Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]) comprises almost 50% of all [[mortality]] due to [[cardiovascular]] problems <ref name="pmid22371442">{{cite journal| author=Myerburg RJ, Junttila MJ| title=Sudden cardiac death caused by coronary heart disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2012 | volume= 125 | issue= 8 | pages= 1043-52 | pmid=22371442 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023846 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22371442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24610738">{{cite journal| author=Stecker EC, Reinier K, Marijon E, Narayanan K, Teodorescu C, Uy-Evanado A | display-authors=etal| title=Public health burden of sudden cardiac death in the United States. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 212-7 | pmid=24610738 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001034 | pmc=4041478 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24610738  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23404043">{{cite journal| author=Chen LY, Sotoodehnia N, Bůžková P, Lopez FL, Yee LM, Heckbert SR | display-authors=etal| title=Atrial fibrillation and the risk of sudden cardiac death: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study and cardiovascular health study. | journal=JAMA Intern Med | year= 2013 | volume= 173 | issue= 1 | pages= 29-35 | pmid=23404043 | doi=10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.744 | pmc=3578214 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23404043  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid26720493">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Dumas F, Karam N, Reinier K, Teodorescu C | display-authors=etal| title=Warning Symptoms Are Associated With Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2016 | volume= 164 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-9 | pmid=26720493 | doi=10.7326/M14-2342 | pmc=5624713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26720493  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid25807988">{{cite journal| author=Glinge C, Jabbari R, Risgaard B, Lynge TH, Engstrøm T, Albert CM | display-authors=etal| title=Symptoms Before Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome: A Nationwide Study Among the Young in Denmark. | journal=J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | year= 2015 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 761-7 | pmid=25807988 | doi=10.1111/jce.12674 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25807988  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid34021040">{{cite journal| author=Ågesen FN, Lynge TH, Blanche P, Banner J, Prescott E, Jabbari R | display-authors=etal| title=Temporal trends and sex differences in sudden cardiac death in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. | journal=Heart | year= 2021 | volume= 107 | issue= 16 | pages= 1303-1309 | pmid=34021040 | doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318881 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34021040  }} </ref>. [[Incidence]] of [[SCD]] increases proportionally with [[age]] <ref name="pmid21131293">{{cite journal| author=Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL | display-authors=etal| title=Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 8 | pages= 983-90 | pmid=21131293 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21131293  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24239636">{{cite journal| author=Pilmer CM, Kirsh JA, Hildebrandt D, Krahn AD, Gow RM| title=Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 239-45 | pmid=24239636 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.11.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24239636  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24604905">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24604905 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24604905  }} </ref> . [[Men]] are more commonly affected with [[sudden cardiac death]] than [[women]] in all age groups. [[Black]] individuals are more likely to develop [[cardiac arrest]].
[[Sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]) comprises almost 50% of all [[mortality]] due to [[cardiovascular]] problems <ref name="pmid22371442">{{cite journal| author=Myerburg RJ, Junttila MJ| title=Sudden cardiac death caused by coronary heart disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2012 | volume= 125 | issue= 8 | pages= 1043-52 | pmid=22371442 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023846 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22371442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24610738">{{cite journal| author=Stecker EC, Reinier K, Marijon E, Narayanan K, Teodorescu C, Uy-Evanado A | display-authors=etal| title=Public health burden of sudden cardiac death in the United States. