Droperidol: Difference between revisions

Droperidol
	Black Box Warning
	Adult Indications & Dosage
	Pediatric Indications & Dosage
	Contraindications
	Warnings & Precautions
	Adverse Reactions
	Drug Interactions
	Use in Specific Populations
	Administration & Monitoring
	Overdosage
	Pharmacology
	Clinical Studies
	How Supplied
	Images
	Patient Counseling Information
	Precautions with Alcohol
	Brand Names
	Look-Alike Names

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 22:12, 16 June 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chetan Lokhande, M.B.B.S [2]

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Black Box Warning

Cases of QT prolongation and/or torsade de pointes have been reported in patients receiving Droperidol at doses at or below recommended doses. Some cases have occurred in patients with no known risk factors for QT prolongation and some cases have been fatal.

See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.

: Due to its potential for serious proarrhythmic effects and death, Droperidol should be reserved for use in the treatment of patients who fail to show an acceptable response to other adequate treatments, either because of insufficient effectiveness or the inability to achieve an effective dose due to intolerable adverse effects from those drugs (see Warnings, Adverse Reactions, Contraindications, and Precautions).

Cases of QT prolongation and serious arrhythmias (e.g., torsade de pointes) have been reported in patients treated with Droperidol. Based on these reports, all patients should undergo a 12-lead ECG prior to administration of Droperidol to determine if a prolonged QT interval (i.e., QTc greater than 440 msec for males or 450 msec for females) is present. If there is a prolonged QT interval, Droperidol should NOT be administered. For patients in whom the potential benefit of Droperidol treatment is felt to outweigh the risks of potentially serious arrhythmias, ECG monitoring should be performed prior to treatment and continued for 2 to 3 hours after completing treatment to monitor for arrhythmias.
Droperidol is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected QT prolongation, including patients with congenital long QT syndrome.
Droperidol should be administered with extreme caution to patients who may be at risk for development of prolonged QT syndrome (e.g., congestive heart failure, bradycardia, use of a diuretic, cardiac hypertrophy, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or administration of other drugs known to increase the QT interval). Other risk factors may include age over 65 years, alcohol abuse, and use of agents such as benzodiazepines, volatile anesthetics, and IV opiates. Droperidol should be initiated at a low dose and adjusted upward, with caution, as needed to achieve the desired effect.

Overview

Droperidol is a general anesthetic that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of prophylaxis use in nausea and vomiting, associated with surgical or diagnostic procedures;. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include cardiovascular: hypotension, tachycardia, neurologic: somnolence, postoperative, psychiatric: anxiety, dysphoric mood, hyperactive behavior, restlessness.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; prophylaxis: optimal dosing and timing not yet defined
Nausea and vomiting, associated with surgical or diagnostic procedures; prophylaxis: initial maximum dose 2.5 mg IM/IV, may repeat 1.25 mg dose based on patient response, caution is advise

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

Agitation - Psychotic disorder.
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; Prophylaxis.
Headache, Benign.
Migraine.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information about Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Droperidol in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

Nausea and vomiting, associated with surgical or diagnostic procedures; Prophylaxis: (2 to 12 years) initial maximum dose 0.1 mg/kg slow IV/IM, may repeat 0.1 mg/kg dose based on patient response, caution is advised

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information about Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Droperidol in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information about Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Droperidol in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

Droperidol is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected QT prolongation (i.e., QTc interval greater than 440 msec for males or 450 msec for females). This would include patients with congenital long QT syndrome.
Droperidol (droperidol) is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug.
Droperidol is not recommended for any use other than for the treatment of perioperative nausea and vomiting in patients for whom other treatments are ineffective or inappropriate (see Warnings).

Warnings

Cases of QT prolongation and/or torsade de pointes have been reported in patients receiving Droperidol at doses at or below recommended doses. Some cases have occurred in patients with no known risk factors for QT prolongation and some cases have been fatal.

See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.

: Due to its potential for serious proarrhythmic effects and death, Droperidol should be reserved for use in the treatment of patients who fail to show an acceptable response to other adequate treatments, either because of insufficient effectiveness or the inability to achieve an effective dose due to intolerable adverse effects from those drugs (see Warnings, Adverse Reactions, Contraindications, and Precautions).

