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{{Atrial septal defect}}
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [[mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]]; {{CZ}}'''; Assistant Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]] [[mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org]]
{{Patent foramen ovale}}


==Overview==
'''For patient information click [[Patent foramen ovale (patient information)|here]]'''
A [[patent foramen ovale]] is a communication between the right and left atrium. Despite the communication between the two atrium, it is not considered an [[atrial septal defect]] as the septal tissue is not missing.


==Embryology==
'''For full discussion on atrial septal defects click [[atrial septal defect|here]].'''
The presence of a patent foramen ovale is due to failure of fusion between the '''septum primum''' and '''septum secundum'''.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' {{IO}}, [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com], [[Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]] [mailto:kfeeney@elon.edu]
Approximately 1 in every three normal adult hearts have a [[patent foramen ovale]].


==Pathophysiology==
'''''Synonyms and Keywords:''''' Patent foramen; PFO; probe patent PFO
In case of elevation of pressure in the right side of heart, shunting of blood from right atrium to left atrium can occur across it.
==[[Patent foramen ovale overview|Overview]]==


* The patent [[foramen ovale]] is completely covered but not completely sealed. Due to this, it is also sometimes called as a '''probe patent''' (PFO) (as the foramen can be opened with reversal of shunt).
==[[Patent foramen ovale historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


* Clinically it is linked to [[decompression sickness]], [[paradoxical embolism]] and [[migraine]]. In addition, there is some data to suggest that [[PFO]]s may be involved in the pathogenesis of some [[migraine]] headaches. Several clinical trials are currently underway to investigate the role of PFO in these clinical situations. There is a debate within the neurology and cardiology communities about the role of a PFO in [[cryptogenic]] (i.e. of unknown cause) neurologic events, e.g. [[strokes]] and [[transient ischemia attacks]] (TIAs) without any other potential cause. On echocardiography, there may not be any shunting of blood noted except when the patient coughs.
==[[Patent foramen ovale pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


* Elevation of pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system (i.e.: [[pulmonary hypertension]] due to various causes, or transiently during a [[cough]]) can cause the foramen ovale to remain open.
==[[Patent foramen ovale causes|Causes]]==


==[[Patent foramen ovale differential diagnosis|Differentiating Patent Foramen Ovale from other Diseases]]==


* A [[patent foramen ovale]] has been found to occur with increased incidences in families.
==[[Patent foramen ovale epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


==[[Echocardiography showing patent foramen ovale bubble study|Echocardiography showing patent foramen ovale bubble study]]==
==[[Patent foramen ovale risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


==[[Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale|Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale]]==
== [[Patent foramen ovale natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


==References==
==Diagnosis==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Patent foramen ovale history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Patent foramen ovale physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Patent foramen ovale electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Patent foramen ovale chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Patent foramen ovale CT|CT]] | [[Patent foramen ovale MRI|MRI]] | [[Patent foramen ovale echocardiography|Echocardiography]]


==External links==
==Treatment==
* {{EmbryologyTemple|Heart98/heart97a/sld037}}
[[Patent foramen ovale medical therapy|Medical therapy]] | [[Patent foramen ovale surgery|Surgery]] | [[Patent foramen ovale post-surgical follow up|Post-Surgical Management]] | [[Patent foramen ovale post-surgical complications|Post-Surgical Complications]] | [[Patent foramen ovale cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Patent foramen ovale future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
* {{EmbryologyUNC|cardev|039}}
 
* [http://staff.um.edu.mt/acus1/Heart-b.htm Overview at edu.mt]
==Case Studies==
[[Patent foramen ovale case study one|Case#1]]
 
==Related Chapters==
*[[Atrioventricular septal defect]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Atrial septal defect]]


[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
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[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Embryology]]
[[Category:Embryology]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]


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Latest revision as of 15:17, 26 February 2020

Patent Foramen Ovale Microchapters

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Overview

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Causes

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Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

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Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

PFO and Stroke

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

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Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

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Treatment

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Case #1

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For patient information click here

For full discussion on atrial septal defects click here.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Ifeoma Odukwe, M.D. [2], Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [3], Kristin Feeney, B.S. [4]

Synonyms and Keywords: Patent foramen; PFO; probe patent PFO

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Patent Foramen Ovale from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography

Treatment

Medical therapy | Surgery | Post-Surgical Management | Post-Surgical Complications | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case#1

Related Chapters


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