Appendicitis (patient information): Difference between revisions

	Appendicitis
Overview
What are the symptoms?
What are the causes?
Who is at highest risk?
Diagnosis
When to seek urgent medical care?
Treatment options
Where to find medical care for Appendicitis?
Prevention
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Possible complications
Appendicitis On the Web
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
Images of Appendicitis
Videos on Appendicitis
FDA on Appendicitis
CDC on Appendicitis
Appendicitis in the news
Blogs on Appendicitis
Directions to Hospitals Treating Appendicitis
Risk calculators and risk factors for Appendicitis

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 20:27, 29 July 2020

For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.[2]; Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Meagan E. Doherty.

Overview

Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix. The appendix is a small, tube-like organ attached to the first part of the large intestine, also called the colon. It is located in the lower right area of the abdomen. It has no known function. A blockage inside of the appendix causes appendicitis. The blockage leads to increased pressure, problems with blood flow and inflammation. If the blockage is not treated, the appendix can break open and leak infection into the body. Appendicitis is a medical emergency. Treatment almost always involves removing the appendix. Anyone can get appendicitis. It happens most often to people between the ages of 10 and 30.

What are the symptoms of Appendicitis?

Most people with appendicitis have classic symptoms that a doctor can easily identify. The main symptom of appendicitis is abdominal pain.

The abdominal pain usually:

Occurs suddenly, often causing a person to wake up at night
Occurs before other symptoms
Begins near the belly button and then moves lower and to the right
Is new and unlike any pain felt before
Gets worse in a matter of hours
Gets worse when moving around, taking deep breaths, coughing, or sneezing

Other symptoms of Appendicitis may include:

Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation or diarrhea
Inability to pass gas
Low-grade fever that follows other symptoms
The feeling that passing stool will relieve discomfort

Symptoms vary and can mimic other sources of abdominal pain, including:

Intestinal obstruction
Inflammatory bowel disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease and other gynecological disorders
Intestinal adhesions
Constipation

Diseases with similar symptoms

According to age group:

In children:

In adults:

In the elderly:

What causes Appendicitis?

Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen causes appendicitis. Mucus backs up in the appendiceal lumen, causing bacteria that normally live inside the appendix to multiply. As a result, the appendix swells and becomes infected. Sources of obstruction include:

Feces, parasites, or growths that clog the appendiceal lumen.
Enlarged lymph tissue in the wall of the appendix, caused by infection in the gastrointestinal tract or elsewhere in the body
Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Trauma to the abdomen.

An inflamed appendix will likely burst if not removed. Bursting spreads infection throughout the abdomen—a potentially dangerous condition called peritonitis.

Who is at highest risk?

Anyone can get appendicitis, but it is more common among people 10 to 30 years old. Appendicitis leads to more emergency abdominal surgeries than any other cause.

Diagnosis

A doctor or other health care provider can diagnose most cases of appendicitis by taking a person’s medical history and performing a physical examination. If a person shows classic symptoms, a doctor may suggest surgery right away to remove the appendix before it bursts. Doctors may use laboratory and imaging tests to confirm appendicitis if a person does not have classic symptoms. Tests may also help diagnose appendicitis in people who cannot adequately describe their symptoms, such as children or the mentally impaired.

Medical History

The doctor will ask specific questions about symptoms and health history. Answers to these questions will help rule out other conditions. The doctor will want to know when the pain began and its exact location and severity. Knowing when other symptoms appeared relative to the pain is also helpful. The doctor will ask questions about other medical conditions, previous illnesses and surgeries, and use of medications, alcohol, or illegal drugs.

Physical Examination

Details about the abdominal pain are key to diagnosing appendicitis. The doctor will assess pain by touching or applying pressure to specific areas of the abdomen. Women of childbearing age may be asked to undergo a pelvic exam to rule out gynecological conditions, which sometimes cause abdominal pain similar to appendicitis. The doctor may also examine the rectum, which can be tender from appendicitis.