Cases of QT prolongation and serious arrhythmias (e.g., torsade de pointes) have been reported in patients treated with Droperidol. Based on these reports, all patients should undergo a 12-lead ECG prior to administration of Droperidol to determine if a prolonged QT interval (i.e., QTc greater than 440 msec for males or 450 msec for females) is present. If there is a prolonged QT interval, Droperidol should NOT be administered. For patients in whom the potential benefit of Droperidol treatment is felt to outweigh the risks of potentially serious arrhythmias, ECG monitoring should be performed prior to treatment and continued for 2 to 3 hours after completing treatment to monitor for arrhythmias.
Droperidol is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected QT prolongation, including patients with congenital long QT syndrome.
Droperidol should be administered with extreme caution to patients who may be at risk for development of prolonged QT syndrome (e.g., congestive heart failure, bradycardia, use of a diuretic, cardiac hypertrophy, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or administration of other drugs known to increase the QT interval). Other risk factors may include age over 65 years, alcohol abuse, and use of agents such as benzodiazepines, volatile anesthetics, and IV opiates. Droperidol should be initiated at a low dose and adjusted upward, with caution, as needed to achieve the desired effect.

Droperidol should be administered with extreme caution in the presence of risk factors for development of prolonged QT syndrome, such as:

1) clinically significant bradycardia (less than 50 bpm)

2) any clinically significant cardiac disease

3) treatment with Class I and Class III antiarrhythmics

4) treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's)

5) concomitant treatment with other drug products known to prolong the QT interval (see Precautions, Drug Interactions), and

6) electrolyte imbalance, in particular hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, or concomitant treatment with drugs (e.g., diuretics) that may cause electrolyte imbalance.

Effects on Cardiac Conduction

A dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval was observed within 10 minutes of droperidol administration in a study of 40 patients without known cardiac disease who underwent extracranial head and neck surgery. Significant QT prolongation was observed at all three dose levels evaluated, with 0.1, 0.175, and 0.25 mg/kg associated with prolongation of median QTc by 37, 44, and 59 msec, respectively.
Cases of QT prolongation and serious arrhythmias (e.g. torsade de pointes, ventricular arrythmias, cardiac arrest, and death) have been observed during post-marketing treatment with Droperidol. Some cases have occurred in patients with no known risk factors and at doses at or below recommended doses. There has been at least one case of nonfatal torsade de pointes confirmed by rechallenge.
Based on these reports, all patients should undergo a 12-lead ECG prior to administration of Droperidol to determine if a prolonged QT interval (i.e., QTc greater than 440 msec for males or 450 msec for females) is present. If there is a prolonged QT interval, Droperidol should NOT be administered. For patients in whom the potential benefit of Droperidol treatment is felt to outweigh the risks of potentially serious arrhythmias, ECG monitoring should be performed prior to treatment and continued for 2 to 3 hours after completing treatment to monitor for arrhythmias.

Fluids And Other Countermeasures To Manage Hypotension Should Be Readily Available.
As with other CNS depressant drugs, patients who have received Droperidol (droperidol) should have appropriate surveillance.
It is recommended that opioids, when required, initially be used in reduced doses.
As with other neuroleptic agents, very rare reports of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (altered consciousness, muscle rigidity and autonomic instability) have occurred in patients who have received Droperidol (droperidol). Since it may be difficult to distinguish neuroleptic malignant syndrome from malignant hyperpyrexia in the perioperative period, prompt treatment with dantrolene should be considered if increases in temperature, heart rate or carbon dioxide production occur.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

QT interval prolongation, torsade de pointes, cardiac arrest, and ventricular tachycardia have been reported in patients treated with Droperidol. Some of these cases were associated with death. Some cases occurred in patients with no known risk factors, and some were associated with droperidol doses at or below recommended doses.

