, Burrel S, Todesco E, Leducq V, Monsel G, Le Pluart D | display-authors=etal| title=Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus. | journal=Lancet | year= 2022 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=35963267 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01487-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35963267  }} </ref>, and human-to-human are all possible routes to transmit the disease. Monkeypox can be transmitted by<ref name="urlCDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/0509-monkeypox-transmission.html |title=CDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission &#124; CDC Online Newsroom &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Direct contact with body fluids or sores on the body of someone who has monkeypox
* Direct contact with bodily fluids or sores on the body of someone who has monkeypox
* Direct contact with contaminated materials such as clothing or linens
* Direct contact with contaminated materials such as clothing or linens
* Respiratory secretions when people have close, face-to-face contact
* Respiratory secretions when people have close, face-to-face contact
Although most cases in 2022 were identified among men who have men with men, sexual transmission of monkeypox e.g. via vaginal fluids and semen is still being investigated<ref name="urlU.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/index.html |title=U.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary &#124; Monkeypox &#124; Poxvirus &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>.
 
A study showed that monkeypox virus was isolated from a person’s semen 6 days after symptoms appeared<ref name="pmid35908551">{{cite journal| author=| title=Correction to Lancet Infect Dis 2022; published online July 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00345-0. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2022 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=35908551 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00511-4 | pmc=9333949 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35908551  }} </ref>. Other studies found that the DNA of the virus was present in semen weeks after infection<ref name="pmid35866746">{{cite journal| author=Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison LB | display-authors=etal| title=Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries - April-June 2022. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2022 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=35866746 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2207323 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35866746  }} </ref><ref name="pmid35837964">{{cite journal| author=Peiró-Mestres A, Fuertes I, Camprubí-Ferrer D, Marcos MÁ, Vilella A, Navarro M | display-authors=etal| title=Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022. | journal=Euro Surveill | year= 2022 | volume= 27 | issue= 28 | pages=  | pmid=35837964 | doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.28.2200503 | pmc=9284919 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35837964  }} </ref><ref name="pmid29048276">{{cite journal| author=Salam AP, Horby PW| title=The Breadth of Viruses in Human Semen. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 23 | issue= 11 | pages= 1922-1924 | pmid=29048276 | doi=10.3201/eid2311.171049 | pmc=5652425 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29048276  }} </ref><ref name="pmid35656836">{{cite journal| author=Antinori A, Mazzotta V, Vita S, Carletti F, Tacconi D, Lapini LE | display-authors=etal| title=Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022. | journal=Euro Surveill | year= 2022 | volume= 27 | issue= 22 | pages=  | pmid=35656836 | doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200421 | pmc=9164671 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35656836  }} </ref>. However, the role of semen or vaginal fluids in the transmission remains unclear<ref name="urlU.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/index.html |title=U.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary &#124; Monkeypox &#124; Poxvirus &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlHow It Spreads | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/if-sick/transmission.html |title=How It Spreads &#124; Monkeypox &#124; Poxvirus &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=2022-10-20}}</ref>.


==Genetics==
==Genetics==
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Bassel Almarie M.D.[2]

Overview

Monkeypox virus is a member of orthopoxvirus genus (family Poxviridae)[1]. The monkeypox virus genome consists of linear double-stranded DNA that multiplies in the cytoplasm of infected cell[2]. Possible routes of transmission are animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, and human-to-human. Virus is transmitted via direct contact with body fluids or lesions of infection person or animal, direct contact with contaminated materials such as clothing, and via respiratory secretions[3]. The role of vaginal fluids and semen in the transmission of the virus is still being investigated[4].

Transmission

Animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, human-to-animal[5], and human-to-human are all possible routes to transmit the disease. Monkeypox can be transmitted by[3]

  • Direct contact with bodily fluids or sores on the body of someone who has monkeypox
  • Direct contact with contaminated materials such as clothing or linens
  • Respiratory secretions when people have close, face-to-face contact

A study showed that monkeypox virus was isolated from a person’s semen 6 days after symptoms appeared[6]. Other studies found that the DNA of the virus was present in semen weeks after infection[7][8][9][10]. However, the role of semen or vaginal fluids in the transmission remains unclear[4][11].

Genetics

  • Monkeypox virus is a member of orthopoxvirus genus, which is a subdivision of Chordopoxvirinae that belongs to family Poxviridae[1].
  • It is a linear double-stranded DNA virus that multiplies in the cytoplasm of infected cell[2].
  • All the proteins required for viral DNA replication, transcription, virion assembly, and egress are encoded by the MPXV genome.
  • The genes encoding for housekeeping functions are present in the central region of the genome, and the genes encoding the virus–host interactions are located in the termini region[12].
  • The nucleotide sequence within the central region of the monkeypox virus genome is 96.3% identical with that of smallpox virus. Nonetheless, monkeypox virus is not the direct ancestor of smallpox virus and is unlikely to naturally acquire all properties of smallpox virus[13].

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "ICTV".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Holland J, Domingo E (1998). "Origin and evolution of viruses". Virus Genes. 16 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1023/a:1007989407305. PMID 9562888.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "CDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "U.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC".
  5. ↑ Seang S, Burrel S, Todesco E, Leducq V, Monsel G, Le Pluart D; et al. (2022). "Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01487-8. PMID 35963267 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ "Correction to Lancet Infect Dis 2022; published online July 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00345-0". Lancet Infect Dis. 2022. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00511-4. PMC 9333949 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35908551 Check |pmid= value (help). External link in |title= (help)
  7. ↑ Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison LB; et al. (2022). "Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries - April-June 2022". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207323. PMID 35866746 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Peiró-Mestres A, Fuertes I, Camprubí-Ferrer D, Marcos MÁ, Vilella A, Navarro M; et al. (2022). "Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022". Euro Surveill. 27 (28). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.28.2200503. PMC 9284919 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35837964 Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ Salam AP, Horby PW (2017). "The Breadth of Viruses in Human Semen". Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (11): 1922–1924. doi:10.3201/eid2311.171049. PMC 5652425. PMID 29048276.
  10. ↑ Antinori A, Mazzotta V, Vita S, Carletti F, Tacconi D, Lapini LE; et al. (2022). "Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022". Euro Surveill. 27 (22). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200421. PMC 9164671 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35656836 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ "How It Spreads | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  12. ↑ Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI (2020). "Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution". Viruses. 12 (11). doi:10.3390/v12111257. PMC 7694534 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33167496 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Shchelkunov SN, Totmenin AV, Babkin IV, Safronov PF, Ryazankina OI, Petrov NA; et al. (2001). "Human monkeypox and smallpox viruses: genomic comparison". FEBS Lett. 509 (1): 66–70. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03144-1. PMID 11734207.
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