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==Overview==
==Overview==
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==Study==
==Study==
[[Image:Skeleton2.jpg|left|thumbnail|150px|A full articulated [[human skeleton]] used in education]]   
[[Image:Skeleton2.jpg|left|thumbnail|150px|A full articulated [[human skeleton]] used in education]]   
Generally, [[Medical school|medical students]], [[dentist]]s, [[Physical therapy|physiotherapists]], [[nurse]]s, [[paramedic]]s, [[Radiologic technologist|radiographer]]s, [[artist]]s, and students of certain [[Biology|biological sciences]], learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials.  The study of microscopic anatomy (or [[histology]]) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a [[microscope]]; and in addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of [[dissection]] and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies).  A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all [[Physician|medical doctors]], especially [[surgery|surgeons]], and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as [[histopathology]] and [[radiology]].
Generally, [[Medical school|medical students]], [[dentist]]s, [[Physical therapy|physiotherapists]], [[nurse]]s, [[paramedic]]s, [[Radiologic technologist|radiographer]]s, artists, and students of certain [[Biology|biological sciences]], learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials.  The study of microscopic anatomy (or [[histology]]) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a [[microscope]]; and in addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of [[dissection]] and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies).  A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all [[Physician|medical doctors]], especially [[surgery|surgeons]], and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as [[histopathology]] and [[radiology]].


Human anatomy, [[physiology]] and, [[biochemistry]] are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.  Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;<ref name = "intro HGray"/> that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems.  The major anatomy textbook, [[Gray's Anatomy]], has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,<!--
Human anatomy, [[physiology]], and [[biochemistry]] are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.  Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;<ref name = "intro HGray"/> that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems.  The major anatomy textbook, [[Gray's Anatomy]], has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,<!--
--><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0443071683| title= Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|accessdaymonth = 27 March | accessyear = 2007}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0443071683| title= Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|dateformat = dmy | accessdate = 27 March 2007}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683| title=Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy.  39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|accessdaymonth = 27 March | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> in line with modern teaching methods.
--><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683| title=Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy.  39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|dateformat = dmy | accessdate = 27 March 2007}}</ref> in line with modern teaching methods.


===Regional groups===
===Regional groups===
* [[Head]] and [[neck]] — includes everything above the [[thoracic inlet]]
* [[Head]] and [[neck]]&nbsp;— includes everything above the [[thoracic inlet]]
* [[Upper limb]] — includes the [[hand]], [[wrist]], [[forearm]], [[elbow]], [[arm]], and [[shoulder]].
* [[Upper limb]]&nbsp;— includes the [[hand]], [[wrist]], [[forearm]], [[elbow]], [[arm]], and [[shoulder]].
* [[Thorax]] — the region of the chest from the [[thoracic inlet]] to the [[thoracic diaphragm]].
* [[Chest|Thorax]]&nbsp;— the region of the chest from the [[thoracic inlet]] to the [[thoracic diaphragm]].
* [[Human abdomen|Abdomen]] — everything from the [[thoracic diaphragm]] to the [[pelvic brim]] or to the pelvic inlet.
* [[Human abdomen]] to the [[pelvic brim]] or to the pelvic inlet.
* The [[back]] — the [[Vertebral column|spine]] and its components, the [[vertebra]]e, [[sacrum]], [[coccyx]], and [[intervertebral disk]]s .
* The [[back]]&nbsp;— the [[Vertebral column|spine]] and its components, the [[vertebra]]e, [[sacrum]], [[coccyx]], and [[intervertebral disk]]s .
* [[Pelvis]] and [[Perineum]] — the pelvis consists of everything from the [[pelvic inlet]] to the [[pelvic diaphragm]]. The perineum is the region between the [[sex organs]] and the anus.
* [[Pelvis]] and [[Perineum]]&nbsp;— the pelvis consists of everything from the [[pelvic inlet]] to the [[pelvic diaphragm]]. The perineum is the region between the [[sex organs]] and the anus.
* [[Lower limb]] — everything below the [[inguinal ligament]], including the [[hip]], the [[thigh]], the [[knee]], the leg, the [[ankle]], and the [[foot]].
* [[Lower limb]]&nbsp;— everything below the [[inguinal ligament]], including the [[hip]], the [[thigh]], the [[knee]], the leg, the [[ankle]], and the foot.


