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'''For patient information, click [[Intrauterine growth retardation (patient information)|here]]'''
__NOTOC__{{Infobox_Disease |
 
{{Infobox_Disease |
   Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
   Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
   Image          = Premature 0001.jpg|
   Image          = Premature 0001.jpg|
   Caption        = A premature newborn <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>|
   Caption        = A premature newborn <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>|
  DiseasesDB    = |
  ICD10          = |
  ICD9          = |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = 001500 |
  eMedicineSubj  = |
  eMedicineTopic = |
  MeshID        = |
}}
}}
{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}
'''For patient information, click [[Intrauterine growth retardation (patient information)|here]]'''


{{CMG}}{{AE}}: {{KD}}
'''''Synonyms and keywords:''''' Intrauterine growth restriction
==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Intrauterine growth retardation''' (IUGR) refers to persons small for their gestational age
'''Intrauterine growth retardation''' ('''IUGR''') refers to poor growth of a baby while in the mother's womb during pregnancy.
   
 
== Differential Diagnosis ==  
==Classification==
''Asymmetrical IUGR'' is more common.  In asymmetrical IUGR, there is restriction of weight followed by length.  The head continues to grow at normal or near-normal rates (head sparing).  This is a protective mechanism that may have evolved to promote brain development.  This type of IUGR is most commonly caused by [[extrinsic]] factors that affect the fetus at later gestational ages.
 
''Symmetrical IUGR'' is less common and is more worrisome. This type of IUGR usually begins early in [[gestation]].  Since most [[neurons]] are developed by the 18th week of gestation, the fetus with symmetrical IUGR is more likely to have permanent neurological [[sequela]]
==Pathophysiology==
If the cause of IUGR is [[extrinsic]] to the fetus (maternal or uteroplacental), transfer of [[oxygen]] and nutrients to the fetus is decreased.  This causes a reduction in the fetus’ stores of [[glycogen]] and [[lipids]].  This often leads to [[hypoglycemia]] at birth.  [[Polycythemia]] can occur secondary to increased [[erythropoietin]] production caused by the chronic [[hypoxemia]].  [[Hypothermia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[leukopenia]], [[hypocalcemia]], and [[pulmonary]] [[hemorrhage]] are often results of IUGR.


In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
If the cause of IUGR is [[intrinsic]] to the fetus, growth is restricted due to genetic factors or as a sequelae of infection.
==Causes==
<div style="-webkit-user-select: none;">
===Life Threatening Causes===
*[[Alcohol abuse]]
*[[Cardiovascular disease]]
*[[Chronic hypertension]]
*[[Drug addiction]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Kidney failure]]
*[[Lung disease]]
*[[Pulmonary disease]]
*[[Revesz syndrome]]
*[[Sickle-cell disease]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
 
===Common Causes===
*[[Abnormal cord insertion]],
*[[Chronic abruption]],
*[[Confined placental mosaicism]],
*[[Conjoined twins]],
*[[Cord anomalies]],
*[[Fibrochondrogenesis]],
*[[Gestational diabetes mellitus]],
*[[Gestational hypertension]],
*[[Maternal alcoholism]],
*[[Maternal anemia]],
*[[Maternal infection]],
*[[Maternal kidney disease]],
*[[Maternal kidney failure]],
*[[Maternal lung disease]],
*[[Maternal malnutrition]],
*[[Maternal smoking]],
*[[Mullerian dysgenesis]],
*[[Multiple gestation]],
*[[Multiple pregnancy]],
*[[Neonatal haemochromatosis]],
*[[Placenta abnormalities]],
*[[Placenta previa]],
*[[Placental insufficiency]],
*[[Pre-eclampsia]],
*[[Pregnancy-associated hypertension]],
*[[Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]],  
*[[Uterine anomaly]],  
*[[Uterine malformations]],  
*[[Vertically transmitted infections]],  
 
