Lymphoma: Difference between revisions

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	Lymphoma;
	Lymph node: Malignant Lymphoma Large Cell Type: Gross natural color excellent view of cut mesentery showing massively enlarged mesenteric nodes with focal hemorrhages case diagnosed several years ago as reticulum cell sarcoma excellent demonstration of nodes with lymphoma. ; Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

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Latest revision as of 21:06, 9 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ross Bonander, Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system). There are many types of lymphoma. Lymphomas are part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms. It was discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832 and was called Hodgkin's Disease throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Colloquially, lymphoma is broadly categorized as Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all other types of lymphoma). Scientific classification of the types of lymphoma is more detailed. Although older classifications referred to histiocytic lymphomas, these are recognized in newer classifications as of B, T or NK cell lineage. Histiocytic malignancies are rare and are classified as sarcomas.^[1]

Classification

Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Classical

Nodular sclerosis

Lymphocyte rich

Mixed cellularity

Lymphocyte depleted

Nodular lymphocyte

B-cell Lymphoma

T cell Lymphoma

Precursor B cell

Peripheral B cell

Precursor B cell

Peripheral B cell

Acute Lymphobalstic lymphoma

Small Lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Mantle cell lymphoma
Follicular Lymphoma
Marginal zone lymphoma
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma

Acute Lymphobalstic lymphoma

Anaplastic large cell T lymphoma
Peripheral T cell lymphoma
Mycosis fungoidies

Differentiating Lymphoma From Other Diseases

Differentiating diagnosis of Lymphoma	Symptoms					Signs			Diagnosis	Additional Findings
Differentiating diagnosis of Lymphoma	Fever	Rash	Diarrhea	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	Painful lymphadenopathy	Hepatosplenomegaly	Arthritis	Lab Findings	Additional Findings
Lymphoma	+	–	–	+	+	–	+	–	Increase ESR, increased LDH	Night sweats, constant fatigue
Brucellosis	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	+	Relative lymphocytosis	Night sweats, often with characteristic smell, likened to wet hay
Typhoid fever	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	+	Decreased hemoglobin	Incremental increase in temperature initially and than sustained fever as high as 40°C (104°F)
Malaria	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	+	Microcytosis, elevated LDH	"Tertian" fever: paroxysms occur every second day
Tuberculosis	+	+	–	+	+	+	–	+	Mild normocytic anemia, hyponatremia, and hypercalcemia	Night sweats, constant fatigue
Mumps	+	–	–	–	–	+	–	–	Relative lymphocytosis, serum amylaseelevated	Parotidswelling/tenderness
Rheumatoid arthritis	–	+	–	–	–	–	–	+	ESR and CRP elevated, positive rheumatoid factor	Morning stiffness
SLE	–	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	ESR and CRP elevated, positive ANA	Fatigue
HIV	–	–	–	+	+	+	–	+	Leukopenia	Constant fatigue

CNS lymphoma must be differentiated from other causes of seizures, headache, and fever in immunocompromised patients such as disseminated tuberculosis and disseminated aspergillosis.

Disease	Differentiating signs and symptoms	Differentiating tests
CNS lymphoma^[2]	Patient is immunocompetent Focal symptoms indicative of a mass lesion Seizure	Single solitary ring enhancing lesion on CT or MRI
Disseminated tuberculosis^[3]	Prior history of residence in an endemic area Chronic cough, weight loss, hemoptysis	PCR of CSF for tuberculosis Mycobacterial culture of CSF Brain biopsy for acid-fast bacilli staining Culture and acid stain positive for acid-fast bacilli CXR shows cavitations
Aspergillosis^[4]	Pulmonary lesions in addition to CNS lesions Symptoms may include cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis	CSF fungal culture, galactomannan
Cryptococcosis	Symptoms include cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis	Cryptococcal antigen from CSF and serum CSF fungal culture
Chagas disease^[5]	History of residence in Central or South America Acute infection is rarely symptomatic Encephalitis or focal brain lesions Myocarditis Chronic infections in immunocompromised patients develop into encephalitis with necrotic brain lesions causing a mass effect	Trypanosoma cruzi in blood, tissue, or CSF, PCR of tissue or body fluids, and serologic tests
CMV infection^[6]	Most common CNS opportunistic infection in AIDS patients Presents with encephalitis, retinitis, progressive myelitis, or polyradiculitis In disseminated disease, it involves both the liver and kidneys	Brain CT/MRI/biopsy: location of lesions is usually near the brain stem or periventricular areas PCR of CSF with detectable virus is diagnostic Brain biopsy with + staining for CMV or evidence of owl's eyes is also diagnostic, but it is rarely performed because of the location of brain lesions
HSV infection^[7]	Seizures, headache, confusion and/or urinary retention can be seen in disseminated disease, which usually affects only the immunocompromised or acute infections In pregnant women, it may be associated with concurrent genital/oral lesions; can be spread to the neonate during acute infection in the mother, or via viral shedding in the birth canal Neonatal HSV can range from localized skin infections to encephalitis, pneumonitis, and disseminated disease	Brain CT/MRI/biopsy: location of lesions is usually the medial temporal lobe or the orbital surface of the frontal lobe. PCR of CSF with detectable virus is diagnostic
Varicella Zoster infection^[8]	Multifocal involvement has subacute course, usually only in immunosuppressed, with headache, fever, focal deficits, and seizures. Unifocal involvement is more typically seen in immunocompetent hosts, occurring after contralateral cranial nerve herpes zoster, with mental status changes, TIAs, and stroke Disseminated varicella zoster virus can occur in adults during primary infection, presenting with pneumonitis and/or hepatitis Disease is a vasculopathy with hemorrhage and stroke	PCR of CSF with detectable virus is diagnostic
Brain abscess^[9]^[10]	Associated with sinusitis (abutting the sinuses) or with bacteremia Signs and symptoms includes fever and necrotizing brain lesions with mass effect	CSF culture or culture of brain abscess
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy^[11]	Symptoms are often more insidious in onset and progress over months. Symptoms include progressive weakness, poor coordination, with gradual slowing of mental function. Only seen in the immunosuppressed. Rarely associated with fever or other systemic symptoms	PCR of CSF for JC virus Biopsy reveals white matter lesions and not well-circumscribed lesions.