===Major organ systems===
===Major organ systems===
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*[[Digestive system]]: digestion and processing food with [[salivary gland]]s, [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], [[pancreas]], [[intestine]]s, [[rectum]], and [[anus]].
*[[Digestive system]]: digestion and processing food with [[salivary gland]]s, [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], [[pancreas]], [[intestine]]s, [[rectum]], and [[anus]].
*[[Endocrine system]]: communication within the body using [[hormone]]s made by [[endocrine gland]]s such as the [[hypothalamus]], [[pituitary]] or pituitary gland, [[pineal body]] or pineal gland, [[thyroid]], [[parathyroid]]s, and [[adrenal]]s or adrenal glands
*[[Endocrine system]]: communication within the body using [[hormone]]s made by [[endocrine gland]]s such as the [[hypothalamus]], [[pituitary]] or pituitary gland, [[pineal body]] or pineal gland, [[thyroid]], [[parathyroid]]s, and [[adrenal]]s or adrenal glands
*[[Immune system]]: protecting against [[disease]] by identifying and killing [[pathogens]] and [[tumor]] cells.
*[[Integumentary system]]: [[skin]], [[hair]] and [[nail (anatomy)|nail]]s
*[[Integumentary system]]: [[skin]], [[hair]] and [[nail (anatomy)|nail]]s
*[[Lymphatic system]]: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the [[lymph]] and the [[lymph node|node]]s and [[lymph vessel|vessels]] that transport it including the [[Immune system]]: defending against disease-causing agents with [[leukocyte]]s, [[tonsil]]s, [[adenoid]]s, [[thymus]], and [[spleen]]
*[[Lymphatic system]]: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the [[lymph]] and the [[lymph node|node]]s and [[lymph vessel|vessels]] that transport it including the [[Immune system]]: defending against disease-causing agents with [[leukocyte]]s, [[tonsil]]s, [[adenoid]]s, [[thymus]], and [[spleen]]
*[[Muscular system]]: movement with [[muscle]]s.
*[[Musculoskeletal system]]: movement with [[muscle]]s and human [[skeleton]] (structural support and protection with [[bone]]s, [[cartilage]], [[ligament]]s, and [[tendon]]s).
*[[Nervous system]]: collecting, transferring and processing information with [[brain]], [[spinal cord]], [[peripheral nerve]]s, and [[nerve]]s
*[[Nervous system]]: collecting, transferring and processing information with [[brain]], [[spinal cord]], [[peripheral nerve]]s, and [[nerve]]s
*[[Reproductive system]]: the sex organs, such as [[ovary|ovarie]]s, [[fallopian tube]]s, [[uterus]], [[vagina]], [[mammary gland]]s, [[testes]], [[vas deferens]], [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]], and [[penis]].
*[[Reproductive system]]: the sex organs; in the female; [[ovary|ovarie]]s, [[fallopian tube]]s, [[uterus]], [[vagina]], [[mammary gland]]s, and in the male; [[testes]], [[vas deferens]], [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]], and [[penis]].
*[[Respiratory system]]: the organs used for breathing, the [[pharynx]], [[larynx]], [[trachea]], [[bronchi]], [[lung]]s, and [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]].
*[[Respiratory system]]: the organs used for breathing, the [[pharynx]], [[larynx]], [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]], [[bronchi]], [[lung]]s, and [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]].
*[[Human skeleton|Skeletal system]]: structural support and protection with [[bone]]s, [[cartilage]], [[ligament]]s, and [[tendon]]s.
*[[Urinary system]]: [[kidney]]s, [[ureter]]s, [[urinary bladder|bladder]] and [[urethra]] involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
*[[Urinary system]]: [[kidney]]s, [[ureter]]s, [[urinary bladder|bladder]] and [[urethra]] involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.