===Causes by Organ system===
{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cardiovascular disease]],  [[Chronic hypertension]],  [[Clotting disorders]],  [[Cyanotic heart disease]],  [[Gestational hypertension]],  [[Hypertension]],  [[Maternal collagen vascular disease]],  [[Pre-eclampsia]],  [[Pregnancy-associated hypertension]],  [[Thrombophilias]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol abuse]],  [[Alcoholism]],  [[Ethanol]],  [[Smoking]],  [[Substance abuse]],  [[Tobacco smoking]],  [[Toxin]],  [[Toxoplasma]],  [[Toxoplasmosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lethal restrictive dermopathy]],  [[Maternal collagen vascular disease]],  [[Rubella]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acitretin]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital hyperinsulinism]],  [[Mullerian dysgenesis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[3m syndrome]],  [[Achondrogenesis]],  [[Atelosteogenesis type 1]],  [[Atp6v0a2-related cutis laxa]],  [[Beuren-williams syndrome]],  [[Bloom's syndrome]],  [[Bowen-conradi syndrome]],  [[Bresheck syndrome]],  [[Chromosomal abnormality]],  [[Chromosome 13 trisomy syndrome]],  [[Chromosome 18 trisomy syndrome]],  [[C-like syndrome]],  [[Codas syndrome]],  [[Coffin-siris syndrome]],  [[Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type 1]],  [[Congenital rubella infection]],  [[Cornelia de lange syndrome]],  [[De la chapelle dysplasia]],  [[Donohue syndrome]],  [[Down syndrome]],  [[Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]],  [[Fetal trimethadione syndrome]],  [[Fryns syndrome 3]],  [[Gracile syndrome]],  [[Hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome]],  [[Hydrolethalus syndrome]],  [[Image syndrome]],  [[Immunoneurologic disorder, x-linked]],  [[Langer-saldino achondrogenesis]],  [[Leprechaunism]],  [[Lowry-wood syndrome]],  [[Marden-walker syndrome]],  [[Meckel-gruber syndrome]],  [[Neu-laxova syndrome]],  [[Nicolaides-baraitser syndrome]],  [[Phenylketonuria]],  [[Pitt-rogers-danks syndrome]],  [[Primordial dwarfism]],  [[Rabson-mendenhall syndrome]],  [[Revesz syndrome]],  [[Russell-silver dwarfism]],  [[Say-meyer syndrome]],  [[Short syndrome]],  [[Taybi-linder syndrome]],  [[Tetra-amelia]],  [[Torch infection]],  [[Trichohepatoenteric syndrome 1]],  [[Virchow-seckel syndrome]],  [[Williams syndrome]],  [[Wolf-hirschhorn syndrome]],  [[Yunis-varon syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]],  [[Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type 1]],  [[Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal]],  [[Haemoglobin bart's]],  [[Hemoglobinopathies]],  [[High altitude]],  [[Maternal anemia]],  [[Neonatal haemochromatosis]],  [[Prolonged high-altitude exposure]],  [[Sickle-cell disease]],  [[Zinc deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chagas' disease]],  [[Congenital cytomegalovirus infection]],  [[Congenital rubella infection]],  [[Congenital syphilis]],  [[Congenital toxoplasma infection]],  [[Cytomegalovirus]],  [[Listeria monocytogenes]],  [[Maternal infection]],  [[Parvovirus b19]],  [[Rubella]],  [[Syphilis]],  [[Toxoplasma]],  [[Toxoplasmosis]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Achondrogenesis]],  [[Arthrogryposis iugr thoracic dystrophy]],  [[Atelosteogenesis type 1]],  [[Gracile bone dysplasia]],  [[Humerospinal dysostosis]],  [[Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita]],  [[Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2]],  [[Pallister-hall syndrome]],  [[Primordial dwarfism]],  [[Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aspartoacylase deficiency]],  [[Eclampsia]],  [[Immunoneurologic disorder, x-linked]],  [[Japanese encephalitis]],  [[Microcephaly]], [[Phenytoin]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal]],  [[Gestational diabetes mellitus]],  [[Malnutrition]],  [[Maternal malnutrition]],  [[Poor nutrition]],  [[Protein-calorie malnutrition]],  [[Zinc deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abnormal cord insertion]],  [[Chronic abruption]],  [[Confined placental mosaicism]],  [[Conjoined twins]],  [[Cord anomalies]],  [[Fibrochondrogenesis]],  [[Gestational diabetes mellitus]],  [[Gestational hypertension]],  [[Maternal alcoholism]],  [[Maternal anemia]],  [[Maternal infection]],  [[Maternal kidney disease]],  [[Maternal kidney failure]],  [[Maternal lung disease]],  [[Maternal malnutrition]],  [[Maternal smoking]],  [[Mullerian dysgenesis]],  [[Multiple gestation]],  [[Multiple pregnancy]],  [[Neonatal haemochromatosis]],  [[Placenta abnormalities]],  [[Placenta previa]],  [[Placental insufficiency]],  [[Pre-eclampsia]],  [[Pregnancy-associated hypertension]],  [[Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]],  [[Uterine anomaly]],  [[Uterine malformations]],  [[Vertically transmitted infections]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Incontinentia pigmenti]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol abuse]],  [[Alcoholism]],  [[Drug addiction]],  [[Maternal alcoholism]],  [[Maternal smoking]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lung disease]],  [[Maternal lung disease]],  [[Pulmonary disease]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Kidney disease]],  [[Kidney failure]],  [[Maternal kidney disease]],  [[Maternal kidney failure]],  [[Pyelonephritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital cytomegalovirus infection]], [[Congenital syphilis]], [[Congenital toxoplasma infection]], [[Syphilis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Codas syndrome]]
|-
|}
 