Epidemiology and Demographics

According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, lymphomas account for about five percent of all cases of cancer in the United States.
Hodgkin's lymphoma in particular accounts for less than one percent of all cases of cancer in the United States

References

↑ Pathology and Genetics of Haemo (World Health Organization Classification of Tumours S.). Oxford Univ Pr. ISBN 92-832-2411-6.
↑ Gerstner ER, Batchelor TT (2010). "Primary central nervous system lymphoma". Arch. Neurol. 67 (3): 291–7. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.3. PMID 20212226.
↑ von Reyn CF, Kimambo S, Mtei L, Arbeit RD, Maro I, Bakari M, Matee M, Lahey T, Adams LV, Black W, Mackenzie T, Lyimo J, Tvaroha S, Waddell R, Kreiswirth B, Horsburgh CR, Pallangyo K (2011). "Disseminated tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection: ineffective immunity, polyclonal disease and high mortality". Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 15 (8): 1087–92. doi:10.5588/ijtld.10.0517. PMID 21740673.
↑ Latgé JP (1999). "Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12 (2): 310–50. PMC 88920. PMID 10194462.
↑ Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA (2010). "Chagas disease". Lancet. 375 (9723): 1388–402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X. PMID 20399979.
↑ Emery VC (2001). "Investigation of CMV disease in immunocompromised patients". J. Clin. Pathol. 54 (2): 84–8. PMC 1731357. PMID 11215290.
↑ Bustamante CI, Wade JC (1991). "Herpes simplex virus infection in the immunocompromised cancer patient". J. Clin. Oncol. 9 (10): 1903–15. doi:10.1200/JCO.1991.9.10.1903. PMID 1919640.
↑ Hambleton S (2005). "Chickenpox". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 18 (3): 235–40. PMID 15864101.
↑ Alvis Miranda H, Castellar-Leones SM, Elzain MA, Moscote-Salazar LR (2013). "Brain abscess: Current management". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 4 (Suppl 1): S67–81. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.116472. PMC 3808066. PMID 24174804.
↑ Patel K, Clifford DB (2014). "Bacterial brain abscess". Neurohospitalist. 4 (4): 196–204. doi:10.1177/1941874414540684. PMC 4212419. PMID 25360205.
↑ Tan CS, Koralnik IJ (2010). "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis". Lancet Neurol. 9 (4): 425–37. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70040-5. PMC 2880524. PMID 20298966.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[isbn92-832-2411-6-1] Pathology and Genetics of Haemo (World Health Organization Classification of Tumours S.). Oxford Univ Pr. ISBN 92-832-2411-6.

[pmid20212226-2] Gerstner ER, Batchelor TT (2010). "Primary central nervous system lymphoma". Arch. Neurol. 67 (3): 291–7. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.3. PMID 20212226.

[pmid21740673-3] von Reyn CF, Kimambo S, Mtei L, Arbeit RD, Maro I, Bakari M, Matee M, Lahey T, Adams LV, Black W, Mackenzie T, Lyimo J, Tvaroha S, Waddell R, Kreiswirth B, Horsburgh CR, Pallangyo K (2011). "Disseminated tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection: ineffective immunity, polyclonal disease and high mortality". Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 15 (8): 1087–92. doi:10.5588/ijtld.10.0517. PMID 21740673.

[pmid10194462-4] Latgé JP (1999). "Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12 (2): 310–50. PMC 88920. PMID 10194462.

[pmid20399979-5] Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA (2010). "Chagas disease". Lancet. 375 (9723): 1388–402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X. PMID 20399979.

[pmid11215290-6] Emery VC (2001). "Investigation of CMV disease in immunocompromised patients". J. Clin. Pathol. 54 (2): 84–8. PMC 1731357. PMID 11215290.

[pmid1919640-7] Bustamante CI, Wade JC (1991). "Herpes simplex virus infection in the immunocompromised cancer patient". J. Clin. Oncol. 9 (10): 1903–15. doi:10.1200/JCO.1991.9.10.1903. PMID 1919640.

[pmid15864101-8] Hambleton S (2005). "Chickenpox". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 18 (3): 235–40. PMID 15864101.

[pmid24174804-9] Alvis Miranda H, Castellar-Leones SM, Elzain MA, Moscote-Salazar LR (2013). "Brain abscess: Current management". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 4 (Suppl 1): S67–81. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.116472. PMC 3808066. PMID 24174804.

[pmid25360205-10] Patel K, Clifford DB (2014). "Bacterial brain abscess". Neurohospitalist. 4 (4): 196–204. doi:10.1177/1941874414540684. PMC 4212419. PMID 25360205.

[pmid20298966-11] Tan CS, Koralnik IJ (2010). "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis". Lancet Neurol. 9 (4): 425–37. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70040-5. PMC 2880524. PMID 20298966.

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