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| {{Infobox_Disease | | | {{Infobox_Disease | |
| Name = {{PAGENAME}} | | | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | |
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| {{SI}} | | {{Bronchiolitis obliterans}} |
| {{CMG}}
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| {{EH}} | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| ==Overview==
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| '''Bronchiolitis obliterans''', or '''Constrictive bronchiolitis''', one form of which is called '''Popcorn Workers' Lung''' or '''popcorn lung''', is a rare disease of the [[lung]]s in which the [[bronchiole]]s are plugged with [[granulation tissue]]. It is a rare and life-threatening form of fixed obstructive lung disease. Because of similar names, it is often confused with [[bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]] (BOOP), a completely different pulmonary disorder. Rare cases of Graft vs. Host disease (GVH) can manifest in [[Bone Marrow Transplant]] (BMT) patients as BOOP.
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| Bronchiolitis means inflammation of the [[bronchioles]].
| | {{SK}} Obliterative bronchiolitis; proliferative bronchiolitis; bronchiolitides; popcorn lung; popcorn lung disease; popcorn workers' lung; diacetyl-induced bronchiolitis obliterans |
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| Obliterans refers to the fact that the inflammation of the bronchioles partially obliterates the airways.
| | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==Etiology== | | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| Bronchiolitis obliterans has many possible causes, including: [[collagen vascular disease]], [[transplant rejection]] in [[organ transplant]] patients, viral infection ([[RSV]], [[adenovirus]], [[Pneumocystis pneumonia|PCP]], [[HIV]], [[CMV]]), drug reaction, aspiration and complications of prematurity ([[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]), and exposure to toxic fumes, including: [[diacetyl]], [[sulfur dioxide]], [[nitrogen dioxide]], [[ammonia]], [[chlorine]], [[thionyl chloride]], [[methyl isocyanate]], [[hydrogen fluoride]], [[hydrogen bromide]], [[hydrogen chloride]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[phosgene]], polyamide-amine dyes, and [[ozone]]. Additionally, the disorder may be [[idiopathic]] (without known cause). {{ref label|Brant|1|^}}{{ref label|Webb|2|^}}{{ref label|Hazmap|5|^}} | | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==Presentation== | | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| Bronchiolitis obliterans is a lung disease characterized by fixed airway obstruction. [[Inflammation]] and [[scarring]] occur in the airways of the lung, resulting in severe shortness of breath and dry cough. | | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans causes|Causes]]== |
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| Standard lung capacity is normally around 80% lung usage. Bronchiolitis obliterans reduces this to 16% to 21%.
| | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans differential diagnosis|Differentiating Bronchiolitis obliterans from other Diseases]]== |
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| Symptoms include:
| | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| * dry cough
| | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| * shortness of breath
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| * wheezing
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| The symptoms can start gradually, or severe symptoms can occur suddenly. {{ref label|CDC|3|^}}
| | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans screening|Screening]]== |
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| | ==[[Bronchiolitis obliterans natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
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| Bronchiolitis obliterans is often misdiagnosed as [[asthma]], [[bronchitis]], [[emphysema]], or [[pneumonia]]. | | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans chest x ray|Chest X ray]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans CT|CT]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans MRI|MRI]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| Diagnosis may include the following tests:
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| * [[Chest X-rays]] tests.
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| * Diffusing capacity of the lung ([[DLCO]]) tests are usually normal.
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| * [[Spirometry]] tests show fixed [[airway obstructions]] and sometimes restriction.
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| * [[Lung Volume]] tests may show hyperinflation (excessive air in lungs caused by air trapping).
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| * High-resolution computerized [[tomography]] scans of the chest at full inspiration and expiration may reveal heterogeneous air trapping on the expiratory view as well as haziness and thickened airway walls.
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| * [[Lung biopsies]] may reveal evidence of constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans (i.e., severe narrowing or complete obstruction of the small airways). An open lung biopsy, such as by thoracoscopy, is more likely to be diagnostic than a transbronchial biopsy. Special processing, staining, and review of multiple tissue sections may be necessary for a diagnosis]. {{ref label|NIOSH|4|^}}
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| ==Prognosis/treatment==
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| This disease is irreversible and severe cases often require a [[lung transplant]]. Evaluation of interventions to prevent bronchiolitis obliterans relies on early detection of abnormal [[spirometry]] results or unusual decreases in repeated measurements.
