Monocytosis

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List of terms related to Monocytosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Monocytosis is an increase in the number of circulating monocytes. In humans, 950/μL is regarded as at the upper limit of normal; monocyte counts above this level are regarded as monocytosis. Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system.

Historical Perspective

• Monocytosis was first discovered by Federica Sallusto an Italian Biologist and Immunologist and and Antonio Lanzavecchia an Italian and Swiss Immunologist in 1994 when they paved the way by formulating different culture conditions starting from monocytes.
• The association between Multiple gene mutations and Clonal hematopoiesis in monocytosis was made in 2022.

Classification

• monocytosis has various causes and in can be classified to reactive or clonal monocytosis.

Pathophysiology

• The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
• The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
• On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
• On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Causes

By Organ System

Cardiovascular	Bacterial Endocarditis
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Rifaximin
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Sarcoidosis
Environmental	Brucellosis, Kala-azar, Listeriosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Gastroenterologic	Cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, Infectious hepatitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Ulcerative colitis
Genetic	Gaucher's Disease, Kostmann syndrome, Sarcoidosis
Hematologic	Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Benign familial neutropenia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Chronic neutropenia, Cyclical neutropenia, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Hodgkin lymphoma, Kostmann syndrome, Lymphoproliferative disease, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Myeloma, Myeloproliferative disease, Polyarteritis nodosa, Recovery from neutropenia, Visceral leishmaniasis
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Bacterial Endocarditis, Brucellosis, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Zoster Virus, Infectious Endocarditis, Infectious hepatitis, Kala-azar, Listeriosis, Malaria, Mononeucleosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Syphillis, Trypanosomiasis, Whooping cough
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Gaucher's Disease, Lipid storage disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Myeloproliferative disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Other malignant lymphomas
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Whooping cough
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Crohn's disease, Inflammatory bowel disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Polyarteritis nodosa, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Ulcerative colitis
Sexual	Syphillis
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Kala-azar

In Alphabetical Order

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia
• Bacterial Endocarditis
• Benign familial neutropenia
• Brucellosis
• Carcinoma
• Chronic myeloid leukaemia
• Chronic neutropenia
• Cirrhosis
• Crohn's disease
• Cyclical neutropenia
• Cytomegalovirus
• Drugs
• Gaucher's Disease
• Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
• Herpes Zoster Virus
• Hodgkin lymphoma
• Infectious Endocarditis
• Infectious hepatitis
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Kala-azar
• Kostmann syndrome
• Lipid storage disease
• listeriosis
• Lymphoproliferative disease
• Malaria
• Mononeucleosis
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Myelodysplastic syndrome
• Myeloma
• Myeloproliferative disease
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Other malignant lymphomas
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Recovery from neutropenia
• Relapsing fever
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Sarcoidosis
• Syphillis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Trypanosomiasis
• Tuberculosis
• Ulcerative colitis
• Visceral leishmaniasis
• Whooping cough

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

• [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:

• [Differential dx1]
• [Differential dx2]
• [Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

• The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

• Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

• [Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
• [Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

• [Disease name] affects men and women equally.

• [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
• The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

• There is no racial predilection for [disease name].

• [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
• [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

• The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
• Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
• If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
• Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
• Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

• The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:

• [criterion 1]
• [criterion 2]
• [criterion 3]
• [criterion 4]

Symptoms

• [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
• Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:

• [symptom 1]
• [symptom 2]
• [symptom 3]
• [symptom 4]
• [symptom 5]
• [symptom 6]

Physical Examination

• Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
• Physical examination may be remarkable for:

• [finding 1]
• [finding 2]
• [finding 3]
• [finding 4]
• [finding 5]
• [finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

• There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

• A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
• An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
• Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

• There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].

• [Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
• On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
• [Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

• [Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
• Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

• There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

• The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
• [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
• Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

• Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
• [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
• [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention

• There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].

• Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

• Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].