Physicians should be alert to palpitations, syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of episodes of irregular cardiac rhythm in patients taking Droperidol and promptly evaluate such cases (see Warnings, Effects on Cardiac Conduction).
The most common somatic adverse reactions reported to occur with Droperidol (droperidol) are mild to moderate hypotension and tachycardia, but these effects usually subside without treatment. If hypotension occurs and is severe or persists, the possibility of hypovolemia should be considered and managed with appropriate parenteral fluid therapy.
The most common behavioral adverse effects of Droperidol (droperidol) include dysphoria, postoperative drowsiness, restlessness, hyperactivity and anxiety, which can either be the result of an inadequate dosage (lack of adequate treatment effect) or of an adverse drug reaction (part of the symptom complex of akathisia).
Care should be taken to search for extrapyramidal signs and symptoms (dystonia, akathisia, oculogyric crisis) to differentiate these different clinical conditions. When extrapyramidal symptoms are the cause, they can usually be controlled with anticholinergic agents.
Postoperative hallucinatory episodes (sometimes associated with transient periods of mental depression) have also been reported.
Other less common reported adverse reactions include anaphylaxis, dizziness, chills and/or shivering, laryn-gospasm, and bronchospasm.
Elevated blood pressure, with or without pre-existing hypertension, has been reported following administration of Droperidol combined with Sublimaze (fentanyl citrate) or other parenteral analgesics. This might be due to unexplained alterations in sympathetic activity following large doses: however, it is also frequently attributed to anesthetic or surgical stimulation during light anesthesia.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

Potentially Arrhythmogenic Agents: Any drug known to have the potential to prolong the QT interval should not be used together with Droperidol. Possible pharmacodynamic interactions can occur between Droperidol and potentially arrhythmogenic agents such as class I or III antiarrhythmics, antihistamines that prolong the QT interval, antimalarials, calcium channel blockers, neuroleptics that prolong the QT interval, and antidepressants.

Caution should be used when patients are taking concomitant drugs known to induce hypokalemia or Hypomagnesemia as they may precipitate QT prolongation and interact with Droperidol. These would include diuretics, laxatives and supraphysiological use of steroid hormones with mineralocorticoid potential.
CNS Depressant Drugs: Other CNS depressant drugs (e.g., barbiturates, tranquilizers, opioids and general anesthetics) have additive or potentiating effects with Droperidol. Following the administration of Droperidol, the dose of other CNS depressant drugs should be reduced.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility:

No carcinogenicity studies have been carried out with Droperidol. The micronucleus test in female rats revealed no mutagenic effects in single oral doses as high as 160 mg/kg. An oral study in rats (Segment I) revealed no impairment of fertility in either male or females at 0.63. 2.5 and 10 mg/kg doses (approximately 2.9 and 36 times maximum recommended human iv/im dosage).

Pregnancy: Category C

Droperidol administered intravenously has been shown to cause a slight increase in mortality of the newborn rat at 4.4 times the upper human dose. At 44 times the upper human dose, mortality rate was comparable to that for control animals. Following intramuscular administration, increased mortality of the offspring at 1.8 times the upper human dose is attributed to CNS depression in the dams who neglected to remove placentae from their offspring. Droperidol has not been shown to be teratogenic in animals. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Droperidol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Labor and Delivery

There are insufficient data to support the use of Droperidol in labor and delivery. Therefore, such use is not recommended.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether Droperidol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Droperidol is administered to a nursing mother.

Pediatric Use

The safety of Droperidol in children younger than two years of age has not been established.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): C

Droperidol administered intravenously has been shown to cause a slight increase in mortality of the newborn rat at 4.4 times the upper human dose. At 44 times the upper human dose, mortality rate was comparable to that for control animals. Following intramuscular administration, increased mortality of the offspring at 1.8 times the upper human dose is attributed to CNS depression in the dams who neglected to remove placentae from their offspring. Droperidol has not been shown to be teratogenic in animals. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Droperidol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Droperidol in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There are insufficient data to support the use of Droperidol in labor and delivery. Therefore, such use is not recommended.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether Droperidol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Droperidol is administered to a nursing mother.

Pediatric Use

The safety of Droperidol in children younger than two years of age has not been established.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Droperidol in geriatric settings.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Droperidol with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Droperidol with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Droperidol in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Droperidol in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Droperidol in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Droperidol in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Administration in the drug label.

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Monitoring in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Droperidol and IV administrations.

Overdosage

Manifestations

The manifestations of Droperidol (droperidol) overdosage are an extension of its pharmacologic actions and may include QT prolongation and serious arrhythmias (e.g., torsade de pointes) (see Box Warning, Warnings, and Precautions).