==Superficial anatomy==
==Superficial anatomy==
 
[[Image:Human anatomy.jpg|thumb|left|Superficial anatomy of female and male human]]
[[Superficial anatomy]] or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.<ref name = "intro HGray"/>  With knowledge of superficial anatomy, [[physician]]s gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.
[[Superficial anatomy]] or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.<ref name = "intro HGray"/>  With knowledge of superficial anatomy, [[physician]]s gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.


Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:
Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:
*[[Head]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Forehead]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Mandible|Jaw]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Face]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Cheek]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Chin]]
*[[Head]]&nbsp;— [[Forehead]]&nbsp;— [[Mandible|Jaw]]&nbsp;— [[Cheek]]&nbsp;— [[Chin]]
*[[Neck]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Shoulder]]s
*[[Neck]]&nbsp;— [[Shoulder]]s
*[[Arm]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Elbow-joint|Elbow]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Wrist]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Hand]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Finger]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Thumb]]
*[[Arm]]&nbsp;— [[Elbow-joint|Elbow]]&nbsp;— [[Wrist]]&nbsp;— [[Hand]]&nbsp;— [[Finger]]s&nbsp;— [[Thumb]]
*[[Spine (anatomy)|Spine]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Chest]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Ribcage]]
*[[Spine (anatomy)|Spine]]&nbsp;— [[Chest]]&nbsp;— [[Ribcage]]
*[[Human abdomen|Abdomen]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Groin]]
*[[Human abdomen|Abdomen]]&nbsp;— [[Groin]]
*[[Hip (anatomy)|Hip]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Buttock]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Human leg|Leg]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Thigh]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Knee]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[calf (anatomy)|Calf]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Heel]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Ankle]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Foot]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Toe]]s
*[[Hip (anatomy)|Hip]]&nbsp;— [[Buttock]]s&nbsp;— [[Human leg|Leg]]&nbsp;— [[Thigh]]&nbsp;— [[Knee]]&nbsp;— [[calf (anatomy)|Calf]]&nbsp;— [[Heel]]&nbsp;— [[Ankle]]&nbsp;— [[Foot]]&nbsp;— [[Toe]]s
* The [[eye]], [[ear]], [[nose]], [[mouth]], [[teeth]], [[tongue]], [[throat]], [[adam's apple]], [[breast]], [[penis]], [[scrotum]], [[clitoris]], [[vulva]], [[navel]] are visible too.
* The [[eye]], [[ear]], [[nose]], [[mouth]], [[teeth]], [[tongue]], [[throat]], [[adam's apple]], [[breast]], [[penis]], [[scrotum]], [[clitoris]], [[vulva]], [[navel]] are visible too.


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Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) :
Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) :


[[Adrenal gland|Adrenal]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Vermiform appendix|Appendix]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Urinary bladder|Bladder]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Brain]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Eye]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Gall bladder]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Heart]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Intestine]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Kidney]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Liver]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Lung]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Esophagus]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Ovary|Ovaries]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Pancreas]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Parathyroid gland|Parathyroids]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Pituitary gland|Pituitary]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Prostate]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Spleen]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Stomach]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Testicle]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Thymus]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Thyroid]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Veins]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Uterus]]
[[Adrenal gland|Adrenal]]s&nbsp;— [[Vermiform appendix|Appendix]]&nbsp;— [[Urinary bladder|Bladder]]&nbsp;— [[Brain]]&nbsp;— [[Eye]]s&nbsp;— [[Gall bladder]]&nbsp;— [[Heart]]&nbsp;— [[Intestine]]s&nbsp;— [[Kidney]]&nbsp;— [[Liver]]&nbsp;— [[Lung]]s&nbsp;— [[Esophagus]]&nbsp;— [[Ovary|Ovaries]]&nbsp;— [[Pancreas]]&nbsp;— [[Parathyroid gland|Parathyroids]]&nbsp;— [[Pituitary gland|Pituitary]]&nbsp;— [[Prostate]]&nbsp;— [[Spleen]]&nbsp;— [[Stomach]]&nbsp;— [[Testicle]]s&nbsp;— [[Thymus]]&nbsp;— [[Thyroid]]&nbsp;— [[Uterus]]&nbsp;— [[Veins]]