===Causes by Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|
*[[3m syndrome]]
*[[Abnormal cord insertion]]
*[[Achondrogenesis]]
*[[Acitretin]]
*[[Alcohol abuse]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Arthrogryposis iugr thoracic dystrophy]]
*[[Aspartoacylase deficiency]]
*[[Atelosteogenesis type 1]]
*[[Atp6v0a2-related cutis laxa]]
*[[Autoimmune disease]]
*[[Beuren-williams syndrome]]
*[[Bloom's syndrome]]
*[[Bowen-conradi syndrome]]
*[[Bresheck syndrome]]
*[[Cardiovascular disease]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Chagas' disease]]
*[[Chromosomal abnormality]]
*[[Chromosome 13 trisomy syndrome]]
*[[Chromosome 18 trisomy syndrome]]
*[[Chronic abruption]]
*[[Chronic hypertension]]
*[[C-like syndrome]]
*[[Clotting disorders]]
*[[Codas syndrome]]
*[[Coffin-siris syndrome]]
*[[Confined placental mosaicism]]
*[[Congenital cytomegalovirus infection]]
*[[Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type 1]]
*[[Congenital hyperinsulinism]]
*[[Congenital rubella infection]]
*[[Congenital syphilis]]
*[[Congenital toxoplasma infection]]
*[[Conjoined twins]]
*[[Cord anomalies]]
*[[Cornelia de lange syndrome]]
*[[Cyanotic heart disease]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[De la chapelle dysplasia]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal]]
*[[Donohue syndrome]]
*[[Down syndrome]]
*[[Drug addiction]]
*[[Eclampsia]]
*[[Ethanol]]
*[[Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]]
*[[Fetal trimethadione syndrome]]
*[[Fibrochondrogenesis]]
*[[Fryns syndrome 3]]
*[[Gestational diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Gestational hypertension]]
*[[Gracile bone dysplasia]]
*[[Gracile syndrome]]
*[[Haemoglobin bart's]]
*[[Hemoglobinopathies]]
*[[High altitude]]
*[[Humerospinal dysostosis]]
*[[Hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome]]
*[[Hydrolethalus syndrome]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Image syndrome]]
*[[Immunoneurologic disorder, x-linked]]
*[[Incontinentia pigmenti]]
*[[Japanese encephalitis]]
*[[Kidney disease]]
*[[Kidney failure]]
*[[Langer-saldino achondrogenesis]]
*[[Leprechaunism]]
*[[Lethal restrictive dermopathy]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Lowry-wood syndrome]]
*[[Lung disease]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Marden-walker syndrome]]
*[[Maternal alcoholism]]
*[[Maternal anemia]]
*[[Maternal collagen vascular disease]]
*[[Maternal infection]]
*[[Maternal kidney disease]]
*[[Maternal kidney failure]]
*[[Maternal lung disease]]
*[[Maternal malnutrition]]
*[[Maternal smoking]]
*[[Meckel-gruber syndrome]]
*[[Microcephaly]]
*[[Mullerian dysgenesis]]
*[[Multiple gestation]]
*[[Multiple pregnancy]]
*[[Neonatal haemochromatosis]]
*[[Neu-laxova syndrome]]
*[[Nicolaides-baraitser syndrome]]
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita]]
*[[Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2]]
*[[Pallister-hall syndrome]]
*[[Parvovirus b19]]
*[[Phenylketonuria]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Pitt-rogers-danks syndrome]]
*[[Placenta abnormalities]]
*[[Placenta previa]]
*[[Placental insufficiency]]
*[[Poor nutrition]]
*[[Pre-eclampsia]]
*[[Pregnancy-associated hypertension]]
*[[Primordial dwarfism]]
*[[Prolonged high-altitude exposure]]
*[[Protein-calorie malnutrition]]
*[[Pulmonary disease]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Rabson-mendenhall syndrome]]
*[[Revesz syndrome]]
*[[Rubella]]
*[[Russell-silver dwarfism]]
*[[Say-meyer syndrome]]
*[[Short syndrome]]
*[[Sickle-cell disease]]
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1]]
*[[Substance abuse]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Taybi-linder syndrome]]
*[[Tetra-amelia]]
*[[Thrombophilias]]
*[[Tobacco smoking]]
*[[Torch infection]]
*[[Toxin]]
*[[Toxoplasma]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Trichohepatoenteric syndrome 1]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Uterine anomaly]]
*[[Uterine malformations]]
*[[Vertically transmitted infections]]
*[[Virchow-seckel syndrome]]
*[[Williams syndrome]]
*[[Wolf-hirschhorn syndrome]]
*[[Yunis-varon syndrome]]
*[[Zinc deficiency]]
}}
</div>


