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| | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Infobox_Disease | | | {{Infobox_Disease | |
| Name = Peripheral edema | | | Name = Peripheral edema | |
| Image = Extremities massive edema.jpg| | | Image = Extremities massive edema.jpg| |
| Caption = Massive peripheral edema <br> (Image courtesy of Charlie Goldberg, M.D., UCSD School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA) | | Caption = Massive peripheral edema <br> (Image courtesy of Charlie Goldberg, M.D., UCSD School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA)| |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|60|0|r|50}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|782.3}} |
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| }} | | }} |
| {{SI}} | | {{Pedal edema}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MUT}} |
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| {{Editor Help}} | | {{SK}} Lower extremity edema, leg edema |
| | ==[[Pedal edema overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Pedal edema historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| Competent venous valves, intermittent leg muscle contraction and respiration is required to support normal venous blood return. When these fail, [[venous insufficiency]] and edema occur. Edema can occur in 2 forms: pitting and non-pitting. Pitting occurs when there is fluid movement when pressure is applied. Non-pitting is swelling of the tissue itself, not an excess of fluid surrounding the tissue. [[Edema]] is caused by an accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the serous cavities, tissues or cells causing painless, non-reddened swelling
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| == Epidemiology and Demographics == | | ==[[Pedal edema pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| 25% of the general population suffers from chronic venous insufficiency.
| | ==[[Pedal edema causes|Causes]]== |
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| == Complete Differential Diagnosis == | | ==[[Pedal edema differential diagnosis|Differentiating Pedal Edema from other Diseases]]== |
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| In alphabetical order: <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
| | ==[[Pedal edema epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| * [[Abscess]]
| | ==[[Pedal edema risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| * [[Acquired C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency]]
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| * [[Acute glomerulonephritis]]
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| * [[Addison's Disease]]
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| * Amniotic band
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| * [[Angioneurotic edema]]
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| * [[Anemia]]
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| * [[Anorexia Nervosa]]
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| * [[AV fistula]]
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| * [[Bartter's Syndrome]]
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| * [[Beriberi]]
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| * [[Boils]]
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| * [[Bruise]]
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| * [[Bulimia Nervosa]]
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| * [[Burn]]
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| * [[Cachexia]]
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| * [[Carbuncle]]
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| * [[Cellulitis]]
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| * Cold (physical stimuli)
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| * [[Contact dermatitis]]
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| * [[Contusion]]
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| * [[Cushing's Syndrome]]
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| * [[Drugs]]
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| * [[Erysipelas]]
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| * [[Exudative enteropathy]]
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| * [[Filariasis]]
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| * [[Fracture]]
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| * [[Frostbite]]
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| * [[Gas gangrene]]
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| * [[Gout]]
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| * [[Hyperthyroidism]]
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| * [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
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| * [[Hypoplasia]]
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| * [[Hypothyroidism]]
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| * Idiopathic edema
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| * [[Insect bite]]
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| * [[Irritant]]
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| * [[Left heart failure]]
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| * Ligamentous sprain
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| * [[Liver failure]]
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| * [[Lymph node]] mass
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| * [[Malabsorption]]
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| * [[Malnutrition]]
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| * Mediastinal cancer
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| * [[Milroy's Disease]]
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| * Musculoskeletal trauma
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| * [[Myocardial Infarction]]
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| * [[Neoplasm]]
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| * [[Nephrotic Syndrome]]
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| * [[Osteomyelitis]]
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| * Peripheral nerve lesion
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| * [[Premenstrual]] edema
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| * [[Right heart failure]]
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| * [[Scleroderma]]
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| *[[Sepsis syndrome]]
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| * [[Snakebites]]
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| * [[Starvation]] [[edema]]
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| * [[Sunburn]]
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| * Surgical excision
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| * Tendonous strain
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| * Thoracic [[aneurysm]]
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| * [[Thrombophlebitis]]
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| * [[Thrombosis]]
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| * Tight clothing
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| * [[Trichinosis]]
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| * [[Tumor]]s
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| * [[Varicose veins]]
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| ===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of ...=== | | ==[[Pedal edema natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| (By organ system)
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| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
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| [[AV fistula]], | |
| [[Left heart failure]],
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| [[Myocardial Infarction]],
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| [[Right heart failure]],
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| [[Thoracic]] [[aneurysm]],
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| [[Thrombophlebitis]],
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| [[Thrombosis]],
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| [[Varicose veins]],
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| |- | | ==Diagnosis== |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | [[Pedal edema history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Pedal edema physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Pedal edema laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Pedal edema chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Pedal edema CT|CT]] | [[Pedal edema MRI|MRI]] | [[Pedal edema echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Pedal edema other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Pedal edema other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning''' | |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| | |
| [[Insect bite]], | |
| [[Snakebites]], | |
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| | ==Treatment== |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| | [[Pedal edema medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Pedal edema surgery|Surgery]] | [[Pedal edema primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Pedal edema secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Pedal edema cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Pedal edema future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Carbuncle]], | |
