Sodium hypochlorite: Difference between revisions

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{{Chembox new
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|   Name = Sodium hypochlorite
|authorTag={{DB}}
|  ImageFile = Sodium-hypochlorite.png
|genericName=Sodium hypochlorite
|  ImageSize = 200px
|aOrAn=an
|  ImageName = Sodium hypochlorite
|drugClass=anti- infective agent
|  ImageFile1 = <!-- nfpa_h4.png -->
|indicationType=treatment
|  ImageFile2 = <!-- nfpa_f4_ox.png -->
|indication=infection of the skin and tissue
|  ImageFile3 = <!-- nfpa_r4.png -->
|adverseReactions=<!--Black Box Warning-->
|  OtherNames = Sodium chlorate(I)
|blackBoxWarningTitle=<span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span>
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i>
|  CASNo = 7681-52-9
 
  }}
* Content
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
 
|   Formula = NaOCl
<!--Adult Indications and Dosage-->
|   MolarMass = 74.44 g/mol
|   Appearance = white solid
|   Density = 1.07-1.14 g/cm^3 liquid
|   Solubility = Fully miscible
|  MeltingPt = 18°C Pentahydrate<!-- (starts decomposing to NaCl and NaClO3 at 40 degrees C) -->
|   BoilingPt = 101°C Decomposes
|  pKa =
|  pKb =
  }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
|  EUClass = Corrosive ('''C''')<br />Dangerous for<br />the environment ('''N''')
|   RPhrases = R31, R34, R50
|  SPhrases = S1/2, S28, S45,<br />S50, S61
  }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|  OtherAnions = [[Sodium chloride]]<br />[[Sodium chlorite]]<br />[[Sodium chlorate]]<br />[[Sodium perchlorate]]
|  OtherCations = [[Lithium hypochlorite]]<br />[[Calcium hypochlorite]]
|  OtherCpds = [[Hypochlorous acid]]
  }}
}}


'''Sodium hypochlorite''' is a [[chemical compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as [[bleach]], is frequently used as a [[disinfectant]] and as a bleaching agent.
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)-->
|fdaLIADAdult======Infection of the skin and tissue=====


==Production==
* To prevent and treat infection of the skin and tissue.
Sodium hypochlorite may be prepared by absorbing [[chlorine]] gas in cold [[sodium hydroxide]] solution:
* Pre and post surgery- Cuts, abrasions and skin ulcers


:2NaOH + Cl<sub>2</sub> → NaCl + NaClO + H<sub>2</sub>O
* Dosing Information


Sodium hydroxide and chlorine are commercially produced by the [[chloralkali process]], and there is no need to isolate them to prepare sodium hypochlorite. Hence NaClO is prepared industrially by the [[electrolysis]] of [[sodium chloride]] solution with minimal separation between the [[anode]] and the [[cathode]]. The solution must be kept below 40 °C (by cooling coils) to prevent the formation of [[sodium chlorate]].
:*Pour on or apply to affected area. For wound management, use as an irrigant, cleanser, or the wetting agent for a wet-to-moist dressing. Apply once daily for lightly to moderately exudative wounds. Apply twice daily for highly exudative or highly contaminated wounds. Protect surrounding intact skin with a moisture barrier ointment or skin sealant as needed.


The commercial solutions always contain significant amounts of sodium chloride (common salt) as the main byproduct, as seen in the equation above.
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)-->


==Packaging and sale==
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
Household bleach sold for use in laundering clothes is a 3-6[[percentage solution|% solution]] of sodium hypochlorite at the time of manufacture.  Strength varies from one formulation to another and gradually decreases with long storage.
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=*There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Sodium hypochlorite in adult patients.
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=*There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Sodium hypochlorite in adult patients.
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=*There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Sodium hypochlorite in pediatric patients.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=*There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Sodium hypochlorite in pediatric patients.
|warnings=* For external use only.
* Stop use and ask a doctor if redness, irritation, swelling or pain persists or increases.
*Do not use if sensitive to chlorine compounds.
*Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.
|drugInteractions=<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
|useInPregnancyFDA=* '''Pregnancy Category'''
|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''


A 12% solution is widely{{fact|date=September 2007}} used in waterworks for the chlorination of water. High-test hypochlorite (HTH) is sold for chlorination of swimming pools and contains approximately 30% calcium hypochlorite. The crystalline salt is also sold for the same use; this salt usually contains less than 50% of calcium hypochlorite. However, the level of "active chlorine" may be much higher.
*There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
|useInLaborDelivery=*There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
|useInNursing=*There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to nursing mothers.
|useInPed=*There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to pediatric patients.
|useInGeri=*There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
|useInGender=*There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInRace=*There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
|useInRenalImpair=*There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
|useInHepaticImpair=*There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
|useInReproPotential=*There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
|useInImmunocomp=*There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.