=== Asymmetric IUGR ===
==Epidemiology and demographics ==
* Gestational diabetes mellitus
At least 60% of the 4 million [[neonatal deaths]] that occur worldwide every year are associated with [[low birth weight|low birth weight (LBW)]], caused by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery, and [[chromosome abnormality|genetic/chromosomal abnormalities]],<ref>Lawn 2005</ref> demonstrating that under-nutrition is already a leading health problem at birth.
* Maternal cigarette smoking
==Risk factors==
* Maternal collagen vascular disease
Risk factors in the mother that may contribute to IUGR include:
* Maternal hypertension
*[[alcoholism (patient information)|Alcohol abuse]]
* Maternal infection
*Clotting disorders
* Maternal preclampsia
*[[substance abuse (patient information)|Drug addiction]]
=== Symmetric IUGR ===
*[[hypertension (patient information)|High blood pressure]] or heart disease
* Chromosomal abnormality
*Kidney disease
* Congenital malformation
*Poor nutrition
* [[Drug]]s, [[toxin]]s
*[[Smoking]]
* [[Listeria]]
==Natural history, Complications and Prognosis==
* Maternal [[anemia]]
*After delivery, growth and development of the newborn depends on the severity and cause of IUGR.
* Maternal [[malnutrition]]
*Depending on the specific cause, IUGR increases the risk for a variety of pregnancy and newborn complications.
* Multiple gestation
*Infants may have a non-reassuring fetal heart rate during labor, requiring delivery by [[c-section]].
* [[Phenylketonuria]]
* Perinatal [[mortality rate]]s are 4-8 times higher for infants with IUGR, and [[morbidity]] is present in 50% of surviving infants.
* [[Syphilis]]
==History and Symptoms==
* TORCH virus infection ('''T'''oxoplasma gondii; '''O'''ther viruses; '''R'''ubella; '''C'''ytomegalovirus; '''H'''erpes simplex)
*A pregnant woman may feel that her baby is not as big as it should be.
* [[Tuberculosis]]
==Physical Examination==
*[[Fundal height|Uterine fundal height]]:  Smaller than expected for the baby's gestational age.


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:grammar]]

Latest revision as of 21:29, 10 January 2020

Intrauterine growth retardation
A premature newborn
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: : Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Intrauterine growth restriction

Overview

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a baby while in the mother's womb during pregnancy.

Classification

Asymmetrical IUGR is more common. In asymmetrical IUGR, there is restriction of weight followed by length. The head continues to grow at normal or near-normal rates (head sparing). This is a protective mechanism that may have evolved to promote brain development. This type of IUGR is most commonly caused by extrinsic factors that affect the fetus at later gestational ages.

Symmetrical IUGR is less common and is more worrisome. This type of IUGR usually begins early in gestation. Since most neurons are developed by the 18th week of gestation, the fetus with symmetrical IUGR is more likely to have permanent neurological sequela

Pathophysiology

If the cause of IUGR is extrinsic to the fetus (maternal or uteroplacental), transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus is decreased. This causes a reduction in the fetus’ stores of glycogen and lipids. This often leads to hypoglycemia at birth. Polycythemia can occur secondary to increased erythropoietin production caused by the chronic hypoxemia. Hypothermia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hypocalcemia, and pulmonary hemorrhage are often results of IUGR.

If the cause of IUGR is intrinsic to the fetus, growth is restricted due to genetic factors or as a sequelae of infection.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ system