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| ==Industrial inhalants==
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| There is no consensus classification scheme for bronchiolitis subtypes. One author describes four specific subtypes as follows: cellular bronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchiolitis obliterans with intraluminal polyps (proliferative bronchiolitis obliterans). There are many industrial inhalants that are known to cause bronchiolitis. {{ref label|Colby|5|^}}
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| Industrial workers who have presented with bronchiolitis:
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| *nylon-flock workers {{ref label|Hazmap|6|^}}
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| *workers who spray prints onto textiles with polyamide-amine dyes {{ref label|Hazmap|6|^}}
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| *battery workers who are exposed to thionyl chloride fumes
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| *workers at plants that use or manufacture flavorings, e.g. diacetyl butter-like flavoring {{ref label|CDC|3|^}}{{ref label|Hazmap|6|^}}{{ref label|CalOSH|7|^}}
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| ==Popcorn Workers Lung==
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| In rare instances, bronchiolitis obliterans may be caused by inhalation of airborne [[diacetyl]] — a chemical used to produce the butter-like flavoring in many foods such as candy, microwave popcorn and wines. This first came to public attention when eight former employees of the Gilster-Mary Lee popcorn plant in [[Jasper, Missouri]], developed bronchiolitis obliterans. In 2000, the Missouri Department of Health called in [[NIOSH]] to make a determination of the cause, and to recommend safety measures. After surveying the plant and each patient's medical history, NIOSH recommended respiratory protection for all workers in microwave popcorn production. Due to this event, bronchiolitis obliterans began to be referred to in the popular media as "Popcorn Lung" or "Popcorn Workers Lung". {{ref label|NIOSH|4|^}}{{ref label|NEJM|8|^}}{{ref label|Egilman|9|^}}
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| One heavy consumer of microwaved popcorn has been diagnosed with this disease, which is the first known case involving a consumer. {{ref label|Reuters|13|^}}
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| On August 27, 2007, Weaver Popcorn Company of [[Indianapolis]] promised to replace the diacetyl butter flavor ingredient in [[Pop Weaver]] popcorn with another flavoring.{{ref label|Weaver|14|^}}.
| | ==Treatment== |
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| In September 2007, Dr. Cecile Rose, pulmonary specialist at Denver's National Jewish Medical and Research Center, warned federal agencies that consumers, not just flavoring or food factory workers, may be in danger of contracting bronchiolitis obliterans. David Michaels, of the [[George Washington University]] School of Public Health, first published Rose's warning letter on his blog. {{ref label|Yahoo|10|^}}{{ref label|letter|11|^}}{{ref label|PH|12|^}}
| | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| On September 4, 2007, the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers recommended reduction of diacetyl in butter-like flavorings. The next day [[ConAgra Foods]] announced that it would soon remove diacetyl from its popcorn products.{{ref label|ConAgra|15|^}}
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Bronchiolitis obliterans case study one|Case #1]] |
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| ==See also== | | ==Related Chapters== |
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| * [[Diacetyl]] | | * [[Diacetyl]] |
| * [[Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]] | | * [[Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]] |
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| ==External links==
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| * For more information, go to www.popcornfacts.com [http://www.popcornfacts.com]
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| *[http://www.ific.org/publications/qa/diactylqa.cfm] Questions and Answers about Diacetyl
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| *[http://www.popcornfacts.com Facts About Microwave Popcorn and Diacetyl]
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| * National Institutes of Health: Haz-Map Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases by Jay A. Brown, M.D., M.P.H. [http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/hazmap_generic?tbl=TblDiseases&id=551 Bronchiolitis obliterans]
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| * National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Alert: [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-110/ Preventing lung disease in workers who make or use flavorings]
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| * [http://defendingscience.org/case_studies/A-Case-of-Regulatory-Failure-Popcorn-Workers-Lung.cfm A Case of Regulatory Failure: Popcorn Workers' Lung], a case study from ''www.defendingscience.org''
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| * [http://www.popcornworkerslung.com Popcorn Workers Lung]
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| *[http://www.epler.com/index.html Dynamics in Healthcare] Information about BOOP/BO and ILD
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| * [http://www.usatoday.com/money/general/2002/06/20/popcorn-factory.htm Is butter flavoring ruining popcorn workers' lungs?] By Stephanie Armour, USA TODAY. 2002-06-19.
