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| {{CMG}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Heparin#Adverse Reactions]] |
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| ==Side Effects==
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| ===Hemorrhage===
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| [[Hemorrhage]] is the chief complication that may result from Heparin therapy. An overly prolonged clotting time or minor bleeding during therapy can usually be controlled by withdrawing the drug. It should be appreciated that gastrointestinal or urinary-tract bleeding during anticoagulant therapy may indicate the presence of an underlying occult lesion. Bleeding can occur at any site but certain specific hemorrhagic complications may be difficult to detect: | |
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| a. [[Adrenal hemorrhage]], with resultant acute adrenal insufficiency, has occurred during anticoagulant therapy. Therefore, such treatment should be discontinued in patients who develop signs and symptoms of acute adrenal hemorrhage and insufficiency. Initiation of corrective therapy should not depend on laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis, since any delay in an acute situation may result in the patient’s death.
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| b. Ovarian ([[corpus luteum]]) hemorrhage developed in a number of women of reproductive age receiving short- or long-term anticoagulant therapy. This complication, if unrecognized, may be fatal.
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| c. [[Retroperitoneal hemorrhage]].
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| ===Local Irritation===
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| Local irritation, [[erythema]], mild [[pain]], [[hematoma]], or ulceration may follow deep, subcutaneous (intrafat) injection of Heparin sodium. These complications are much more common after intramuscular use, and such use is not recommended.
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| ===Hypersensitivity===
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| Generalized [[hypersensitivity]] reactions have been reported, with [[chills]], [[fever]], and [[urticaria]] as the most usual manifestations, and [[asthma]], [[rhinitis]], [[lacrimation]], [[headache]], [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], and [[anaphylactoid reaction]]s, including [[shock]], occurring more rarely. [[Itching]] and [[burn]]ing, especially on the plantar side of the feet, may occur.
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| [[Thrombocytopenia]] has been reported to occur in patients receiving Heparin with a reported incidence of 0 to 30%. While often mild and of no obvious clinical significance, such [[thrombocytopenia]] can be accompanied by severe thromboembolic complications, such as skin [[necrosis]], [[gangrene]] of the extremities that may lead to [[amputation]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[stroke]], and possibly death.
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| Certain episodes of painful, ischemic and cyanosed limbs have in the past been attributed to allergic vasospastic reactions. Whether these are, in fact, identical to the [[thrombocytopenia]] associated complications remains to be determined.
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| ===Miscellaneous===
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| [[Osteoporosis]] following long-term administration of high doses of Heparin, cutaneous necrosis after systemic administration, suppression of [[aldosterone]] synthesis, delayed transient [[alopecia]], [[priapism]], and rebound [[hyperlipemia]] on discontinuation of Heparin sodium have also been reported.
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| Significant elevations of aminotransferase [[SGOT]] ([[AST]]) and [[SGPT]] ([[ALT]]) levels have occurred in a high percentage of patients (and healthy subjects) who have received Heparin.
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| {{FDA}}
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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