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests are used to check for signs of infection, such as a high white blood cell count. Blood tests may also show dehydration or fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Urinalysis is used to rule out a urinary tract infection. Doctors may also order a pregnancy test for women.

Imaging Tests

Computerized tomography (CT) scans, which create cross-sectional images of the body, can help diagnose appendicitis and other sources of abdominal pain. Ultrasound is sometimes used to look for signs of appendicitis, especially in people who are thin or young. An abdominal x ray is rarely helpful in diagnosing appendicitis but can be used to look for other sources of abdominal pain. Women of childbearing age should have a pregnancy test before undergoing x rays or CT scanning. Both use radiation and can be harmful to a developing fetus. Ultrasound does not use radiation and is not harmful to a fetus.

When to seek urgent medical care?

Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate care. People who think they have appendicitis should see a doctor or go to the emergency room right away. Swift diagnosis and treatment reduce the chances the appendix will burst and improve recovery time.

Treatment options

Surgery

Typically, appendicitis is treated by removing the appendix. If appendicitis is suspected, a doctor will often suggest surgery without conducting extensive diagnostic testing. Prompt surgery decreases the likelihood the appendix will burst.

Surgery to remove the appendix is called appendectomy and can be done two ways. The older method, called laparotomy, removes the appendix through a single incision in the lower right area of the abdomen. The newer method, called laparoscopic surgery, uses several smaller incisions and special surgical tools fed through the incisions to remove the appendix. Laparoscopic surgery leads to fewer complications, such as hospital-related infections, and has a shorter recovery time.

Surgery occasionally reveals a normal appendix. In such cases, many surgeons will remove the healthy appendix to eliminate the future possibility of appendicitis. Occasionally, surgery reveals a different problem, which may also be corrected during surgery.

Sometimes an abscess forms around a burst appendix—called an appendiceal abscess. An abscess is a pus-filled mass that results from the body’s attempt to keep an infection from spreading. An abscess may be addressed during surgery or, more commonly, drained before surgery. To drain an abscess, a tube is placed in the abscess through the abdominal wall. CT is used to help find the abscess. The drainage tube is left in place for about 2 weeks while antibiotics are given to treat infection. Six to 8 weeks later, when infection and inflammation are under control, surgery is performed to remove what remains of the burst appendix.

Nonsurgical treatment

Nonsurgical treatment may be used if surgery is not available, if a person is not well enough to undergo surgery, or if the diagnosis is unclear. Some research suggests that appendicitis can get better without surgery. Nonsurgical treatment includes antibiotics to treat infection and a liquid or soft diet until the infection subsides. A soft diet is low in fiber and easily breaks down in the gastrointestinal tract.

Recovery

With adequate care, most people recover from appendicitis and do not need to make changes to diet, exercise, or lifestyle. Full recovery from surgery takes about 4 to 6 weeks. Limiting physical activity during this time allows tissues to heal.

Where to find medical care for Appendicitis?

Directions to hospitals treating Appendicitis

Prevention of Appendicitis

There is no clinically proven method to prevent appendicitis.

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Most appendicitis patients recover easily with treatment, but complications can occur if treatment is delayed or if peritonitis occurs.

Recovery time depends on age, condition, complications, and other circumstances, including the amount of alcohol consumption, but usually is between 10 and 28 days. For young children (around 10 years old) the recovery takes three weeks.

The real possibility of life-threatening peritonitis is the reason why acute appendicitis warrants speedy evaluation and treatment. The patient may have to undergo a medical evacuation. Appendectomies have occasionally been performed in emergency conditions (i.e. outside of a proper hospital), when a timely medical evaluation was impossible.

Typical acute appendicitis responds quickly to appendectomy and occasionally will resolve spontaneously. If appendicitis resolves spontaneously, it remains controversial whether an elective interval appendectomy should be performed to prevent a recurrent episode of appendicitis. Atypical appendicitis (associated with suppurative appendicitis) is more difficult to diagnose and is more apt to be complicated even when operated early. In either condition prompt diagnosis and appendectomy yield the best results with full recovery in two to four weeks usually. Mortality and severe complications are unusual but do occur, especially if peritonitis persists and is untreated.