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 212-7 | pmid=24610738 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001034 | pmc=4041478 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24610738  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23404043">{{cite journal| author=Chen LY, Sotoodehnia N, Bůžková P, Lopez FL, Yee LM, Heckbert SR | display-authors=etal| title=Atrial fibrillation and the risk of sudden cardiac death: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study and cardiovascular health study. | journal=JAMA Intern Med | year= 2013 | volume= 173 | issue= 1 | pages= 29-35 | pmid=23404043 | doi=10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.744 | pmc=3578214 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23404043  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid26720493">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Dumas F, Karam N, Reinier K, Teodorescu C | display-authors=etal| title=Warning Symptoms Are Associated With Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2016 | volume= 164 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-9 | pmid=26720493 | doi=10.7326/M14-2342 | pmc=5624713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26720493  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid25807988">{{cite journal| author=Glinge C, Jabbari R, Risgaard B, Lynge TH, Engstrøm T, Albert CM | display-authors=etal| title=Symptoms Before Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome: A Nationwide Study Among the Young in Denmark. | journal=J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | year= 2015 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 761-7 | pmid=25807988 | doi=10.1111/jce.12674 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25807988  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid34021040">{{cite journal| author=Ågesen FN, Lynge TH, Blanche P, Banner J, Prescott E, Jabbari R | display-authors=etal| title=Temporal trends and sex differences in sudden cardiac death in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. | journal=Heart | year= 2021 | volume= 107 | issue= 16 | pages= 1303-1309 | pmid=34021040 | doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318881 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34021040  }} </ref>. [[Incidence]] of [[SCD]] increases proportionally with [[age]] <ref name="pmid21131293">{{cite journal| author=Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL | display-authors=etal| title=Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 8 | pages= 983-90 | pmid=21131293 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21131293  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24239636">{{cite journal| author=Pilmer CM, Kirsh JA, Hildebrandt D, Krahn AD, Gow RM| title=Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 239-45 | pmid=24239636 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.11.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24239636  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24604905">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24604905 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24604905  }} </ref> . [[Men]] are more commonly affected with [[sudden cardiac death]] than [[women]] in all age groups.<ref name="pmid34021040">{{cite journal| author=Ågesen FN, Lynge TH, Blanche P, Banner J, Prescott E, Jabbari R | display-authors=etal| title=Temporal trends and sex differences in sudden cardiac death in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. | journal=Heart | year= 2021 | volume= 107 | issue= 16 | pages= 1303-1309 | pmid=34021040 | doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318881 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34021040 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid22294707">{{cite journal| author=Deo R, Albert CM| title=Epidemiology and genetics of sudden cardiac death. | journal=Circulation | year= 2012 | volume= 125 | issue= 4 | pages= 620-37 | pmid=22294707 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023838 | pmc=3399522 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22294707  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid16682616">{{cite journal| author=Gerber Y, Jacobsen SJ, Frye RL, Weston SA, Killian JM, Roger VL| title=Secular trends in deaths from cardiovascular diseases: a 25-year community study. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 19 | pages= 2285-92 | pmid=16682616 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590463 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16682616  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15131539">{{cite journal| author=Krahn AD, Connolly SJ, Roberts RS, Gent M, ATMA Investigators| title=Diminishing proportional risk of sudden death with advancing age: implications for prevention of sudden death. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 2004 | volume= 147 | issue= 5 | pages= 837-40 | pmid=15131539 | doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15131539  }} </ref> Racial backgrounds have large effects <ref name="pmid8341333">{{cite journal| author=Becker LB, Han BH, Meyer PM, Wright FA, Rhodes KV, Smith DW | display-authors=etal| title=Racial differences in the incidence of cardiac arrest and subsequent survival. The CPR Chicago Project. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 329 | issue= 9 | pages= 600-6 | pmid=8341333 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199308263290902 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8341333  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid30712378">{{cite journal| author=Zhao D, Post WS, Blasco-Colmenares E, Cheng A, Zhang Y, Deo R | display-authors=etal| title=Racial Differences in Sudden Cardiac Death. | journal=Circulation | year= 2019 | volume= 139 | issue= 14 | pages= 1688-1697 | pmid=30712378 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036553 | pmc=6443438 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30712378  }} </ref>.