==Brain==
==Brain==
{{main|Human brain}}
{{main|Human brain}}
[[Amygdala]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Brain stem]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Cerebellum]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Cerebral cortex]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Limbic system]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[medulla oblongata|medulla]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[midbrain]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[pons]]
[[Amygdala]]&nbsp;— [[Brain stem]]&nbsp;— [[Cerebellum]]&nbsp;— [[Cerebral cortex]]&nbsp;— [[Limbic system]]&nbsp;— [[medulla oblongata|medulla]]&nbsp;— [[midbrain]]&nbsp;— [[pons]]


==See also==
==See also==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.anatomy.wisc.edu/courses/gross/ Anatomy Dissection] videos
*[http://www.anatomy.wisc.edu/courses/gross/ Anatomy Dissection] videos
*[http://www.e-anatomy.org e-Anatomy] - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy.
*[http://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy e-Anatomy] - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy.
*[http://www.anatomylab.com Anatomy Lab] - Interactive quizzes, question-of-the-week, and photographs.
*[http://www.anatomylab.com Anatomy Lab] - Interactive quizzes, question-of-the-week, and photographs.
*[http://www.anatomywiz.com The Anatomy Wiz] - An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Index
*[http://www.anatomywiz.com The Anatomy Wiz] - An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Index
*[http://web.mac.com/rlivingston/RAAViewer/Downloads.html RAAViewer] - Computer based atlas of human anatomy: entire body in cross-section
*[http://www.visiblebody.com/ Free online accessible 3D model of the human body]
*[http://www.anatowiki.wetpaint.com Anatowiki] Interactive anatomy website
* [http://mc.lifehugger.com/anatomy Anatomy Mnemonics] Mnemonics in Human Anatomy.
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Latest revision as of 16:04, 9 August 2012

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]


Overview

List of bones of the human skeleton

Human anatomy, which, with physiology and biochemistry, is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.[1] Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.[1] Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues),[1] and cytology (the study of cells). Anatomy, physiology (the study of function) and biochemistry (the study of the chemistry of living structures) are complementary basic medical sciences which are usually taught together (or in tandem).

In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology,[1] through common roots in evolution; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present in all vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very early embryos.

The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of preserved cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

Study

A full articulated human skeleton used in education

Generally, medical students, dentists, physiotherapists, nurses, paramedics, radiographers, artists, and students of certain biological sciences, learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies). A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all medical doctors, especially surgeons, and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology and radiology.

Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,[2][3] in line with modern teaching methods.

Regional groups

Major organ systems

Superficial anatomy

Superficial anatomy of female and male human

Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.

Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:

Internal organs

Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) :

Adrenals — Appendix — Bladder — Brain — Eyes — Gall bladder — Heart — Intestines — Kidney — Liver — Lungs — Esophagus — Ovaries — Pancreas — Parathyroids — Pituitary — Prostate — Spleen — Stomach — Testicles — Thymus — Thyroid — Uterus — Veins

Brain

Main article: Human brain

Amygdala — Brain stem — Cerebellum — Cerebral cortex — Limbic system — medulla — midbrain — pons

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918". Retrieved 27 March 2007. Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Retrieved 27 March 2007. Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Retrieved 27 March 2007. Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)

External links

ar:تشريح الإنسان an:Anatomía umana bn:মানব এ্যানাটমী zh-min-nan:Sin-khu ca:Anatomia humana et:Inimese anatoomia eo:Homa anatomio eu:Giza gorputz fa:کالبدشناسی انسان ko:인체해부학 hi:मानव का शरीर रचना विज्ञान hr:Anatomija čovjeka id:Anatomi manusia is:Líffærafræði mannsins it:Anatomia umana he:גוף האדם ku:Laşê mirovan lv:Cilvēka anatomija jbo:remna xadyske hu:Emberi test mk:Анатомија на човекот nl:Menselijke anatomie no:Menneskets anatomi nn:Menneskeanatomi simple:Human body sk:Anatómia človeka sl:Anatomija človeka su:Anatomi manusa fi:Ihmisen anatomia sv:Människans anatomi tl:Anataomiya ng tao th:กายวิภาคศาสตร์มนุษย์ uk:Анатомія людини yi:מענטשליכער אנאטאמיע

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