Possible complications

Abnormal connections between abdominal organs or between these organs and the skin surface (fistula).
Abscess
Infection of the surgical wound.
Peritonitis

Sources

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
 '''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Appendicitis|here]]'''
-{{SI}}
+{{Template:Appendicitis (patient information)}}
+{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:'''  [[User: Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]][mailto:msbeih@wikidoc.org]; '''Assistant Editor-In-Chief:''' Meagan E. Doherty.
-'''Editor-in-Chief:''' Meagan E. Doherty
+==Overview==
+Appendicitis is a painful [[swelling]] and [[infection]] of the appendix. The appendix is a small, tube-like organ attached to the first part of the large intestine, also called the colon. It is located in the lower right area of the abdomen. It has no known function. A blockage inside of the appendix causes appendicitis. The blockage leads to increased pressure, problems with blood flow and inflammation. If the blockage is not treated, the appendix can break open and leak infection into the body.
+Appendicitis is a medical emergency. Treatment almost always involves removing the appendix. Anyone can get appendicitis. It happens most often to people between the ages of 10 and 30.
-{{EJ}}
+==What are the symptoms of Appendicitis?==
+Most people with appendicitis have classic symptoms that a doctor can easily identify. The main symptom of appendicitis is abdominal pain.
+''The abdominal pain usually'':
+* Occurs suddenly, often causing a person to wake up at night
+* Occurs before other symptoms
+* Begins near the belly button and then moves lower and to the right
+* Is new and unlike any pain felt before
+* Gets worse in a matter of hours
+* Gets worse when moving around, taking deep breaths, [[coughing]], or [[sneezing]]
+''Other symptoms of Appendicitis may include'':
+* [[Loss of appetite]]
+* [[Nausea]]
+* [[Vomiting]]
+* [[Constipation]] or [[diarrhea]]
+* Inability to pass gas
+* [[Low-grade fever]] that follows other symptoms
+* The feeling that passing stool will relieve discomfort
-==What is Appendicitis?==
+''Symptoms vary and can mimic other sources of abdominal pain, including'':
-Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix.
+* Intestinal obstruction
+* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
+* Pelvic inflammatory disease and other gynecological disorders
+* Intestinal adhesions
+* [[Constipation]]
-Your appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine and located in the lower right area of the abdomen. Scientists are not sure what the appendix does, if anything, but removing it does not appear to affect a person’s health. The inside of the appendix is called the appendiceal lumen. Mucus created by the appendix travels through the appendiceal lumen and empties into the large intestine.
+''Diseases with similar symptoms''
-==What are the symptoms of Appendicitis?==
+According to age group:
-Most people with appendicitis have classic symptoms that a doctor can easily identify. The main symptom of appendicitis is abdominal pain.
+===In children:===
+* [[Gastroenteritis]]
+* [[Mesenteric adenitis]]
+* [[Meckel's diverticulum]]
+* [[Intussusception]]
+* [[Henoch-Schõnlein purpura]]
+* Lobar [[pneumonia]]
-'''The abdominal pain usually''':
+===In adults:===
-* occurs suddenly, often causing a person to wake up at night
+* [[Regional enteritis]]
-* occurs before other symptoms
+* [[Renal colic]]
-* begins near the belly button and then moves lower and to the right
+* Perforated [[peptic ulcer]]
-* is new and unlike any pain felt before
+* [[Testicular torsion]]
-* gets worse in a matter of hours
+* [[Pancreatitis]]
-* gets worse when moving around, taking deep breaths, coughing, or sneezing
+* [[Rectus sheath hematoma]]
+* [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]]
+* [[Ectopic pregnancy]]
+* [[Endometriosis]]
+* Torsion/rupture of [[ovarian cyst]]
+* Ruptured [[Graafian follicle]]
-'''Other symptoms of appendicitis may include''':
+===In the elderly:===
-* loss of appetite
+* [[Diverticulitis]]
-* nausea
+* [[Intestinal obstruction]]
-* vomiting
+* [[Colonic carcinoma]]
-* constipation or diarrhea
+* [[Mesenteric infarction]]
-* inability to pass gas
+* Leaking [[aortic aneurysm]].
-* a low-grade fever that follows other symptoms
-* abdominal swelling
-* the feeling that passing stool will relieve discomfort
-'''Symptoms vary and can mimic other sources of abdominal pain, including''':
