Acute aortic regurgitation medical therapy: Difference between revisions
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{{ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{CMG}} | {| class="infobox" style="float:right;" | ||
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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Aortic regurgitation resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br> | |||
| [[Aortic regurgitation resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']] | |||
|} | |||
{{Aortic insufficiency}} | |||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan]], M.B.B.S; {{USAMA}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
In [[patients]] with acute severe [[AR]] resulting from [[infectious endocarditis]] or [[aortic dissection]], reduction [[LV]] afterload by [[medications]] may be a temporary stabilization, but [[surgery]] should not be delayed, especially in the presence of [[hypotension]], [[pulmonary edema]], or evidence of [[low flow]]. [[Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation]] is contraindicated in [[patients]] with acute severe [[AR]]. [[Beta blockers ]] are often used in treating [[aortic dissection]]. However, these agents should be used very cautiously because of block the compensatory [[tachycardia]] and reduction in [[blood pressure]]. | |||
==Medical Therapy== | |||
*In [[patients]] with acute severe [[AR]] resulting from [[infectious endocarditis]] or [[aortic dissection]], reduction [[LV]] afterload by [[medications]] may be a temporary stabilization, but [[surgery]] should not be delayed, especially in the presence of [[hypotension]], [[pulmonary edema]], or evidence of [[low flow]]. | |||
* [[Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation]] is contraindicated in [[patients]] with acute severe [[AR]]. | |||
* [[Beta blockers ]] are often used in treating [[aortic dissection]]. However, these agents should be used very cautiously because of block the compensatory [[tachycardia]] and reduction in [[blood pressure]].<ref name="pmid33332149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Gentile F, Jneid H, Krieger EV, Mack M, McLeod C, O'Gara PT, Rigolin VH, Sundt TM, Thompson A, Toly C |title=2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=e35–e71 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33332149 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000932 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Therapeutic Options== | |||
===Nitroprusside=== | |||
[[Nitroprusside]] lowers [[afterload]] and thereby reduces retrograde flow and [[left ventricular end diastolic pressure]].<ref name="pmid983953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller RR, Vismara LA, DeMaria AN, Salel AF, Mason DT |title=Afterload reduction therapy with nitroprusside in severe aortic regurgitation: improved cardiac performance and reduced regurgitant volume |journal=Am J Cardiol |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=564–7 |date=November 1976 |pmid=983953 |doi=10.1016/s0002-9149(76)80003-3 |url=}}</ref> | |||
[[ | ===Inotropic Agents=== | ||
Inotropic agents such as [[dopamine]] and [[dobutamine]] can be used to increase the contractility of the [[heart]] resulting in improved forward flow.<ref name="pmid29340539">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubin A, Lattanzio B, Gatti L |title=The spectrum of cardiovascular effects of dobutamine - from healthy subjects to septic shock patients |language=Portuguese |journal=Rev Bras Ter Intensiva |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=490–498 |date=2017 |pmid=29340539 |pmc=5764562 |doi=10.5935/0103-507X.20170068 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Beta Blockers=== | |||
[[Beta blockers]] which are often used in managing [[aortic dissection]] should be used very cautiously in the presence of acute [[AR]] as [[beta blockers]] can block the compensatory [[tachycardia]] and worsen the [[cardiac output]]. | |||
== | ===Intraaortic Balloon Pump=== | ||
{{ | Insertion of an [[intraaortic balloon pump]] is contraindicated in acute [[AR]], as it may worsen the severity of the regurgitation.<ref name="pmid21788594">{{cite journal| author=Rius JB, Mercè AS, del Blanco BG, Aguasca GM, Mas PT, García-Dorado García D| title=Resolution of shock-induced aortic regurgitation with an intraaortic balloon pump. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 124 | issue= 4 | pages= e131 | pmid=21788594 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038653 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21788594 }} </ref> | ||
== 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines<ref name="pmid33332150">{{cite journal| author=Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Gentile F | display-authors=etal| title=2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2021 | volume= 143 | issue= 5 | pages= e72-e227 | pmid=33332150 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33332150 }}</ref> == | |||
Medical treatment to lower LV afterload may temporarily stabilize patients with acute severe AR brought on by IE or aortic dissection, but surgery should not be postponed, especially if there is hypotension, pulmonary edema, or indications of low flow. | |||