==Epidemiology and demographics==
==Epidemiology and demographics==
* The [[prevalence]] of [[sudden cardiac death]] is approximately 1.40 per 100,000 individuals in women to 6.68 per 100.000 individuals in men worldwide.<ref name="PrioriBlomström-Lundqvist2015">{{cite journal|last1=Priori|first1=Silvia G.|last2=Blomström-Lundqvist|first2=Carina|last3=Mazzanti|first3=Andrea|last4=Blom|first4=Nico|last5=Borggrefe|first5=Martin|last6=Camm|first6=John|last7=Elliott|first7=Perry Mark|last8=Fitzsimons|first8=Donna|last9=Hatala|first9=Robert|last10=Hindricks|first10=Gerhard|last11=Kirchhof|first11=Paulus|last12=Kjeldsen|first12=Keld|last13=Kuck|first13=Karl-Heinz|last14=Hernandez-Madrid|first14=Antonio|last15=Nikolaou|first15=Nikolaos|last16=Norekvål|first16=Tone M.|last17=Spaulding|first17=Christian|last18=Van Veldhuisen|first18=Dirk J.|title=2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=36|issue=41|year=2015|pages=2793–2867|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316}}</ref>
* The [[prevalence]] of [[sudden cardiac death]] is approximately 1.40 per 100,000 individuals in women to 6.68 per 100.000 individuals in men worldwide.<ref name="PrioriBlomström-Lundqvist2015">{{cite journal|last1=Priori|first1=Silvia G.|last2=Blomström-Lundqvist|first2=Carina|last3=Mazzanti|first3=Andrea|last4=Blom|first4=Nico|last5=Borggrefe|first5=Martin|last6=Camm|first6=John|last7=Elliott|first7=Perry Mark|last8=Fitzsimons|first8=Donna|last9=Hatala|first9=Robert|last10=Hindricks|first10=Gerhard|last11=Kirchhof|first11=Paulus|last12=Kjeldsen|first12=Keld|last13=Kuck|first13=Karl-Heinz|last14=Hernandez-Madrid|first14=Antonio|last15=Nikolaou|first15=Nikolaos|last16=Norekvål|first16=Tone M.|last17=Spaulding|first17=Christian|last18=Van Veldhuisen|first18=Dirk J.|title=2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=36|issue=41|year=2015|pages=2793–2867|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316}}</ref>
* In 2015, the incidence of adult in-hospital [[cardiac arrests]] was estimated to be 970 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="HolmbergRoss2019">{{cite journal|last1=Holmberg|first1=Mathias J.|last2=Ross|first2=Catherine E.|last3=Fitzmaurice|first3=Garrett M.|last4=Chan|first4=Paul S.|last5=Duval-Arnould|first5=Jordan|last6=Grossestreuer|first6=Anne V.|last7=Yankama|first7=Tuyen|last8=Donnino|first8=Michael W.|last9=Andersen|first9=Lars W.|last10=Chan|first10=Paul|last11=Grossestreuer|first11=Anne V.|last12=Moskowitz|first12=Ari|last13=Edelson|first13=Dana|last14=Ornato|first14=Joseph|last15=Berg|first15=Katherine|last16=Peberdy|first16=Mary Ann|last17=Churpek|first17=Matthew|last18=Kurz|first18=Michael|last19=Starks|first19=Monique Anderson|last20=Girotra|first20=Saket|last21=Perman|first21=Sarah|last22=Goldberger|first22=Zachary|last23=Guerguerian|first23=Anne-Marie|last24=Atkins|first24=Dianne|last25=Foglia|first25=Elizabeth|last26=Fink|first26=Ericka|last27=Lasa|first27=Javier J.|last28=Roberts|first28=Joan|last29=Bembea|first29=Melanie|last30=Gaies|first30=Michael|last31=Kleinman|first31=Monica|last32=Gupta|first32=Punkaj|last33=Sutton|first33=Robert|last34=Sawyer|first34=Taylor|title=Annual Incidence of Adult and Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes|volume=12|issue=7|year=2019|issn=1941-7713|doi=10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005580}}</ref>
* In 2015, the incidence of adult in-hospital [[cardiac arrests]] was estimated to be 970 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="HolmbergRoss2019">{{cite journal|last1=Holmberg|first1=Mathias J.|last2=Ross|first2=Catherine E.|last3=Fitzmaurice|first3=Garrett M.|last4=Chan|first4=Paul S.|last5=Duval-Arnould|first5=Jordan|last6=Grossestreuer|first6=Anne V.|last7=Yankama|first7=Tuyen|last8=Donnino|first8=Michael W.|last9=Andersen|first9=Lars W.|last10=Chan|first10=Paul|last11=Grossestreuer|first11=Anne V.|last12=Moskowitz|first12=Ari|last13=Edelson|first13=Dana|last14=Ornato|first14=Joseph|last15=Berg|first15=Katherine|last16=Peberdy|first16=Mary Ann|last17=Churpek|first17=Matthew|last18=Kurz|first18=Michael|last19=Starks|first19=Monique Anderson|last20=Girotra|first20=Saket|last21=Perman|first21=Sarah|last22=Goldberger|first22=Zachary|last23=Guerguerian|first23=Anne-Marie|last24=Atkins|first24=Dianne|last25=Foglia|first25=Elizabeth|last26=Fink|first26=Ericka|last27=Lasa|first27=Javier J.|last28=Roberts|first28=Joan|last29=Bembea|first29=Melanie|last30=Gaies|first30=Michael|last31=Kleinman|first31=Monica|last32=Gupta|first32=Punkaj|last33=Sutton|first33=Robert|last34=Sawyer|first34=Taylor|title=Annual Incidence of Adult and Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes|volume=12|issue=7|year=2019|issn=1941-7713|doi=10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005580}}</ref>
* In some middle-aged males, sports is related to [[SCD]] which occurs more frequently in a recreational setting than a competition <ref name="pmid21788587">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Tafflet M, Celermajer DS, Dumas F, Perier MC, Mustafic H | display-authors=etal| title=Sports-related sudden death in the general population. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 672-81 | pmid=21788587 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.008979 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21788587  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid30813818">{{cite journal| author=Heidbuchel H, Willems R, Jordaens L, Olshansky B, Carre F, Lozano IF | display-authors=etal| title=Intensive recreational athletes in the prospective multinational ICD Sports Safety Registry: Results from the European cohort. | journal=Eur J Prev Cardiol | year= 2019 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 764-775 | pmid=30813818 | doi=10.1177/2047487319834852 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30813818  }} </ref>. In these instances, [[coronary artery disease]] ([[CAD]]) is the most common cause <ref name="pmid24861446">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Glinge C, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Sports-related sudden cardiac death in a competitive and a noncompetitive athlete population aged 12 to 49 years: data from an unselected nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 10 | pages= 1673-81 | pmid=24861446 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.05.026 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24861446  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23942684">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Bougouin W, Périer MC, Celermajer DS, Jouven X| title=Incidence of sports-related sudden death in France by specific sports and sex. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 6 | pages= 642-3 | pmid=23942684 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.8711 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23942684  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25847988">{{cite journal| author=Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Reinier K, Teodorescu C, Narayanan K, Jouven X | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden cardiac arrest during sports activity in middle age. | journal=Circulation | year= 2015 | volume= 131 | issue= 16 | pages= 1384-91 | pmid=25847988 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011988 | pmc=4406826 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25847988  }} </ref>.