+==What causes Appendicitis?==
-* intestinal obstruction
+Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen causes appendicitis. Mucus backs up in the appendiceal lumen, causing bacteria that normally live inside the appendix to multiply. As a result, the appendix swells and becomes infected. Sources of obstruction include:
-* inflammatory bowel disease
+* Feces, parasites, or growths that clog the appendiceal lumen.
-* pelvic inflammatory disease and other gynecological disorders
+* Enlarged lymph tissue in the wall of the appendix, caused by infection in the gastrointestinal tract or elsewhere in the body
-* intestinal adhesions
+* Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
-* constipation
+* Trauma to the abdomen.
+An inflamed appendix will likely burst if not removed. Bursting spreads infection throughout the abdomen—a potentially dangerous condition called peritonitis.
-==Who is at risk for Appendicitis?==
+==Who is at highest risk?==
 Anyone can get appendicitis, but it is more common among people 10 to 30 years old. Appendicitis leads to more emergency abdominal surgeries than any other cause.
-==How to know you have Appendicitis(Diagnosis)?==
+==Diagnosis==
-A doctor or other health care provider can diagnose most cases of appendicitis by taking a person’s medical history and performing a physical examination. If a person shows classic symptoms, a doctor may suggest surgery right away to remove the appendix before it bursts. Doctors may use laboratory and imaging tests to confirm appendicitis if a person does not have classic symptoms. Tests may also help diagnose appendicitis in people who cannot adequately describe their symptoms, such as children or the mentally impaired.
+A doctor or other health care provider can diagnose most cases of appendicitis by taking a person’s medical history and performing a [[physical examination]]. If a person shows classic symptoms, a doctor may suggest [[surgery]] right away to remove the appendix before it bursts. Doctors may use laboratory and imaging tests to confirm appendicitis if a person does not have classic symptoms. Tests may also help diagnose appendicitis in people who cannot adequately describe their symptoms, such as children or the mentally impaired.
 ===Medical History===
-The doctor will ask specific questions about symptoms and health history. Answers to these questions will help rule out other conditions. The doctor will want to know when the pain began and its exact location and severity. Knowing when other symptoms appeared relative to the pain is also helpful. The doctor will ask questions about other medical conditions, previous illnesses and surgeries, and use of medications, alcohol, or illegal drugs.
+The doctor will ask specific questions about symptoms and health history. Answers to these questions will help rule out other conditions. The doctor will want to know when the [[pain]] began and its exact location and severity. Knowing when other symptoms appeared relative to the pain is also helpful. The doctor will ask questions about other medical conditions, previous illnesses and surgeries, and use of medications, alcohol, or illegal drugs.
 ===Physical Examination===
 Details about the abdominal pain are key to diagnosing appendicitis. The doctor will assess pain by touching or applying pressure to specific areas of the abdomen.
-'''Responses that may indicate appendicitis'''
-*'''Guarding.''' Guarding occurs when a person subconsciously tenses the abdominal muscles during an examination. Voluntary guarding occurs the moment the doctor’s hand touches the abdomen. Involuntary guarding occurs before the doctor actually makes contact.
-*'''Rebound tenderness.''' A doctor tests for rebound tenderness by applying hand pressure to a patient’s abdomen and then letting go. Pain felt upon the release of the pressure indicates rebound tenderness. A person may also experience rebound tenderness as pain when the abdomen is jarred—for example, when a person bumps into something or goes over a bump in a car.
-*'''Rovsing’s sign.''' A doctor tests for Rovsing’s sign by applying hand pressure to the lower left side of the abdomen. Pain felt on the lower right side of the abdomen upon the release of pressure on the left side indicates the presence of Rovsing’s sign.
-*'''Psoas sign.''' The right psoas muscle runs over the pelvis near the appendix. Flexing this muscle will cause abdominal pain if the appendix is inflamed. A doctor can check for the psoas sign by applying resistance to the right knee as the patient tries to lift the right thigh while lying down.