Treatment

In the presence of hypoventilation or apnea, oxygen should be administered and respiration should be assisted or controlled as indicated. A patent airway must be maintained; an oropharyngeal airway or endotracheal tube might be indicated. The patient should be carefully observed for 24 hours; body warmth and adequate fluid intake should be maintained. If hypotension occurs and is severe or persists, the possibility of hypovolemia should be considered and managed with appropriate parenteral fluid therapy (see Precautions).
If significant extrapyramidal reactions occur in the context of an overdose, an anticholinergic should be administered.
The intravenous Median Lethal Dose of Droperidol is 20 to 43 mg/kg in mice; 30 mg/kg in rats; 25 mg/kg in dogs and 11 to 13 mg/kg in rabbits. The intramuscular Median Lethal Dose of Droperidol is 195 mg/kg in mice; 104 to 110 mg/kg in rats; 97 mg/kg in rabbits and 200 mg/kg in guinea pigs.

Pharmacology



Droperidol
Systematic (IUPAC) name
1-{1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one
Identifiers
CAS number	548-73-2
ATC code	N05AD08
PubChem	3168
DrugBank	DB00450
Chemical data
Formula	Template:OrganicBox atom Template:OrganicBox atom Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox atom Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox atom Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox atom Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox Template:OrganicBox
Mol. mass	379.428 g/mol
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Metabolism	Hepatic
Half life	2.3 hours
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	C (US)
Legal status	[[Prescription drug\|Template:Unicode-only]](US)
Routes	Intravenous, Intramuscular

Mechanism of Action

Droperidol (droperidol) produces marked tranquilization and sedation. It allays apprehension and provides a state of mental detachment and indifference while maintaining a state of reflex alertness.
Droperidol produces an antiemetic effect as evidenced by the antagonism of apomorphine in dogs. It lowers the incidence of nausea and vomiting during surgical procedures and provides antiemetic protection in the postoperative period.
Droperidol potentiates other CNS depressants. It produces mild alpha-adrenergic blockade, peripheral vascular dilatation and reduction of the pressor effect of epinephrine. It can produce hypotension and decreased peripheral vascular resistance and may decrease pulmonary arterial pressure (particularly if it is abnormally high). It may reduce the incidence of epinephrine-induced arrhythmias, but it does not prevent other cardiac arrhythmias.
The onset of action of single intramuscular and intravenous doses is from three to ten minutes following administration, although the peak effect may not be apparent for up to thirty minutes. The duration of the tranquilizing and sedative effects generally is two to four hours, although alteration of alertness may persist for as long as twelve hours.

Structure

Droperidol contains droperidol, a neuroleptic (tranquilizer) agent. Droperidol® (droperidol) Injection is available in ampules and vials. Each milliliter contains 2.5 mg of droperidol in an aqueous solution adjusted to pH 3.4 ± 0.4 with lactic acid. Droperidol is chemically identified as l-(l-[3-(p-fluorobenzoyl) propyl]-l,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-2-benzimidazolinone with a molecular weight of 379.43. The structural formula of droperidol is:

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Molecular formula: C22H22FN3O2, partition coefficient in n-octanol: water: 3.46, pKa: 7.46
INAPSINE is a sterile, non-pyrogenic, aqueous solution for intravenous or intramuscular injection.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Pharmacodynamics in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Pharmacokinetics in the drug label.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Clinical Studies in the drug label.

How Supplied

There is limited information regarding Droperidol How Supplied in the drug label.

Storage

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Droperidol |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Droperidol |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Patient Counseling Information in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Droperidol interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Droperidol Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

{{#subobject:

