Xanthelasma: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_Disease
__NOTOC__
| Name          = Xanthelasma
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JH}}.
| Image          = Xanthelasma.jpg
{{SK}}: Xanthelasma palpebrarum.
| Caption        =
| DiseasesDB    = 28519
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|H|02|6|h|00}}
| ICD9          = {{ICD9|374.51}}
| ICDO          =
| OMIM          =
| MedlinePlus    = 001447
| eMedicineSubj  =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID        =
}}
 
{{Search infobox}}
 
{{CMG}}
 
'''''Keywords and Synonyms:''''' plural is xanthelasmata


==Overview==
==Overview==
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==Natural History, Complications, Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, Prognosis==
The lesions themselves are not harmful or painful.  They may, however, be a marker of underlying atherosclerosis.
The lesions themselves are not harmful or painful.  They may, however, be a marker of underlying [[atherosclerosis]]<ref>Christofferson et al. Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort studyBMJ 2011; 343:d5497</ref>.
 
===Association with Atherosclerosis===
In a prospective population based cohort study (The Copenhagen City Heart Study), a total of 12,745 participants who were free of ischemic heart disease and aged 20-93 years were followed for a mean of 22 years <ref>Christofferson et al. Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort studyBMJ 2011; 343:d5497</ref>.  The mulivariate adjusted risk (hazard/odds ratios adjusted for confounders including [[cholesterol]] and [[triglyceride]] concentrations) of an adverse outcome associated with the presence of xanthelasmata were as follows:


*[[Myocardial infarction]]: 1.48 (95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.79)
*[[Ischemic stroke]]: 0.94 (0.73 to 1.21)
* Death: 1.14 (1.04 to 1.26) for death.


Prospective population based cohort study.
Thus, independent of other [[cardiac risk factors]], the presence of a xanthelasma appers to be an independent risk factor for [[atherosclerotic heart disease]]. In the same study, [[arcus senilis]] was not identified as an independent risk factor<ref>BMJ 2011; 343:d5497</ref>.


Setting The Copenhagen City Heart Study.
===Gallery===


Participants 12  745 people aged 20-93 years free of ischaemic vascular disease at baseline and followed from 1976-8 until May 2009 with 100% complete follow-up.
====Head====


Main outcome measures Hazard ratios for myocardial infarction, ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, and death; odds ratios for severe atherosclerosis.
<gallery>


Results 563 (4.4%) of participants had xanthelasmata and 3159 (24.8%) had arcus corneae at baseline. During 33 years’ follow-up (mean 22 years), 1872 developed myocardial infarction, 3699 developed ischaemic heart disease, 1498 developed ischaemic stroke, 1815 developed ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, and 8507 died. Multifactorially adjusted hazard/odds ratios for people with versus those without xanthelasmata were 1.48 (95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.79) for myocardial infarction, 1.39 (1.20 to 1.60) for ischaemic heart disease, 0.94 (0.73 to 1.21) for ischaemic stroke, 0.91 (0.72 to 1.15) for ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, 1.69 (1.03 to 2.79) for severe atherosclerosis, and 1.14 (1.04 to 1.26) for death. The corresponding hazard/odds ratios for people with versus those without arcus corneae were non-significant. In people with versus those without both xanthelasmata and arcus corneae, hazard/odds ratios were 1.47 (1.09 to 1.99) for myocardial infarction, 1.56 (1.25 to 1.94) for ischaemic heart disease, 0.87 (0.57 to 1.31) for ischaemic stroke, 0.86 (0.58 to 1.26) for ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, 2.75 (0.75 to 10.1) for severe atherosclerosis, and 1.09 (0.93 to 1.28) for death. In all age groups in both women and men, absolute 10 year risk of myocardial infarction, ischaemic heart disease, and death increased in the presence of xanthelasmata. The highest absolute 10 year risks of ischaemic heart disease of 53% and 41% were found in men aged 70-79 years with and without xanthelasmata. Corresponding values in women were 35% and 27%.
Image: Xeroderma_pigmentosum_01.png| Xeroderma pigmentosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=12  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="www.atlasdermatologico.com.br">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=500>