-*'''Obturator sign.''' The right obturator muscle also runs near the appendix. A doctor tests for the obturator sign by asking the patient to lie down with the right leg bent at the knee. Moving the bent knee left and right requires flexing the obturator muscle and will cause abdominal pain if the appendix is inflamed.
 Women of childbearing age may be asked to undergo a pelvic exam to rule out gynecological conditions, which sometimes cause abdominal pain similar to appendicitis.
 The doctor may also examine the rectum, which can be tender from appendicitis.
@@ Line 66: / Line 92: @@
 ===Imaging Tests===
-Computerized tomography (CT) scans, which create cross-sectional images of the body, can help diagnose appendicitis and other sources of abdominal pain. Ultrasound is sometimes used to look for signs of appendicitis, especially in people who are thin or young. An abdominal x ray is rarely helpful in diagnosing appendicitis but can be used to look for other sources of abdominal pain. Women of childbearing age should have a pregnancy test before undergoing x rays or CT scanning. Both use radiation and can be harmful to a developing fetus. Ultrasound does not use radiation and is not harmful to a fetus.
+Computerized tomography ([[CT]]) scans, which create cross-sectional images of the body, can help diagnose appendicitis and other sources of [[abdominal pain]]. [[Ultrasound]] is sometimes used to look for signs of appendicitis, especially in people who are thin or young. An abdominal x ray is rarely helpful in diagnosing appendicitis but can be used to look for other sources of abdominal pain. Women of childbearing age should have a pregnancy test before undergoing x rays or CT scanning. Both use radiation and can be harmful to a developing fetus. Ultrasound does not use radiation and is not harmful to a fetus.
-==When to seek urgent medical care==
+==When to seek urgent medical care?==
 Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate care. People who think they have appendicitis should see a doctor or go to the emergency room right away. Swift diagnosis and treatment reduce the chances the appendix will burst and improve recovery time.
@@ Line 75: / Line 101: @@
 Typically, appendicitis is treated by removing the appendix. If appendicitis is suspected, a doctor will often suggest surgery without conducting extensive diagnostic testing. Prompt surgery decreases the likelihood the appendix will burst.
-Surgery to remove the appendix is called appendectomy and can be done two ways. The older method, called laparotomy, removes the appendix through a single incision in the lower right area of the abdomen. The newer method, called laparoscopic surgery, uses several smaller incisions and special surgical tools fed through the incisions to remove the appendix. Laparoscopic surgery leads to fewer complications, such as hospital-related infections, and has a shorter recovery time.
+Surgery to remove the appendix is called [[appendectomy]] and can be done two ways. The older method, called [[laparotomy]], removes the appendix through a single incision in the lower right area of the abdomen. The newer method, called [[laparoscopic surgery]], uses several smaller incisions and special surgical tools fed through the incisions to remove the appendix. Laparoscopic surgery leads to fewer [[complication]]s, such as hospital-related infections, and has a shorter recovery time.
 Surgery occasionally reveals a normal appendix. In such cases, many surgeons will remove the healthy appendix to eliminate the future possibility of appendicitis. Occasionally, surgery reveals a different problem, which may also be corrected during surgery.
-Sometimes an abscess forms around a burst appendix—called an appendiceal abscess. An abscess is a pus-filled mass that results from the body’s attempt to keep an infection from spreading. An abscess may be addressed during surgery or, more commonly, drained before surgery. To drain an abscess, a tube is placed in the abscess through the abdominal wall. CT is used to help find the abscess. The drainage tube is left in place for about 2 weeks while antibiotics are given to treat infection. Six to 8 weeks later, when infection and inflammation are under control, surgery is performed to remove what remains of the burst appendix.