 |Label Page=Droperidol
 |Label Name=Droperidol label.png

}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{drugbox | IUPAC_name = 1-[1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]- 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridin-4-yl]- 3H-benzoimidazol- 2-one | image = Droperidol.png | CAS_number = 548-73-2 | ATC_prefix = N01 | ATC_suffix = AX01 | ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N05|AD08}} | PubChem = 3168 | DrugBank = APRD00939 | C=22 | H=22 | F=1 | N=3 | O=2 | molecular_weight = 379.428 g/mol | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = [[Hepatic]]| elimination_half-life = 2.3 hours| pregnancy_category = C <small>([[US]])</small>| legal_status = | routes_of_administration = [[Intraveneous]], [[Intramuscular]]}}
+{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
-'''Droperidol''' ('''Dropletan'''®, '''Dridol'''® or '''Inapsine'''®) is an [[antidopaminergic]] [[medication|drug]] used as an [[antiemetic]] and antipsychotic. It was discovered at [[Janssen Pharmaceutica]] in [[1961]].
+|authorTag={{chetan}}
+|genericName=Droperidol
+|aOrAn=a
+|drugClass=general anesthetic
+|indication=prophylaxis use in [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], associated with surgical or diagnostic procedures;
+|hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
+|adverseReactions=[[cardiovascular]]: [[hypotension]], [[tachycardia]], [[neurologic]]: [[somnolence]], [[postoperative]], [[psychiatric]]: [[anxiety]], [[dysphoric mood]], [[hyperactive behavior]], [[restlessness]]
+|blackBoxWarningTitle=<b><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cases of QT prolongation and/or torsade de pointes have been reported in patients receiving Droperidol at doses at or below recommended doses. Some cases have occurred in patients with no known risk factors for QT prolongation and some cases have been fatal.</span></b>
+|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">:</span></i> Due to its potential for serious proarrhythmic effects and death, Droperidol should be reserved for use in the treatment of patients who fail to show an acceptable response to other adequate treatments, either because of insufficient effectiveness or the inability to achieve an effective dose due to intolerable adverse effects from those drugs (see Warnings, Adverse Reactions, Contraindications, and Precautions).
-Droperidol is a [[butyrophenone]], and is a potent D<sub>2</sub> (dopamine receptor) antagonist with some [[histamine]] and [[serotonin]] antagonist activity. It has a central antiemetic action and is frequently used in the treatment of [[postoperative nausea and vomiting]] in adult doses as low as 0.625 or 1.25 mg.
+* Cases of QT prolongation and serious arrhythmias (e.g., torsade de pointes) have been reported in patients treated with Droperidol. Based on these reports, all patients should undergo a 12-lead ECG prior to administration of Droperidol to determine if a prolonged QT interval (i.e., QTc greater than 440 msec for males or 450 msec for females) is present. If there is a prolonged QT interval, Droperidol should NOT be administered. For patients in whom the potential benefit of Droperidol treatment is felt to outweigh the risks of potentially serious arrhythmias, ECG monitoring should be performed prior to treatment and continued for 2 to 3 hours after completing treatment to monitor for arrhythmias.
+* Droperidol is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected QT prolongation, including patients with congenital long QT syndrome.
+* Droperidol should be administered with extreme caution to patients who may be at risk for development of prolonged QT syndrome (e.g., congestive heart failure, bradycardia, use of a diuretic, cardiac hypertrophy, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or administration of other drugs known to increase the QT interval). Other risk factors may include age over 65 years, alcohol abuse, and use of agents such as benzodiazepines, volatile anesthetics, and IV opiates. Droperidol should be initiated at a low dose and adjusted upward, with caution, as needed to achieve the desired effect.
+|fdaLIADAdult=* Chemotherapy-induced [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]]; prophylaxis: optimal dosing and timing not yet defined
+* Nausea and vomiting, associated with surgical or diagnostic procedures; prophylaxis: initial maximum dose 2.5 mg IM/IV, may repeat 1.25 mg dose based on patient response, caution is advise
+|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=* [[Agitation]] - [[Psychotic disorder]].
+* [[Chemotherapy]]-induced [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]]; Prophylaxis.
+* [[Headache]], Benign.
+* Migraine.
+|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information about <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Droperidol in adult patients.
+|fdaLIADPed=* Nausea and vomiting, associated with surgical or diagnostic procedures; Prophylaxis: (2 to 12 years) initial maximum dose 0.1 mg/kg slow IV/IM, may repeat 0.1 mg/kg dose based on patient response, caution is advised
+|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information about <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Droperidol in pediatric patients.