Aortic dissection is frequently treated with beta-blockers. However, these medications should only be used very sparingly, if at all, for other acute AR reasons because they will prevent compensatory tachycardia and may induce a significant drop in blood pressure. | |||
==Reference== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[CME Category::Cardiology]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Cardiology]] | |||
[[Category:Valvular heart disease]] | |||
[[Category:Congenital heart disease]] | |||
[[Category:Surgery]] | |||
[[Category:Cardiac surgery]] | |||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:59, 8 December 2022
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Acute Aortic regurgitation |
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Acute aortic regurgitation medical therapy On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Acute aortic regurgitation medical therapy |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Acute aortic regurgitation medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S; Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
Overview
In patients with acute severe AR resulting from infectious endocarditis or aortic dissection, reduction LV afterload by medications may be a temporary stabilization, but surgery should not be delayed, especially in the presence of hypotension, pulmonary edema, or evidence of low flow. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation is contraindicated in patients with acute severe AR. Beta blockers are often used in treating aortic dissection. However, these agents should be used very cautiously because of block the compensatory tachycardia and reduction in blood pressure.
Medical Therapy
- In patients with acute severe AR resulting from infectious endocarditis or aortic dissection, reduction LV afterload by medications may be a temporary stabilization, but surgery should not be delayed, especially in the presence of hypotension, pulmonary edema, or evidence of low flow.
- Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation is contraindicated in patients with acute severe AR.
- Beta blockers are often used in treating aortic dissection. However, these agents should be used very cautiously because of block the compensatory tachycardia and reduction in blood pressure.[1]
Therapeutic Options
Nitroprusside
Nitroprusside lowers afterload and thereby reduces retrograde flow and left ventricular end diastolic pressure.[2]
Inotropic Agents
Inotropic agents such as dopamine and dobutamine can be used to increase the contractility of the heart resulting in improved forward flow.[3]
Beta Blockers
Beta blockers which are often used in managing aortic dissection should be used very cautiously in the presence of acute AR as beta blockers can block the compensatory tachycardia and worsen the cardiac output.
Intraaortic Balloon Pump
Insertion of an intraaortic balloon pump is contraindicated in acute AR, as it may worsen the severity of the regurgitation.[4]
2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines[5]
Medical treatment to lower LV afterload may temporarily stabilize patients with acute severe AR brought on by IE or aortic dissection, but surgery should not be postponed, especially if there is hypotension, pulmonary edema, or indications of low flow.
Aortic dissection is frequently treated with beta-blockers. However, these medications should only be used very sparingly, if at all, for other acute AR reasons because they will prevent compensatory tachycardia and may induce a significant drop in blood pressure.
Reference
- ↑ Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Gentile F, Jneid H, Krieger EV, Mack M, McLeod C, O'Gara PT, Rigolin VH, Sundt TM, Thompson A, Toly C (February 2021). "2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 143 (5): e35–e71. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000932. PMID 33332149 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Miller RR, Vismara LA, DeMaria AN, Salel AF, Mason DT (November 1976). "Afterload reduction therapy with nitroprusside in severe aortic regurgitation: improved cardiac performance and reduced regurgitant volume". Am J Cardiol. 38 (5): 564–7. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(76)80003-3. PMID 983953.
- ↑ Dubin A, Lattanzio B, Gatti L (2017). "The spectrum of cardiovascular effects of dobutamine - from healthy subjects to septic shock patients". Rev Bras Ter Intensiva (in Portuguese). 29 (4): 490–498. doi:10.5935/0103-507X.20170068. PMC 5764562. PMID 29340539.
- ↑ Rius JB, Mercè AS, del Blanco BG, Aguasca GM, Mas PT, García-Dorado García D (2011). "Resolution of shock-induced aortic regurgitation with an intraaortic balloon pump". Circulation. 124 (4): e131. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038653. PMID 21788594.
- ↑ Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Gentile F; et al. (2021). "2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 143 (5): e72–e227. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923. PMID 33332150 Check
|pmid=value (help).