+Sometimes an [[abscess]] forms around a burst appendix—called an appendiceal abscess. An abscess is a pus-filled mass that results from the body’s attempt to keep an infection from spreading. An abscess may be addressed during surgery or, more commonly, drained before surgery. To drain an abscess, a tube is placed in the abscess through the abdominal wall. CT is used to help find the abscess. The drainage tube is left in place for about 2 weeks while antibiotics are given to treat infection. Six to 8 weeks later, when infection and inflammation are under control, surgery is performed to remove what remains of the burst appendix.
-===Nonsurgical Treatment===
+===Nonsurgical treatment===
 Nonsurgical treatment may be used if surgery is not available, if a person is not well enough to undergo surgery, or if the diagnosis is unclear. Some research suggests that appendicitis can get better without surgery. Nonsurgical treatment includes antibiotics to treat infection and a liquid or soft diet until the infection subsides. A soft diet is low in fiber and easily breaks down in the gastrointestinal tract.
 ===Recovery===
 With adequate care, most people recover from appendicitis and do not need to make changes to diet, exercise, or lifestyle. Full recovery from surgery takes about 4 to 6 weeks. Limiting physical activity during this time allows tissues to heal.
+==Where to find medical care for Appendicitis?==
+[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|yourdisease}}}}&amp;sll=37.0625,-95.677068&amp;sspn=65.008093,112.148438&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;ll=37.0625,-95.677068&amp;spn=91.690419,149.414063&amp;z=2&amp;source=embed Directions to hospitals treating Appendicitis]
-==Diseases with similar symptoms==
+==Prevention of Appendicitis==
+There is no clinically proven method to prevent appendicitis.
-==Where to find medical care for yourdisease==
+==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
-[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|yourdisease}}}}&amp;sll=37.0625,-95.677068&amp;sspn=65.008093,112.148438&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;ll=37.0625,-95.677068&amp;spn=91.690419,149.414063&amp;z=2&amp;source=embed Directions to Hospitals Treating Appendicitis]
+Most appendicitis patients recover easily with treatment, but complications can occur if treatment is delayed or if peritonitis occurs.
-==Prevention of yourdisease==
+Recovery time depends on age, condition, [[complication]]s, and other circumstances, including the amount of alcohol consumption, but usually is between 10 and 28 days. For young children (around 10 years old) the recovery takes three weeks.
-==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)==
+The real possibility of life-threatening peritonitis is the reason why acute appendicitis warrants speedy evaluation and treatment. The patient may have to undergo a medical evacuation. Appendectomies have occasionally been performed in emergency conditions (i.e. outside of a proper hospital), when a timely medical evaluation was impossible.
-==Sources==
-*http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/appendicitis/index.htm#who
+Typical acute appendicitis responds quickly to appendectomy and occasionally will resolve spontaneously. If appendicitis resolves spontaneously, it remains controversial whether an elective interval appendectomy should be performed to prevent a recurrent episode of appendicitis. Atypical appendicitis (associated with suppurative appendicitis) is more difficult to diagnose and is more apt to be complicated even when operated early. In either condition prompt diagnosis and appendectomy yield the best results with full recovery in two to four weeks usually. Mortality and severe complications are unusual but do occur, especially if peritonitis persists and is untreated.
+==Possible complications==
+* Abnormal connections between abdominal organs or between these organs and the skin surface (fistula).
+* Abscess
+* Infection of the surgical wound.
+* [[Peritonitis (patient information)|Peritonitis]]
+==Sources==
+*http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/appendicitis/index.aspx#who
+*http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/appendicitis.html
+*http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000256.htm
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
-{{SIB}}
+[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
-[[Category:Patient Information]] {{WH}} {{WS}}
+[[Category:Inflammations]]
+[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
+[[Category:General surgery]]
+[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Patient information]]