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| ==Sources==
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| * Brant & Helms. ''Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology'' LWW, 1999.
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| * Webb, et al. ''High Resolution CT of the Lung''. 3rd edition. LWW, 2000.
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| * Harber, Philip; Saechao, Kaochoy; & Boomus, Catherine. ''Diacetyl-induced lung '' Toxicological Reviews 2006;vol 25(4):261-72.
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| ==References==
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| #{{note label|Brant|1|^}}{{cite book | author=Brant & Helms| title=Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology | year=1999 | }}
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| #{{note label|Webb|2|^}}{{cite book | author=Webb, et al| title=High Resolution CT of the Lung | edition=3rd Edition | year=2000 | }}
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| #{{note label|CDC|3|^}}{{cite book | author=Center for Disease Control| title=Fixed obstructive lung disease in workers at a microwave popcorn factory | edition=7th Edition | year=2002 | }}
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| #{{note label|NIOSH|4|^}}National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-110/ Preventing lung disease in workers who make or use flavorings, 2004]
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| #{{note label|Colby|5|^}} Colby, T.V. "Bronchiolitis, Pathologic Considerations". ''Am J Clin Pathology'' 1998;109:101-9
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| #{{note label|Hazmap|6|^}}National Institutes of Health. [http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/hazmap_generic?tbl=TblDiseases&id=551 Haz-Map; Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases by Jay A. Brown, M.D., M.P.H.]
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| #{{note label|CalOSH|7|^}}[http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/flavoringcases.pdf/ California Department of Health Services]
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| #{{note label|NEJM|8|^}}E. Neil Schachter. "Popcorn Workers' Lung". ''New England Journal of Medicine'' 2002;347(5):360-1.
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| #{{note label|Egilman|9|^}}David Egilman (2007). [http://www.ijoeh.com/pfds/IJOEH_1301_Egilman.pdf "Popcorn Workers Lung"]
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| #{{note label|Yahoo|10|^}} [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070905/ap_on_he_me/popcorn_lung_consumer;_ylt=Apuf6TQn0o.P4GubPgYwzKGs0NUE "Doctor warns consumers of popcorn fumes"], Marcus Kabel, [[Associated Press]], [[September 5]], [[2007]], hosted by [[Yahoo! News]], retrieved [[2007-09-10]].
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| #{{note label|letter|11|^}} [http://www.defendingscience.org/case_studies/upload/National_Jewish_FDA_Letter.pdf Letter from Cecile Rose to U.S. Food and Drug Administration], from ''www.defendingscience.org''
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| #{{note label|PH|12|^}} David Michaels (2007). [http://thepumphandle.wordpress.com/2007/09/04/popcorn-lung-coming-to-your-kitchen-the-fda-doesnt-want-to-know/ Popcorn Lung Coming to Your Kitchen? The FDA Doesn’t Want to Know], a blog post at ''thepumphandle.wordpress.com''
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| #{{note label|Reuters|13|^}}Reuters New Report: [http://uk.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUKN0524254120070905 FDA to probe popcorn link in man's lung disease].
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| #{{note label|Weaver|14|^}} Weaver Popcorn Company Press Release: [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-28-2007/0004652723&EDATE= "Pop Weaver Introduces First Microwave Popcorn With Flavoring Containing No Diacetyl"], [[2007-08-27]], hosted at PRNewswire.com. {{PDFlink|[http://www.popweaver.com/NoDiacetylPressRelease.pdf "Pop Weaver introduces first microwave popcorn with flavoring containing no diacetyl"]}}.
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| #{{note label|ConAgra|15|^}} USA Today. [http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2007-09-05-popcorn-lung_N.htm ConAgra to drop popcorn chemical linked to lung ailment]
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| {{SIB}}
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| [[Category:Pulmonology]] | | [[Category:Pulmonology]] |
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| [[Category:Industrial hygiene]] | | [[Category:Industrial hygiene]] |
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| [[de:Bronchiolitis obliterans]]
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