===Age===
===Age===
* [[Cardiac arrest]] is more commonly observed within the first year of life due to [[sudden infant death syndrome]] and also between 45-75 years old due to increased risk of [[coronary artery disease]].<ref name="Neuspiel1985">{{cite journal|last1=Neuspiel|first1=Daniel R.|title=Sudden and Unexpected Natural Death in Childhood and Adolescence|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=254|issue=10|year=1985|pages=1321|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1985.03360100071016}}</ref>
* There is a low [[incidence]] of [[SCD]] in [[infants]] and [[children]] which is approximately 1 per 100,000 person-years.
 
* The [[incidence]] of [[SCD]] in middle-aged people (50 to 60 years old) is around 50 per 1000,000 person-years.
* There is a significant decrease in [[sudden cardiac death]] at age 75 and older due to decreasing risk of [[coronary artery disease]].
* Among people in their eight decade of life, [[incidence]] of [[SCD]] approximates about 200 per 100,000 person-years <ref name="pmid24610738">{{cite journal| author=Stecker EC, Reinier K, Marijon E, Narayanan K, Teodorescu C, Uy-Evanado A | display-authors=etal| title=Public health burden of sudden cardiac death in the United States. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 212-7 | pmid=24610738 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001034 | pmc=4041478 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24610738  }} </ref>.  


===Gender===
===Gender===

Latest revision as of 18:22, 19 July 2023

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3]

Overview

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) comprises almost 50% of all mortality due to cardiovascular problems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. Incidence of SCD increases proportionally with age [7] [8] [9] . Men are more commonly affected with sudden cardiac death than women in all age groups.[6] [10] [11] [12] Racial backgrounds have large effects [13] [14].