It can also be found on store shelves present in "Daily Sanitizing Sprays", as the sole active ingredient at 0.0095%.
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
|administration='''Directions'''


==Uses==
* Pour on or apply to affected area. For wound management, use as an irrigant, cleanser, or the wetting agent for a wet-to-moist dressing. Apply once daily for lightly to moderately exudative wounds. Apply twice daily for highly exudative or highly contaminated wounds. Protect surrounding intact skin with a moisture barrier ointment or skin sealant as needed.
In household [[bleach]] form, sodium hypochlorite is used for removal of stains from laundry.  It is particularly effective on cotton fiber, which stains easily but bleaches well.  50 to 250 ml per load is usually recommended for a standard-size washer. The properties of household bleach that make it effective for removing stains also result in cumulative damage to organic fibers such as cotton, and the useful lifespan of these materials will be shortened with regular bleaching. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) that is also found in household bleach (as noted later) causes fiber degradation as well. It is not volatile, and residual amounts of NaOH not rinsed out will continue slowly degrading organic fibers in the presence of humidity.  For these reasons, if stains are localized, spot treatments should be considered whenever possible.  With safety precautions, post-treatment with weak organic acids such as acetic (vinegar) will neutralize the NaOH, and volatilize the chlorine from residual hypochlorite.  Old t-shirts and cotton sheets that rip easily demonstrate the costs of laundering with household bleach. Hot water increases the activity of the bleach, owing to the thermal decomposition of hypochlorite which ultimately generates environmentally-undesirable chlorate.  
|monitoring=*There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


A weak solution of 1% household bleach in warm water is used to sanitize smooth surfaces prior to brewing of beer or wine.  Surfaces must be rinsed to avoid imparting flavors to the brew; these chlorinated byproducts of sanitizing surfaces are also harmful.
<!--IV Compatibility-->
|IVCompat=*There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


US Government regulations (21 CFR Part 178) allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach provided the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water). If higher concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after sanitizing.
<!--Overdosage-->
|drugBox=[[File:Sodium hypochlorite wiki.png|600px|thumbnail|left]]
{{clear}}
|PD=*There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


A 1 in 5 dilution of household bleach with water (1 part bleach to 4 parts water) is effective against many [[bacterium|bacteria]] and some [[virus]]es, and is often the disinfectant of choice in cleaning surfaces in hospitals (Primarily in the United States). The solution is [[corrosion|corrosive]], and needs to be thoroughly removed afterwards, so the bleach disinfection is sometimes followed by an [[ethanol]] disinfection.
<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
|PK=*There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacokinetics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


For [[shock chlorination]] of wells or water systems, a 2% solution of household bleach is used.  For larger systems, HTH is more practical because lower rates can be used. The alkalinity of the sodium hypochlorite solution also causes the precipitation of minerals such as calcium carbonate, so that the shock chlorination is often accompanied by a clogging effect. The precipitate also preserves bacteria, making this practice somewhat less effective.
<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
|nonClinToxic=*There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


Sodium hypochlorite has been used for the disinfection of drinking water, at a concentration equivalent to about 1 liter of household bleach per 4000 liters of water is used. The exact amount required depends on the water chemistry, temperature, contact time, and presence or absence of sediment. In large-scale applications, residual chlorine is measured to titrate the proper dosing rate. For ''emergency'' disinfection, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] [[#External links|recommends]] the use of 2 drops of 5%ac household bleach per quart of water. If the treated water doesn't smell of bleach, 2 more drops are to be added.
<!--Clinical Studies-->
|clinicalStudies=*There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


The use of chlorine-based disinfectants in domestic water, although widespread, has led to some controversy due to the formation of small quantities of harmful byproducts such as [[chloroform]].
<!--How Supplied-->
|howSupplied=*


It is also used in [[dentistry]], during root canal treatment, disinfecting the canal and dissolving any remaining pulp tissue. Historically, [[Henry Drysdale Dakin]]'s solution (0.5%) had been used.
<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
Nowadays, 2.5-5.25% solutions are being used.
|storage=* Store at room temperature.