| [[Cellulitis]], | |
| [[Contact dermatitis]], | |
| [[Contusion]], | |
| [[Erysipelas]], | |
| [[Gas gangrene]], | |
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| | == Case Studies == |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| | [[Pedal edema case study one|Case #1]] |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
| | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Addison's Disease]],
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| [[Cushing's Syndrome]],
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| [[Hyperthyroidism]],
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| [[Hypothyroidism]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| Cold (physical stimuli),
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| [[Frostbite]],
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| [[Sunburn]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Exudative enteropathy]],
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| [[Liver failure]],
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| [[Malabsorption]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]],
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| [[Hypoalbuminemia]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Filariasis]],
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| [[Trichinosis]],
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Fracture]], | |
| [[Gout]],
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| Ligamentous sprain,
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| [[Osteomyelitis]],
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| Peripheral nerve lesion,
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Acquired C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency]],
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| [[Beriberi]],
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| [[Malnutrition]],
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| Starvation edema,
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Amniotic band syndrome]],
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| [[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]],
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| Premenstrual edema,
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| Mediastinal cancer,
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Opthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Anorexia Nervosa]],
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| [[Bulimia Nervosa]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Pulmonary hypertension]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Acute glomerulonephritis]],
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| [[Bartter's Syndrome]],
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| [[Nephrotic Syndrome]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Angioneurotic edema]],
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| [[Cachexia]],
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| Lymph node mass,
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| [[Scleroderma]],
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| [[Sepsis syndrome]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Bruise]],
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| [[Burn]],
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| Musculoskeletal trauma,
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| Idiopathic edema,
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| [[Milroy's Disease]],
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| [[Sepsis syndrome]],
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| Tight clothing,
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| |-
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| |}
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| == Diagnosis ==
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| === History and Symptoms ===
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| *History should include:
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| :*[[DVT]] risk factors
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| :*time lapse
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| :*other associated symptoms
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| :*unilateral vs. bilateral
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| :*pitting and/or non-pitting
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| (Images courtesy of Charlie Goldberg, M.D., UCSD School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA)
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:Extremities edema.jpg|Moderate edema
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| Image:Extremities massive edema.jpg|Massive edema
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| === Laboratory Findings ===
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| *Labs include:
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| :*[[Blood cultures]]
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| :*[[BUN]] / [[creatinine]]
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| :*[[CBC]]
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| :*[[Coagulation]]
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| :*[[Electrolytes]]
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| :*[[LFT]]s
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| :*[[Serum albumin]]
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| :*[[Thyroid function tests]]
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| :*[[Urinalysis]]
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| === Chest X Ray ===
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| *[[Chest X-Ray]] may indicate [[pulmonary edema]] and/or [[cardiomegaly]]
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| === Echocardiography or Ultrasound ===
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| *[[Duplex ultrasound]] for [[DVT]]
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| *[[Echocardiography]] for EF in patients with [[CHF]]
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| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
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| *[[liver biopsy]] for [[cirrhosis]]
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| == Treatment ==
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| === Acute Pharmacotherapies ===
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| *[[Congestive heart failure]]: [[Diuretics]], [[ACE inhibitor]]s, [[beta blocker]]s, [[digoxin]]
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| === Chronic Pharmacotherapies ===
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| *[[DVT]]: [[Anticoagulation]] with [[unfractionated heparin]], [[low molecular weight heparin]] / [[warfarin]] for 3-6 months
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| === Indications for Surgery ===
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| *[[Nephrotic syndrome]]: transplant in adult patients may be necessary
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| *[[Cirrhosis]]: liver transplant may be necessary
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| === Additional therapies ===
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| *Venous insufficiency: Leg elevation, compression stockings, minimize time standing
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| *[[Cellulitis]]: extremity elevation
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| *[[CHF]]: Salt restrictions
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| *[[Cirrhosis]]: [[Diuretic]]s & low salt diet
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| ==Prognosis==
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| Successful treatment depends on control of the underlying cause. Severe swelling can cause permanent damage to nerves, resulting in [[peripheral neuropathy]]. Many cases from temporary or minor causes resolve on their own, with no lasting damage.
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| == Acknowledgements ==
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| The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}} | |
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| ==Additional Resources==
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| * {{cite journal | author = Cho S, Atwood J | title = Peripheral edema. | journal = Am J Med | volume = 113 | issue = 7 | pages = 580–6 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12459405 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01322-0}}
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| {{SIB}} | |
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| [[Category:Cardiology]] | | [[Category:Cardiology]] |
| | [[Category:Medical signs]] |
| | [[Category:Symptoms]] |
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | | [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] |
| [[Category:Physical examination]] | | [[Category:Physical examination]] |
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