Conclusion Xanthelasmata predict risk of myocardial infarction, ischaemic heart disease, severe atherosclerosis, and death in the general population, independently of well known cardiovascular risk factors, including plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. In contrast, arcus corneae is not an important independent predictor of risk.
Image: Xeroderma_pigmentosum_02.png| Xeroderma pigmentosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=12  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="www.atlasdermatologico.com.br">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=500>
 
Image: Xeroderma_pigmentosum_04.png| Xeroderma pigmentosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=12  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="www.atlasdermatologico.com.br">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=500>
 
</gallery>
 
====Extremities====
 
<gallery>
 
Image: Xeroderma_pigmentosum_05.jpeg| Xeroderma pigmentosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=12  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="www.atlasdermatologico.com.br">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=500>
 
</gallery>
 
====Trunk====
 
<gallery>
 
Image: Xeroderma_pigmentosum_03.jpeg| Xeroderma pigmentosum. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=12  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="www.atlasdermatologico.com.br">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=500>
 
</gallery>


==Differential Diagnosis of Associated Conditions==
==Differential Diagnosis of Associated Conditions==
* [[Diabetes]]
* [[Diabetes]]
* [[Hypercholesterolemia|High cholesterol levels]] (specifically [[familial hypercholesterolemia]])
* [[Hypercholesterolemia|High cholesterol levels]] (specifically [[familial hypercholesterolemia]])
* [[LDL]] receptor deficiency
* [[LDL receptor deficiency]]
* [[Menopause]]
* [[Menopause]]
* [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
* [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
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* [[Xanthoma]] (similar collections of cholesterol around tendons)
* [[Xanthoma]] (similar collections of cholesterol around tendons)


 
==References==
{{Eye pathology}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Symptoms and signs}}
 
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date Cardiology]]
 
[[da:Xantelasma]]
[[de:Xanthelasma]]
[[es:Xantelasma]]
[[fr:Xanthelasma]]
[[nl:Xanthelasma]]
[[pt:Xantelasma]]
[[sv:Xantelasma]]
[[pl:Kępki żółte]]
[[tr:Ksantelasma]]
 
 
 
[[Category:Human appearance]]
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Ddx]]
 
{{WH}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 15:04, 20 December 2016

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [2]. Synonyms and keywords:: Xanthelasma palpebrarum.

Overview

Xanthelasma (or xanthelasma palpebrarum) is a sharply demarcated yellowish collection of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids. The plural is "xanthelasmata". The root of the word is from Greek xanthos, ξανθος, "yellow".

Xanthelasma are distinct from xanthoma which are larger and nodular, lesions.[1] Xanthelasma are sometimes classified as a subtype of xanthoma.[2]

Epidemiology and Demographics

A study of 12,745 people from Denmark identified xanthelasmata in 4.4% of participants aged 20-93.

Natural History, Complications, Prognosis

The lesions themselves are not harmful or painful. They may, however, be a marker of underlying atherosclerosis[3].

Association with Atherosclerosis

In a prospective population based cohort study (The Copenhagen City Heart Study), a total of 12,745 participants who were free of ischemic heart disease and aged 20-93 years were followed for a mean of 22 years [4]. The mulivariate adjusted risk (hazard/odds ratios adjusted for confounders including cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations) of an adverse outcome associated with the presence of xanthelasmata were as follows:

Thus, independent of other cardiac risk factors, the presence of a xanthelasma appers to be an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic heart disease. In the same study, arcus senilis was not identified as an independent risk factor[5].

Gallery

Head

Extremities

Trunk

Differential Diagnosis of Associated Conditions

Treatment

These minor growths may be disfiguring and can be removed. Xanthelasmata can be removed with trichloroacetic acid peel, surgery, lasers or cryotherapy. Removal can cause scarring and pigment changes, but it is unusual after treatment with trichloroacetic acid.

See also

  • Xanthoma (similar collections of cholesterol around tendons)

References

  1. ↑ Shields, Carol; Shields, Jerry (2008). Eyelid, conjunctival, and orbital tumors: atlas and textbook. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7578-7.
  2. ↑ thefreedictionary.com > xanthelasma Citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007, 2004 and Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
  3. ↑ Christofferson et al. Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort studyBMJ 2011; 343:d5497
  4. ↑ Christofferson et al. Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort studyBMJ 2011; 343:d5497
  5. ↑ BMJ 2011; 343:d5497
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