Epidemiology and demographics

  • The prevalence of sudden cardiac death is approximately 1.40 per 100,000 individuals in women to 6.68 per 100.000 individuals in men worldwide.[15]
  • In 2015, the incidence of adult in-hospital cardiac arrests was estimated to be 970 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[16]
  • In some middle-aged males, sports is related to SCD which occurs more frequently in a recreational setting than a competition [17] [18]. In these instances, coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause [19] [20][21].

Age

  • There is a low incidence of SCD in infants and children which is approximately 1 per 100,000 person-years.
  • The incidence of SCD in middle-aged people (50 to 60 years old) is around 50 per 1000,000 person-years.
  • Among people in their eight decade of life, incidence of SCD approximates about 200 per 100,000 person-years [2].

Gender

Race

References

  1. ↑ Myerburg RJ, Junttila MJ (2012). "Sudden cardiac death caused by coronary heart disease". Circulation. 125 (8): 1043–52. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023846. PMID 22371442.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stecker EC, Reinier K, Marijon E, Narayanan K, Teodorescu C, Uy-Evanado A; et al. (2014). "Public health burden of sudden cardiac death in the United States". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 7 (2): 212–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001034. PMC 4041478. PMID 24610738.
  3. ↑ Chen LY, Sotoodehnia N, Bůžková P, Lopez FL, Yee LM, Heckbert SR; et al. (2013). "Atrial fibrillation and the risk of sudden cardiac death: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study and cardiovascular health study". JAMA Intern Med. 173 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.744. PMC 3578214. PMID 23404043.
  4. ↑ Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Dumas F, Karam N, Reinier K, Teodorescu C; et al. (2016). "Warning Symptoms Are Associated With Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest". Ann Intern Med. 164 (1): 23–9. doi:10.7326/M14-2342. PMC 5624713. PMID 26720493.
  5. ↑ Glinge C, Jabbari R, Risgaard B, Lynge TH, Engstrøm T, Albert CM; et al. (2015). "Symptoms Before Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome: A Nationwide Study Among the Young in Denmark". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 26 (7): 761–7. doi:10.1111/jce.12674. PMID 25807988.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ågesen FN, Lynge TH, Blanche P, Banner J, Prescott E, Jabbari R; et al. (2021). "Temporal trends and sex differences in sudden cardiac death in the Copenhagen City Heart Study". Heart. 107 (16): 1303–1309. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318881. PMID 34021040 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL; et al. (2011). "Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years". Eur Heart J. 32 (8): 983–90. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428. PMID 21131293.
  8. ↑ Pilmer CM, Kirsh JA, Hildebrandt D, Krahn AD, Gow RM (2014). "Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age". Heart Rhythm. 11 (2): 239–45. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.11.006. PMID 24239636.
  9. ↑ Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL; et al. (2014). "Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 7 (2): 205–11. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421. PMID 24604905.
  10. ↑ Deo R, Albert CM (2012). "Epidemiology and genetics of sudden cardiac death". Circulation. 125 (4): 620–37. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023838. PMC 3399522. PMID 22294707.
  11. ↑ Gerber Y, Jacobsen SJ, Frye RL, Weston SA, Killian JM, Roger VL (2006). "Secular trends in deaths from cardiovascular diseases: a 25-year community study". Circulation. 113 (19): 2285–92. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590463. PMID 16682616.
  12. ↑ Krahn AD, Connolly SJ, Roberts RS, Gent M, ATMA Investigators (2004). "Diminishing proportional risk of sudden death with advancing age: implications for prevention of sudden death". Am Heart J. 147 (5): 837–40. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.017. PMID 15131539.
