Trisomy 22: Difference between revisions
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{{ | ==Overview== | ||
'''Trisomy 22''' is a [[chromosomal disorder]] in which there are three copies of [[chromosome 22]] rather than two. It is a frequent cause of [[spontaneous abortion]] during the first trimester of [[pregnancy]]. Progression to the second trimester and livebirth are rare. This disorder is found in individuals with an extra copy or a variation of chromosome 22 in some or all cells of their body. There are many kinds of disorders associated with Trisomy 22: | |||
'''[[Emanuel syndrome|Emanuel Syndrome]]''' <ref>{{cite web|title=EmanuelSyndrome.org|url=http://www.c22c.org/disorders.htm|publisher=chromosome 22 central|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> is named after the genetic contributions made by researcher Dr. Beverly Emanuel. This condition is assigned to individuals born with an unbalanced 11/22 [[Chromosomal translocation|translocation]]. That is, when a fragment of chromosome 11 is moved, or translocated to chromosome 22. | |||
'''22q11 Deletion Syndrome''' <ref>{{cite web|title=22q11 Deletion Syndrome|url=http://www.c22c.org/vcfs.htm|publisher=chromosome 22 central|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> is a rare condition which occurs in approximately 1 in 4000 births. This condition is identified when a band in the q11.2 section of the arm of chromosome 22 is missing or deleted. This condition has several different names, The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge Syndrome, Conotruncal Anomaly Face syndrome, Opitz G/BBB Syndrome, Cayler Cardiofacial Syndrome.The effects of this disorder are different in each individual but similarities exist such as heart defects, immune system problems, a distinctive facial appearance, learning challenges, cleft palate, hearing loss, kidney problems, hypocalcemia, and sometimes psychiatric issues. | |||
== | '''22q11 microduplication syndrome'''<ref>{{cite web|title=22q11 Microduplication|url=http://www.c22c.org/22q11dup.htm|publisher=Chromosome 22 central|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> is the opposite of the 22q11 deletion syndrome, in this condition, a band of q.11.2 section of chromosome 22 is duplicated. Individuals carrying this deficiency are relatively “normal” as in they don’t possess any major birth defects or major medical illnesses. This microduplication is more common than the deletion; this might be due to the milder phenotype of the individuals. | ||
''' | |||
'''Phelan-McDermid Syndrome / 22q13 Deletion Syndrome'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Phelan-McDermid Syndrome / 22q13 Deletion Syndrome|url=http://www.c22c.org/pms.htm|publisher=Chromosome 22 Central|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> is a condition caused by the deletion of the tip of the q arm on chromosome 22. Most individuals with this disorder experience cognitive delays as well as low muscle tone and sleeping, eating and behavioural issues. | |||
'''Chromosome Ring 22'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Chromosome 22 Ring|url=http://www.c22c.org/ring22.htm|publisher=Chromosome 22 Central|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> is a rare disorder caused by the break and re-join of both ends of chromosome 22, forming a ring. The effects on the individual with this disorder are dependent on the amount of genetic information lost during the break/re-join. Major characteristics for this disorder are mental retardation, muscle weakness and lack of coordination. | |||
'''Cat Eye Syndrome / Schmid Fraccaro Syndrome'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cat Eye Syndrome / Schmid Fraccaro Syndrome|url=http://www.c22c.org/ces.htm|publisher=Chromosome 22 Central|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> is a condition caused by a partial trisomy or tetrasomy in chromosome 22. A small extra chromosome is found, made up of the top half of chromosome 22 and a portion of the q arm at the q11.2 break. This chromosome can be found three or four times. This syndrome is referred as “Cat Eye” due to the eye appearance of reported affected individuals who have [[coloboma]] of the iris; however, this feature is only seen in about half of the cases. | |||
'''Mosaic trisomy 22'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosaic Trisomy 22|url=http://www.c22c.org/mt22.htm|publisher=Chromosome 22 Central|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> is a disorder in which an extra chromosome 22 is found only in some cells of the body. The severity of each case is determined by the number of cells with this extra copy. Some characteristics of individuals with this condition are cardiac abnormalities, growth retardation, mental delay, etc.. | |||
'''Complete Trisomy 22'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Complete Trisomy 22|url=http://www.c22c.org/t22.htm|publisher=Chromosome 22 Central|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> is in contrast with Mosaic trisomy 22; this disorder is characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 22 which is found in each cell of the body of the affected individual. These cases are very rare, and most of the affected individuals die before birth or shortly after. | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Cat eye syndrome]] | |||
== | ==Notes== | ||
{{ | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Mokate T, Leask K, Mehta S, etal |title=Non-mosaic trisomy 22: a report of 2 cases |journal=Prenat. Diagn. |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=962–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16906599 |doi=10.1002/pd.1537}} | |||
==External links== | |||
*[http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=6236 Humpath 6236] | |||
[ | |||
{{Chromosomal abnormalities}} | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Genetics]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:50, 11 December 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Trisomy 22 is a chromosomal disorder in which there are three copies of chromosome 22 rather than two. It is a frequent cause of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. Progression to the second trimester and livebirth are rare. This disorder is found in individuals with an extra copy or a variation of chromosome 22 in some or all cells of their body. There are many kinds of disorders associated with Trisomy 22:
Emanuel Syndrome [1] is named after the genetic contributions made by researcher Dr. Beverly Emanuel. This condition is assigned to individuals born with an unbalanced 11/22 translocation. That is, when a fragment of chromosome 11 is moved, or translocated to chromosome 22.