+|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information about <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Droperidol in pediatric patients.
+|contraindications=* Droperidol is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected QT prolongation (i.e., QTc interval greater than 440 msec for males or 450 msec for females). This would include patients with congenital long QT syndrome.
+* Droperidol (droperidol) is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug.
+* Droperidol is not recommended for any use other than for the treatment of perioperative nausea and vomiting in patients for whom other treatments are ineffective or inappropriate (see Warnings).
+|warnings=* Droperidol should be administered with extreme caution in the presence of risk factors for development of prolonged QT syndrome, such as:
+: 1) clinically significant bradycardia (less than 50 bpm)
+: 2) any clinically significant cardiac disease
+: 3) treatment with Class I and Class III antiarrhythmics
+: 4) treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's)
+: 5) concomitant treatment with other drug products known to prolong the QT interval (see Precautions, Drug Interactions), and
+: 6) electrolyte imbalance, in particular hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, or concomitant treatment with drugs (e.g., diuretics) that may cause electrolyte imbalance.
-It has also been used as an anti-psychotic in doses as high as 10mg i.m.
+=====Effects on Cardiac Conduction=====
+* A dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval was observed within 10 minutes of droperidol administration in a study of 40 patients without known cardiac disease who underwent extracranial head and neck surgery. Significant QT prolongation was observed at all three dose levels evaluated, with 0.1, 0.175, and 0.25 mg/kg associated with prolongation of median QTc by 37, 44, and 59 msec, respectively.
+* Cases of QT prolongation and serious arrhythmias (e.g. torsade de pointes, ventricular arrythmias, cardiac arrest, and death) have been observed during post-marketing treatment with Droperidol. Some cases have occurred in patients with no known risk factors and at doses at or below recommended doses. There has been at least one case of nonfatal [[torsade de pointes]] confirmed by rechallenge.
+* Based on these reports, all patients should undergo a 12-lead ECG prior to administration of Droperidol to determine if a prolonged QT interval (i.e., QTc greater than 440 msec for males or 450 msec for females) is present. If there is a prolonged QT interval, Droperidol should NOT be administered. For patients in whom the potential benefit of Droperidol treatment is felt to outweigh the risks of potentially serious arrhythmias, ECG monitoring should be performed prior to treatment and continued for 2 to 3 hours after completing treatment to monitor for arrhythmias.
-In 2001, the FDA changed the labeling requirements for droperidol injection, to include a so-called "Black Box Warning", citing concerns of QT prolongation and [[torsades de pointes]]. The evidence for this is disputed, with less than 20 reported cases of ''torsades'' in 30 years and most of those having received doses in excess of 50mg in a 24-hour period. It appears that the QT-prolongation is a dose-related effect and that in low doses, droperidol is not a significant risk.
+* Fluids And Other Countermeasures To Manage Hypotension Should Be Readily Available.
+* As with other CNS depressant drugs, patients who have received Droperidol (droperidol) should have appropriate surveillance.
+* It is recommended that opioids, when required, initially be used in reduced doses.
+* As with other neuroleptic agents, very rare reports of [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]] (altered consciousness, muscle rigidity and autonomic instability) have occurred in patients who have received Droperidol (droperidol). Since it may be difficult to distinguish neuroleptic malignant syndrome from [[malignant hyperpyrexia]] in the perioperative period, prompt treatment with dantrolene should be considered if increases in temperature, heart rate or carbon dioxide production occur.
+|clinicalTrials=[[QT interval prolongation]], [[torsade de pointes]], [[cardiac arrest]], and [[ventricular tachycardia]] have been reported in patients treated with Droperidol. Some of these cases were associated with death. Some cases occurred in patients with no known risk factors, and some were associated with droperidol doses at or below recommended doses.
+* Physicians should be alert to palpitations, syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of episodes of irregular cardiac rhythm in patients taking Droperidol and promptly evaluate such cases (see Warnings, Effects on Cardiac Conduction).
+* The most common somatic adverse reactions reported to occur with Droperidol (droperidol) are mild to moderate hypotension and tachycardia, but these effects usually subside without treatment. If hypotension occurs and is severe or persists, the possibility of hypovolemia should be considered and managed with appropriate parenteral fluid therapy.
+* The most common behavioral adverse effects of Droperidol (droperidol) include [[dysphoria]], postoperative drowsiness, restlessness, [[hyperactivity]] and [[anxiety]], which can either be the result of an inadequate dosage (lack of adequate treatment effect) or of an adverse drug reaction (part of the symptom complex of akathisia).