  13. ↑ Becker LB, Han BH, Meyer PM, Wright FA, Rhodes KV, Smith DW; et al. (1993). "Racial differences in the incidence of cardiac arrest and subsequent survival. The CPR Chicago Project". N Engl J Med. 329 (9): 600–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199308263290902. PMID 8341333.
  14. ↑ Zhao D, Post WS, Blasco-Colmenares E, Cheng A, Zhang Y, Deo R; et al. (2019). "Racial Differences in Sudden Cardiac Death". Circulation. 139 (14): 1688–1697. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036553. PMC 6443438. PMID 30712378.
  15. ↑ Priori, Silvia G.; Blomström-Lundqvist, Carina; Mazzanti, Andrea; Blom, Nico; Borggrefe, Martin; Camm, John; Elliott, Perry Mark; Fitzsimons, Donna; Hatala, Robert; Hindricks, Gerhard; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kjeldsen, Keld; Kuck, Karl-Heinz; Hernandez-Madrid, Antonio; Nikolaou, Nikolaos; Norekvål, Tone M.; Spaulding, Christian; Van Veldhuisen, Dirk J. (2015). "2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death". European Heart Journal. 36 (41): 2793–2867. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316. ISSN 0195-668X.
  16. ↑ Holmberg, Mathias J.; Ross, Catherine E.; Fitzmaurice, Garrett M.; Chan, Paul S.; Duval-Arnould, Jordan; Grossestreuer, Anne V.; Yankama, Tuyen; Donnino, Michael W.; Andersen, Lars W.; Chan, Paul; Grossestreuer, Anne V.; Moskowitz, Ari; Edelson, Dana; Ornato, Joseph; Berg, Katherine; Peberdy, Mary Ann; Churpek, Matthew; Kurz, Michael; Starks, Monique Anderson; Girotra, Saket; Perman, Sarah; Goldberger, Zachary; Guerguerian, Anne-Marie; Atkins, Dianne; Foglia, Elizabeth; Fink, Ericka; Lasa, Javier J.; Roberts, Joan; Bembea, Melanie; Gaies, Michael; Kleinman, Monica; Gupta, Punkaj; Sutton, Robert; Sawyer, Taylor (2019). "Annual Incidence of Adult and Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 12 (7). doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005580. ISSN 1941-7713.
  17. ↑ Marijon E, Tafflet M, Celermajer DS, Dumas F, Perier MC, Mustafic H; et al. (2011). "Sports-related sudden death in the general population". Circulation. 124 (6): 672–81. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.008979. PMID 21788587.
  18. ↑ Heidbuchel H, Willems R, Jordaens L, Olshansky B, Carre F, Lozano IF; et al. (2019). "Intensive recreational athletes in the prospective multinational ICD Sports Safety Registry: Results from the European cohort". Eur J Prev Cardiol. 26 (7): 764–775. doi:10.1177/2047487319834852. PMID 30813818.
  19. ↑ Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Glinge C, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL; et al. (2014). "Sports-related sudden cardiac death in a competitive and a noncompetitive athlete population aged 12 to 49 years: data from an unselected nationwide study in Denmark". Heart Rhythm. 11 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.05.026. PMID 24861446.
  20. ↑ Marijon E, Bougouin W, Périer MC, Celermajer DS, Jouven X (2013). "Incidence of sports-related sudden death in France by specific sports and sex". JAMA. 310 (6): 642–3. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8711. PMID 23942684.
  21. ↑ Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Reinier K, Teodorescu C, Narayanan K, Jouven X; et al. (2015). "Sudden cardiac arrest during sports activity in middle age". Circulation. 131 (16): 1384–91. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011988. PMC 4406826. PMID 25847988.
  22. ↑ Eckart, Robert E.; Shry, Eric A.; Burke, Allen P.; McNear, Jennifer A.; Appel, David A.; Castillo-Rojas, Laudino M.; Avedissian, Lena; Pearse, Lisa A.; Potter, Robert N.; Tremaine, Ladd; Gentlesk, Philip J.; Huffer, Linda; Reich, Stephen S.; Stevenson, William G. (2011). "Sudden Death in Young Adults". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (12): 1254–1261. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049. ISSN 0735-1097.
  23. ↑ Becker, Lance B.; Han, Ben H.; Meyer, Peter M.; Wright, Fred A.; Rhodes, Karin V.; Smith, David W.; Barrett, John (1993). "Racial Differences in the Incidence of Cardiac Arrest and Subsequent Survival". New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (9): 600–606. doi:10.1056/NEJM199308263290902. ISSN 0028-4793.

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