22q11 Deletion Syndrome [2] is a rare condition which occurs in approximately 1 in 4000 births. This condition is identified when a band in the q11.2 section of the arm of chromosome 22 is missing or deleted. This condition has several different names, The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge Syndrome, Conotruncal Anomaly Face syndrome, Opitz G/BBB Syndrome, Cayler Cardiofacial Syndrome.The effects of this disorder are different in each individual but similarities exist such as heart defects, immune system problems, a distinctive facial appearance, learning challenges, cleft palate, hearing loss, kidney problems, hypocalcemia, and sometimes psychiatric issues.
22q11 microduplication syndrome[3] is the opposite of the 22q11 deletion syndrome, in this condition, a band of q.11.2 section of chromosome 22 is duplicated. Individuals carrying this deficiency are relatively “normal” as in they don’t possess any major birth defects or major medical illnesses. This microduplication is more common than the deletion; this might be due to the milder phenotype of the individuals.
Phelan-McDermid Syndrome / 22q13 Deletion Syndrome[4] is a condition caused by the deletion of the tip of the q arm on chromosome 22. Most individuals with this disorder experience cognitive delays as well as low muscle tone and sleeping, eating and behavioural issues.
Chromosome Ring 22[5] is a rare disorder caused by the break and re-join of both ends of chromosome 22, forming a ring. The effects on the individual with this disorder are dependent on the amount of genetic information lost during the break/re-join. Major characteristics for this disorder are mental retardation, muscle weakness and lack of coordination.
Cat Eye Syndrome / Schmid Fraccaro Syndrome[6] is a condition caused by a partial trisomy or tetrasomy in chromosome 22. A small extra chromosome is found, made up of the top half of chromosome 22 and a portion of the q arm at the q11.2 break. This chromosome can be found three or four times. This syndrome is referred as “Cat Eye” due to the eye appearance of reported affected individuals who have coloboma of the iris; however, this feature is only seen in about half of the cases.
Mosaic trisomy 22[7] is a disorder in which an extra chromosome 22 is found only in some cells of the body. The severity of each case is determined by the number of cells with this extra copy. Some characteristics of individuals with this condition are cardiac abnormalities, growth retardation, mental delay, etc..
Complete Trisomy 22[8] is in contrast with Mosaic trisomy 22; this disorder is characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 22 which is found in each cell of the body of the affected individual. These cases are very rare, and most of the affected individuals die before birth or shortly after.
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ "EmanuelSyndrome.org". chromosome 22 central. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ↑ "22q11 Deletion Syndrome". chromosome 22 central. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ↑ "22q11 Microduplication". Chromosome 22 central. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ↑ "Phelan-McDermid Syndrome / 22q13 Deletion Syndrome". Chromosome 22 Central. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ↑ "Chromosome 22 Ring". Chromosome 22 Central. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ↑ "Cat Eye Syndrome / Schmid Fraccaro Syndrome". Chromosome 22 Central. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ↑ "Mosaic Trisomy 22". Chromosome 22 Central. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ↑ "Complete Trisomy 22". Chromosome 22 Central. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- Mokate T, Leask K, Mehta S, et al. (2006). "Non-mosaic trisomy 22: a report of 2 cases". Prenat. Diagn. 26 (10): 962–5. doi:10.1002/pd.1537. PMID 16906599.