+* Care should be taken to search for extrapyramidal signs and symptoms ([[dystonia]], [[akathisia]], [[oculogyric crisis]]) to differentiate these different clinical conditions. When extrapyramidal symptoms are the cause, they can usually be controlled with anticholinergic agents.
+* Postoperative hallucinatory episodes (sometimes associated with transient periods of mental depression) have also been reported.
+* Other less common reported adverse reactions include [[anaphylaxis]], [[dizziness]], [[chills]] and/or [[shivering]], [[laryn-gospasm]], and [[bronchospasm]].
+* Elevated blood pressure, with or without pre-existing hypertension, has been reported following administration of Droperidol combined with Sublimaze (fentanyl citrate) or other parenteral analgesics. This might be due to unexplained alterations in sympathetic activity following large doses: however, it is also frequently attributed to anesthetic or surgical stimulation during light anesthesia.
+|drugInteractions=Potentially Arrhythmogenic Agents: Any drug known to have the potential to prolong the QT interval should not be used together with Droperidol. Possible pharmacodynamic interactions can occur between Droperidol and potentially arrhythmogenic agents such as class I or III [[antiarrhythmics]], [[antihistamines]] that prolong the QT interval, [[antimalarials]], [[calcium channel blockers]], neuroleptics that prolong the QT interval, and antidepressants.
+* Caution should be used when patients are taking concomitant drugs known to induce [[hypokalemia]] or [[Hypomagnesemia]] as they may precipitate QT prolongation and interact with Droperidol. These would include diuretics, laxatives and supraphysiological use of steroid hormones with mineralocorticoid potential.
+* CNS Depressant Drugs: Other CNS depressant drugs (e.g., [[barbiturates]], [[tranquilizers]], [[opioids]] and [[general anesthetics]]) have additive or potentiating effects with Droperidol. Following the administration of Droperidol, the dose of other CNS depressant drugs should be reduced.
-Some practitioners recommend the use of 0.5 mg to 1 mg I.V. for the treatment of vertigo in an otherwise healthy elderly patient who hasn’t responded to Epley maneuvers.
+=====Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility:=====
+* No carcinogenicity studies have been carried out with Droperidol. The micronucleus test in female rats revealed no mutagenic effects in single oral doses as high as 160 mg/kg. An oral study in rats (Segment I) revealed no impairment of fertility in either male or females at 0.63. 2.5 and 10 mg/kg doses (approximately 2.9 and 36 times maximum recommended human iv/im dosage).
-==Side effects==
+=====Pregnancy: Category C=====
-If you experience any of the rare side-effects such as spasms of the face, one should have [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl®) injected into their IV to block the effects of the drug. If one is at home, fast acting Benadryl® dissolving mouth strips should be taken followed by a pill.
+* Droperidol administered intravenously has been shown to cause a slight increase in mortality of the newborn rat at 4.4 times the upper human dose. At 44 times the upper human dose, mortality rate was comparable to that for control animals. Following intramuscular administration, increased mortality of the offspring at 1.8 times the upper human dose is attributed to CNS depression in the dams who neglected to remove placentae from their offspring. Droperidol has not been shown to be teratogenic in animals. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Droperidol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
-==References==
+=====Labor and Delivery=====
-* Scuderi PE: Droperidol: ''Many questions, few answers''. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 289-90
+* There are insufficient data to support the use of Droperidol in labor and delivery. Therefore, such use is not recommended.
-* Lischke V, Behne M, Doelken P, Schledt U, Probst S, Vettermann J. ''Droperidol causes a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval.'' Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Clinics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
-* Emergency Medicine Magazine : http://www.emedmag.com/html/pre/tri/1005.asp
-==External links==
+=====Nursing Mothers=====
-{{General anesthetics}}
+* It is not known whether Droperidol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Droperidol is administered to a nursing mother.
-{{Antipsychotics}}
-{{pharma-stub}}
+=====Pediatric Use=====
+* The safety of Droperidol in children younger than two years of age has not been established.
+|FDAPregCat=C
+|useInPregnancyFDA=
+* Droperidol administered intravenously has been shown to cause a slight increase in mortality of the newborn rat at 4.4 times the upper human dose. At 44 times the upper human dose, mortality rate was comparable to that for control animals. Following intramuscular administration, increased mortality of the offspring at 1.8 times the upper human dose is attributed to CNS depression in the dams who neglected to remove placentae from their offspring. Droperidol has not been shown to be teratogenic in animals. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Droperidol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