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular disease, Chronic hypertension, Clotting disorders, Cyanotic heart disease, Gestational hypertension, Hypertension, Maternal collagen vascular disease, Pre-eclampsia, Pregnancy-associated hypertension, Thrombophilias
Chemical / poisoning Alcohol abuse, Alcoholism, Ethanol, Smoking, Substance abuse, Tobacco smoking, Toxin, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis
Dermatologic Lethal restrictive dermopathy, Maternal collagen vascular disease, Rubella
Drug Side Effect Acitretin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Congenital hyperinsulinism, Mullerian dysgenesis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Celiac disease
Genetic 3m syndrome, Achondrogenesis, Atelosteogenesis type 1, Atp6v0a2-related cutis laxa, Beuren-williams syndrome, Bloom's syndrome, Bowen-conradi syndrome, Bresheck syndrome, Chromosomal abnormality, Chromosome 13 trisomy syndrome, Chromosome 18 trisomy syndrome, C-like syndrome, Codas syndrome, Coffin-siris syndrome, Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type 1, Congenital rubella infection, Cornelia de lange syndrome, De la chapelle dysplasia, Donohue syndrome, Down syndrome, Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence, Fetal trimethadione syndrome, Fryns syndrome 3, Gracile syndrome, Hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome, Hydrolethalus syndrome, Image syndrome, Immunoneurologic disorder, x-linked, Langer-saldino achondrogenesis, Leprechaunism, Lowry-wood syndrome, Marden-walker syndrome, Meckel-gruber syndrome, Neu-laxova syndrome, Nicolaides-baraitser syndrome, Phenylketonuria, Pitt-rogers-danks syndrome, Primordial dwarfism, Rabson-mendenhall syndrome, Revesz syndrome, Russell-silver dwarfism, Say-meyer syndrome, Short syndrome, Taybi-linder syndrome, Tetra-amelia, Torch infection, Trichohepatoenteric syndrome 1, Virchow-seckel syndrome, Williams syndrome, Wolf-hirschhorn syndrome, Yunis-varon syndrome
Hematologic Anemia, Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type 1, Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal, Haemoglobin bart's, Hemoglobinopathies, High altitude, Maternal anemia, Neonatal haemochromatosis, Prolonged high-altitude exposure, Sickle-cell disease, Zinc deficiency
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Chagas' disease, Congenital cytomegalovirus infection, Congenital rubella infection, Congenital syphilis, Congenital toxoplasma infection, Cytomegalovirus, Listeria monocytogenes, Maternal infection, Parvovirus b19, Rubella, Syphilis, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Achondrogenesis, Arthrogryposis iugr thoracic dystrophy, Atelosteogenesis type 1, Gracile bone dysplasia, Humerospinal dysostosis, Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita, Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2, Pallister-hall syndrome, Primordial dwarfism, Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1
Neurologic Aspartoacylase deficiency, Eclampsia, Immunoneurologic disorder, x-linked, Japanese encephalitis, Microcephaly, Phenytoin
Nutritional / Metabolic Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Malnutrition, Maternal malnutrition, Poor nutrition, Protein-calorie malnutrition, Zinc deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Abnormal cord insertion, Chronic abruption, Confined placental mosaicism, Conjoined twins, Cord anomalies, Fibrochondrogenesis, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Gestational hypertension, Maternal alcoholism, Maternal anemia, Maternal infection, Maternal kidney disease, Maternal kidney failure, Maternal lung disease, Maternal malnutrition, Maternal smoking, Mullerian dysgenesis, Multiple gestation, Multiple pregnancy, Neonatal haemochromatosis, Placenta abnormalities, Placenta previa, Placental insufficiency, Pre-eclampsia, Pregnancy-associated hypertension, Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, Uterine anomaly, Uterine malformations, Vertically transmitted infections
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic Incontinentia pigmenti
Overdose / Toxicity Alcohol abuse, Alcoholism, Drug addiction, Maternal alcoholism, Maternal smoking
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Lung disease, Maternal lung disease, Pulmonary disease, Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte Kidney disease, Kidney failure, Maternal kidney disease, Maternal kidney failure, Pyelonephritis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Autoimmune disease
Sexual Congenital cytomegalovirus infection, Congenital syphilis, Congenital toxoplasma infection, Syphilis
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Urinary tract infection
Miscellaneous Codas syndrome

Causes by Alphabetical Order

Epidemiology and demographics

At least 60% of the 4 million neonatal deaths that occur worldwide every year are associated with low birth weight (LBW), caused by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery, and genetic/chromosomal abnormalities,[1] demonstrating that under-nutrition is already a leading health problem at birth.

Risk factors

Risk factors in the mother that may contribute to IUGR include:

Natural history, Complications and Prognosis

  • After delivery, growth and development of the newborn depends on the severity and cause of IUGR.
  • Depending on the specific cause, IUGR increases the risk for a variety of pregnancy and newborn complications.
  • Infants may have a non-reassuring fetal heart rate during labor, requiring delivery by c-section.
  • Perinatal mortality rates are 4-8 times higher for infants with IUGR, and morbidity is present in 50% of surviving infants.

History and Symptoms

  • A pregnant woman may feel that her baby is not as big as it should be.

Physical Examination

References

  1. ↑ Lawn 2005

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