An alkaline solution (pH 11.0) of sodium hypochlorite is used to treat dilute (< 1 g/L) cyanide wastewater, e.g. rinsewater from an electroplating shop. In batch treatment operations, sodium hypochlorite has been used to treat more concentrated cyanide wastes, such as silver cyanide plating solutions.  A well-mixed solution is fully treated when an excess of chlorine is detected.
* May bleach clothing.


==Mechanism of action==
* Keep container closed when not using.
[[Hypochlorous acid#Mode of disinfectant action|See Hypochlorous acid]]
|packLabel=[[File:Sodium hypochlorite pdp.jpg|600px|thumbnail|left]]
{{clear}}


==Cautions==
[[File:Sodium hypochlorite label.png|600px|thumbnail|left]]
Sodium hypochlorite is a strong [[oxidizer]]. Products of the oxidation reactions are corrosive.  Solutions burn skin and cause eye damage, particularly when used in concentrated forms.  However, as recognized by the NFPA, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers.  Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000).
{{clear}}
|fdaPatientInfo=*There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are typically stabilized by a significant concentration of lye (caustic soda, NaOH) as part of the manufacturing reaction. Skin contact will produce caustic irritation or burns due to defatting and saponification of skin oils and destruction of tissue.  The slippery feel of bleach on skin is due to this process.
<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
|alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.


[[Sodium thiosulfate]] (hypo) is an effective chlorine neutralizer. Rinsing with a 5mg/L solution, followed by washing with soap and water, quickly removes chlorine odor from the hands.
<!--Brand Names-->
|brandNames=* ®<ref>{{Cite web | title = | url =  }}</ref>


Chlorination of drinking water can oxidize organic contaminants, producing [[trihalomethane]]s (also called haloforms), which are carcinogenic.  The extent of the hazard thus created is a subject of disagreement.
<!--Look-Alike Drug Names-->
|lookAlike=* A® — B®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web  | last =  | first = | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher =  | date =  }}</ref>


Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous.  For example, mixing an [[acid]] cleaner with sodium hypochlorite bleach generates [[chlorine]] gas. Mixing with [[ammonia]] solutions (including [[urine]]) produces [[chloramines]]. Both chlorine gas and chloramine gas are [[toxic]]. Bleach can react violently with [[hydrogen peroxide]] and produce oxygen gas:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.advanced.org/3347/h2o2+bleach4.html|title=Hydrogen Peroxide + Bleach Explanation|accessdaymonth=10 April|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
|drugShortage=
}}
{{PillImage
|fileName=No image.jpg
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png
}}
<!--Pill Image-->


:H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 (aqueous)</sub> + NaClO<sub>(aqueous)</sub> → NaCl<sub>(aqueous)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(liquid)</sub> + O<sub>2 (gas)</sub>


It is estimated that there are about 3300 accidents needing hospital treatment caused by sodium hypochlorite solutions each year in British homes (RoSPA, 2002).


==See also==
<!--Label Display Image-->
*[[Chlorination]]
*[[Water purification]]


==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal | author=Jones, F.-L. | title=Chlorine poisoning from mixing household cleaners | journal=J. Am. Med. Assoc. | year=1972 | volume=222 | pages=1312 }}
*Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. (2004). "Eaux et extraits de Javel. Hypochlorite de sodium en solution". ''Fiche toxicologique n° 157'', Paris.


==External links==
*[http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc04/icsc0482.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0482] (solutions<10% active Cl)
*[http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1119.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1119] (solutions >10% active Cl)
*[http://ecb.jrc.it/ European Chemicals Bureau]
*[http://www.inrs.fr/ Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité] (''in French'')
*[http://www.hassandlass.org.uk/query/reports/2002data.pdf Home and Leisure Accident Statistics 2002] (UK RoSPA)
*[http://www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/emerg.html Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water] ([[United States Environmental Protection Agency]])
*[http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol52/01-water.htm Chlorinated Drinking Water] ([[IARC]] Monograph)
*[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr392.pdf NTP Study Report TR-392: Chlorinated & Chloraminated Water] (US [[NIH]])
*[http://osuextra.okstate.edu/pdfs/FAPC-116web.pdf Guidelines for the Use of Chlorine Bleach as a Sanitizer in Food Processing Operations] (Oklahoma State University)


==References==
<references/>


{{Antiseptics and disinfectants}}


[[Category:Sodium compounds]]
<!--Category-->
[[Category:Hypochlorites]]
[[Category:Antiseptics]]
[[Category:Disinfectants]]
[[Category:Bleaches]]


