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| {{Infobox_Disease
| | #redirect[[Lymphangiomyomatosis]] |
| | Name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| | Image = TS-LAM.png
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| | Caption = [[computed tomography|CT]] scan of a lung with LAM.
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| | DiseasesDB = ddb30755
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| | OMIM = 606690
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| | MeshID = D018192
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| }}
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| {{SI}}
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| {{EH}}
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| ==Overview==
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| '''Lymphangioleiomyomatosis''' (LAM) is the result of disorderly smooth muscle proliferation throughout the bronchioles, alveolar septa, perivascular spaces, and lymphatics, resulting in the obstruction of small airways (leading to pulmonary cyst formation and [[pneumothorax]]) and [[lymphatic system|lymphatics]] (leading to [[chyle|chylous]] [[pleural effusion]]). LAM occurs in a sporadic form, which only affects females, who are usually of childbearing age. LAM also occurs in patients who have [[tuberous sclerosis]].
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| ==Cause==
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| Sporadic LAM only affects women.
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| The proliferating smooth muscle that occurs in the type of LAM seen in patients with [[tuberous sclerosis]] (TSC-LAM) has been shown to represent clones of the smooth muscle in those patients' renal [[angiomyolipoma]]s. Thus it is believed to represent metastases of this "benign" tumor. There is a female preponderance to TSC-LAM.
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| (reference: Henske EP. ''Metastasis of benign tumor cells in tuberous sclerosis complex.'' Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. Dec. 2003. 38(4):376-81)
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| ==Radiography==
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| With LAM, there is diffuse replacement of the pulmonary parenchyma by thin-walled cysts measuring 2-20 mm in diameter, with equal involvement of upper and lower lung zones. On chest X-rays, superimposition of the cysts gives a reticulonodular pattern of [[interstitial lung disease]]. High-resolution [[computed tomography|CT]] of the chest is both more specific for the diagnosis, as well as better able to assess the degree of pulmonary involvement.
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| ==Prognosis==
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| Exact data on survival rates are difficult to collect because LAM is often misdiagnosed as asthma or other more common diseases, and may not be correctly identified until it is in an advanced condition. A comprehensive study of all known British LAM patients found that out of 21 patients that had been observed for 15 years or more since diagnosis, 18 were still alive; and 11 of 12 patients that had been observed for 20 years or more were alive. (reference: Johnson SR, et al ''Survival and disease progression in UK patients with lymphangioleiomyamatosis'' Thorax. 2004. 59:800-803)
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| ==Complications==
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| *Worsening pulmonary insufficiency
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| *[[Pneumothorax]], secondary to rupture of a cyst into the [[pleural space]]
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| *[[chyle|Chylous]] [[pleural effusion]]s
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| ==Treatment==
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| The association of LAM with women of childbearing age suggests that hormonal stimulation plays a role in the disease process, and several approaches to treatment involve diminishing the effect of estrogen. At one time or another, therapeutic approaches have included
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| *[[progesterone]]
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| *[[oophorectomy]]
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| *[[tamoxifen]]
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| *[[gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH) [[GnRH agonist|agonists]]
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| *[[androgen]] therapy
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| No therapy is clearly efficacious, and all have undesirable side-effects. There is some evidence which shows that tamoxifen may actually cause worsening of LAM in some patients.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Lymphangiomyomatosis: a report of three cases treated with tamoxifen | author=Clemm C, Jehn U, Wolf-Hornung B, Siemon G, and Walter G | journal=Klin Wochenschr | year=1987 | volume=65 | pages=391-393 | issue= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Estradiol and tamoxifen stimulate LAM-associated angiomyolipoma cell growth and activate both genomic and nongenomic signaling pathways | author=Yu J, Astrinidis A, Howard S, and Henske E | journal=Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol | year=2004 | volume=286 | pages=L694-L700 | issue= }}</ref>
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| When pulmonary function deteriorates to the point where oxygenation is inadequate, lung transplantation is usually performed. Following lung transplant (usually unilateral), LAM patients have [[Kaplan-Meier estimator]]s (survival curves) similar to other lung transplant patients.
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| [[Doxycycline]] has been proposed as a treatment with minimal side-effects.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Doxycycline Treatment for Lymphangioleiomyomatosis with Urinary Monitoring for MMPs | author=Moses MA, Harper J, Folkman J | journal=New Engl J Med | year=2006 | volume=354 | pages=2621–22 | issue=24 }}</ref>
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| [[Sirolimus]] is being tested for the treatment of LAM. The MILES Trial (Multicenter International LAM Efficacy of Sirolimus Trial) is now underway. The first site, the University of Cincinnati, is open for enrollment. The National Institutes of Health will open enrollment soon. The MILES Trial is randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled. The objective of the Trial is to determine if sirolimus has a beneficial effect on lung function in LAM patients.
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| ==Research==
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| [http://www.lamtreatmentalliance.org/ LAM Treatment Alliance]
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| [http://www.thelamfoundation.org/ The LAM Foundation (US)]
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| ==Support==
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| [http://www.lamaction.org/ LAM Action (UK)]
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| [http://www.thelamfoundation.org/ The LAM Foundation (US)]
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| {{SIB}}
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| [[Category:Lymphatic system]]
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| [[Category:Pulmonology]]
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| [[Category:Rare diseases]]
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| [[nl:Lymfangioleiomyomatose]]
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| [[pl:Limfangioleiomiomatoza]]
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| [[ur:سیالہ وعائی ہمعضلومہ]]
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