+|useInLaborDelivery=
+* There are insufficient data to support the use of Droperidol in labor and delivery. Therefore, such use is not recommended.
+|useInNursing=
+* It is not known whether Droperidol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Droperidol is administered to a nursing mother.
+|useInPed=
+* The safety of Droperidol in children younger than two years of age has not been established.
+|overdose=
+=====Manifestations=====
+* The manifestations of Droperidol (droperidol) overdosage are an extension of its pharmacologic actions and may include QT prolongation and serious arrhythmias (e.g., [[torsade de pointes]]) (see Box Warning, Warnings, and Precautions).
-[[de:Droperidol]]
+=====Treatment=====
-[[ru:Дроперидол]]
+* In the presence of hypoventilation or apnea, oxygen should be administered and respiration should be assisted or controlled as indicated. A patent airway must be maintained; an oropharyngeal airway or endotracheal tube might be indicated. The patient should be carefully observed for 24 hours; body warmth and adequate fluid intake should be maintained. If hypotension occurs and is severe or persists, the possibility of hypovolemia should be considered and managed with appropriate parenteral fluid therapy (see Precautions).
-[[sv:Droperidol]]
+* If significant extrapyramidal reactions occur in the context of an overdose, an anticholinergic should be administered.
+* The intravenous Median Lethal Dose of Droperidol is 20 to 43 mg/kg in mice; 30 mg/kg in rats; 25 mg/kg in dogs and 11 to 13 mg/kg in rabbits. The intramuscular Median Lethal Dose of Droperidol is 195 mg/kg in mice; 104 to 110 mg/kg in rats; 97 mg/kg in rabbits and 200 mg/kg in guinea pigs.
+|drugBox={{drugbox2
+| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
+| UNII = O9U0F09D5X
+| IUPAC_name = <nowiki>1-{1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl]-1,3-dihydro-2</nowiki>''H''-benzimidazol-2-one
+| image = Droperidol wiki1.svg.png
+| alt = Skeletal formula of droperidol
+| image2 = Droperidolwiki2.png
+| alt2 = Space-filling model of droperidol
+| width = 240
+| CAS_number = 548-73-2
+| ATC_prefix = N05
+| ATC_suffix = AD08
+| ATC_supplemental =
+| PubChem = 3168
+| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
+| ChEMBL = 1108
+ | DrugBank = DB00450
+| KEGG = D00308
+| smiles = Fc1ccc(cc1)C(=O)CCCN2CC=C(CC2)N3c4ccccc4NC3=O
+| C=22 | H=22 | F=1 | N=3 | O=2
+| molecular_weight = 379.428 g/mol
+| bioavailability =
+| protein_bound =
+| metabolism = [[Hepatic]]| elimination_half-life = 2.3 hours
+| pregnancy_category = C <small>([[US]])</small>
+| legal_US = Rx-only
+| routes_of_administration = [[Intravenous]], [[Intramuscular]]
+}}
+|mechAction=
+* Droperidol (droperidol) produces marked tranquilization and sedation. It allays apprehension and provides a state of mental detachment and indifference while maintaining a state of reflex alertness.
+* Droperidol produces an antiemetic effect as evidenced by the antagonism of apomorphine in dogs. It lowers the incidence of nausea and vomiting during surgical procedures and provides antiemetic protection in the postoperative period.
+* Droperidol potentiates other CNS depressants. It produces mild alpha-adrenergic blockade, peripheral vascular dilatation and reduction of the pressor effect of epinephrine. It can produce hypotension and decreased peripheral vascular resistance and may decrease pulmonary arterial pressure (particularly if it is abnormally high). It may reduce the incidence of epinephrine-induced arrhythmias, but it does not prevent other cardiac arrhythmias.
+* The onset of action of single intramuscular and intravenous doses is from three to ten minutes following administration, although the peak effect may not be apparent for up to thirty minutes. The duration of the tranquilizing and sedative effects generally is two to four hours, although alteration of alertness may persist for as long as twelve hours.
+|structure=Droperidol contains droperidol, a neuroleptic (tranquilizer) agent. Droperidol® (droperidol) Injection is available in ampules and vials. Each milliliter contains 2.5 mg of droperidol in an aqueous solution adjusted to pH 3.4 ± 0.4 with lactic acid. Droperidol is chemically identified as l-(l-[3-(p-fluorobenzoyl) propyl]-l,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-2-benzimidazolinone with a molecular weight of 379.43. The structural formula of droperidol is:
+[[File:DROPERIDOL structure.jpg|thumb|none|400px|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-[[Category:Antiemetics]]
+* Molecular formula: C22H22FN3O2, partition coefficient in n-octanol: water: 3.46, pKa: 7.46
-[[Category:Typical antipsychotics]]
+* INAPSINE is a sterile, non-pyrogenic, aqueous solution for intravenous or intramuscular injection.
-[[Category:Lactams]]
+|alcohol=Alcohol-Droperidol interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
-[[Category:Organofluorides]]
+}}
-[[Category:Ketones]]
+{{LabelImage
-[[Category:Drugs]]
+|fileName=Droperidol label.png
+}}

Droperidol: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:12, 16 June 2014

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