[[de:Natriumhypochlorit]]
[[Category:Drug]]
[[es:Hipoclorito de sodio]]
[[fr:Eau de Javel]]
[[nl:Natriumhypochloriet]]
[[ja:次亜塩素酸ナトリウム]]
[[pl:Podchloryn sodu]]
[[pt:Hipoclorito de sódio]]
[[ru:Жавелевая вода]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 15:39, 11 December 2014

Sodium hypochlorite
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Deepika Beereddy, MBBS [2]

Disclaimer

WikiDoc MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY. WikiDoc is not a professional health care provider, nor is it a suitable replacement for a licensed healthcare provider. WikiDoc is intended to be an educational tool, not a tool for any form of healthcare delivery. The educational content on WikiDoc drug pages is based upon the FDA package insert, National Library of Medicine content and practice guidelines / consensus statements. WikiDoc does not promote the administration of any medication or device that is not consistent with its labeling. Please read our full disclaimer here.

Overview

Sodium hypochlorite is an anti- infective agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of infection of the skin and tissue. Common adverse reactions include .

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Infection of the skin and tissue
  • To prevent and treat infection of the skin and tissue.
  • Pre and post surgery- Cuts, abrasions and skin ulcers
  • Dosing Information
  • Pour on or apply to affected area. For wound management, use as an irrigant, cleanser, or the wetting agent for a wet-to-moist dressing. Apply once daily for lightly to moderately exudative wounds. Apply twice daily for highly exudative or highly contaminated wounds. Protect surrounding intact skin with a moisture barrier ointment or skin sealant as needed.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

  • There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Sodium hypochlorite in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

  • There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Sodium hypochlorite in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding Sodium hypochlorite FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

  • There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Sodium hypochlorite in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

  • There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Sodium hypochlorite in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

There is limited information regarding Sodium hypochlorite Contraindications in the drug label.

Warnings

  • For external use only.
  • Stop use and ask a doctor if redness, irritation, swelling or pain persists or increases.
  • Do not use if sensitive to chlorine compounds.
  • Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

There is limited information regarding Sodium hypochlorite Clinical Trials Experience in the drug label.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Sodium hypochlorite Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

There is limited information regarding Sodium hypochlorite Drug Interactions in the drug label.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA):

  • Pregnancy Category


Pregnancy Category (AUS):

  • Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
  • There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Sodium hypochlorite in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

  • There is no FDA guidance on use of Sodium hypochlorite during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sodium hypochlorite with respect to nursing mothers.

Pediatric Use

  • There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sodium hypochlorite with respect to pediatric patients.

Geriatic Use

  • There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sodium hypochlorite with respect to geriatric patients.

Gender

  • There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sodium hypochlorite with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

  • There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sodium hypochlorite with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

  • There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sodium hypochlorite in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

  • There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sodium hypochlorite in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

  • There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sodium hypochlorite in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

  • There is no FDA guidance one the use of Sodium hypochlorite in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

Directions

  • Pour on or apply to affected area. For wound management, use as an irrigant, cleanser, or the wetting agent for a wet-to-moist dressing. Apply once daily for lightly to moderately exudative wounds. Apply twice daily for highly exudative or highly contaminated wounds. Protect surrounding intact skin with a moisture barrier ointment or skin sealant as needed.

Monitoring

  • There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Sodium hypochlorite in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

  • There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Sodium hypochlorite in the drug label.

Overdosage

There is limited information regarding Sodium hypochlorite overdosage. If you suspect drug poisoning or overdose, please contact the National Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) immediately.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action

There is limited information regarding Sodium hypochlorite Mechanism of Action in the drug label.

Structure

There is limited information regarding Sodium hypochlorite Structure in the drug label.

Pharmacodynamics

  • There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Sodium hypochlorite in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

  • There is limited information regarding Pharmacokinetics of Sodium hypochlorite in the drug label.

Nonclinical Toxicology

  • There is limited information regarding Nonclinical Toxicology of Sodium hypochlorite in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

  • There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Sodium hypochlorite in the drug label.

How Supplied

Storage

  • Store at room temperature.
  • May bleach clothing.
  • Keep container closed when not using.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Sodium hypochlorite |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Sodium hypochlorite |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

  • There is limited information regarding Patient Counseling Information of Sodium hypochlorite in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Sodium hypochlorite interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

Look-Alike Drug Names

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  2. ↑ "http://www.ismp.org". External link in |title= (help)

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